Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale最新文献

Ambiguity is ubiquitous in language; lexical ambiguity refers to instances where a single word has multiple meanings. The current investigation examined homonyms, words that have the same orthography and pronunciation in English but multiple meanings (e.g., BANK, meaning "financial institution" or "river's edge"). The processing of homonyms requires the engagement of executive control processes, for example, to select the appropriate meaning of the homonym while reducing interference from other meanings. Executive function processes are known to change over the lifespan and may be impacted by experiential factors such as bilingualism. The present study uses event-related brain potentials as an index of lexical access to examine whether bilingualism influences homonym processing in older adults. The results indicate that patterns of lexical access differ as a function of bilingual status in older adults and compared to young adults, suggesting that language experience may moderate language processing in both young and older adults, at least in situations where language processing is demanding on executive function, such as in the processing of homonyms. Importantly, we show that older bilinguals show a somewhat similar pattern of ambiguity processing as their younger counterparts, while age differences were observed in monolinguals when comparing across studies. This suggests that bilingual language experience may have a mitigating impact on age-related changes in ambiguity processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

One of the most fundamental distinctions in cognitive psychology is between processing that is "controlled" and processing that is "automatic." The widely held automatic processing account of visual word identification asserts that, among other characteristics, the presentation of a well-formed letter string triggers sublexical, lexical, and semantic activation in the absence of any intention to do so. Instead, the role of intention is seen as independent of stimulus identification and as restricted to selection for action using the products of identification (e.g., braking in response to a sign saying "BRIDGE OUT"). We consider four paradigms with respect to the role of an intention-defined here as a "task set" indicating how to perform in the current situation-when identifying single well-formed letter strings. Contrary to the received automaticity view, the literature regarding each of these paradigms demonstrates that the relation between an intention and stimulus identification is constrained in multiple ways, many of which are not well understood at present. One thing is clear: There is no simple relation between an intention, in the form of a task set, and stimulus identification. Automatic processing of words, if this indeed ever occurs, certainly is not a system default. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

In daily interactions, individuals use irony and prosocial lies for various reasons, for example, to be humorous, to criticize, or to be polite. While some studies have examined individual differences in perceiving the politeness of such language, research using naturalistic, context-rich materials is lacking. To address this gap, we utilized short videos to assess politeness perception in literal, ironic, and prosocial lie scenarios while also exploring differences based on age, gender, and geographical location. Our sample included 288 participants from the United States and the United Kingdom. We focused on five different types of language: literal positive, blunt, sarcastic, teasing, and prosocial lies. Participants rated the politeness of these statements and completed surveys on communication preferences (Self-Reported Sarcasm Questionnaire and Conversational Indirectness Scale Questionnaire). While the demographic groups showed similarities, individual factors also shaped politeness perception. Older adults perceived teasing as less polite than middle-aged and younger adults, and male participants rated blunt and sarcastic statements as more polite. Geographical variations were found for prosocial lies, with U.K. participants rating them more polite than their U.S. counterparts. These findings underscore the importance of considering context-rich materials and individual factors in understanding the social functions of irony and prosocial lies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Performing a cognitive task prior to making a recognition judgment increases the probability of old responses, which is known as the revelation effect. The criterion shift account (Niewiadomski & Hockley, 2001) proposes that occupation of working memory causes the revelation effect. However, we proposed that working memory does not cause it. Two experiments were conducted to disconfirm the relationship between working memory and the revelation effect and to consider an alternative explanation that metacognition causes the effect. In Experiment 1, the revelation effect was caused by a finger movement task, which puts little or no load on working memory. In Experiment 2, a metacognitive instruction that a cognitive task would make subsequent recognition easier induced a conservative criterion shift. The finding that a simple motor task caused the revelation effect in Experiment 1 disconfirms the relationship between working memory and the revelation effect and extends the boundaries of the occurrence of the effect. The findings in Experiment 2 suggest that metacognition may be related to the occurrence of the revelation effect. This study implies a paradoxical aspect of human cognition in that metacognition, which usually makes cognition more effective and rational, may also cause an irrational phenomenon, the revelation effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

In the real world, we often fail to notice changes in our environment. In some cases, such as not noticing a car moving into our lane, the results can be catastrophic. This so-called change blindness has been seen experimentally both through failing to notice changes to images on-screen as well as failing to notice a change in other people's identity. However, less is known regarding how change blindness manifests in virtual settings varying in visual clutter or with varying types of interaction with someone prior to the change. Across two studies (n = 134), participants engaged in an online video chat with a confederate, with two levels of visual clutter (none, a lot) and three levels of interaction (none, light conversations about weather/TV, deeper conversations about goals/greatest regrets). We found no modulation of change blindness rates across perceptual clutter. Curiously, we found a large discrepancy in change blindness rates in Experiment 1 (79%; 52/66) versus Experiment 2 (16%; 11/68) that we explored, leading to some evidence that increasing the level of interaction led to greater change blindness rates, but only for pairs who identified as belonging to different ethnicities. Taken together, our work suggests that we may pay attention to people differently in virtual settings compared to in-person, that in-group and out-group biases may have an effect on change blindness rates, and that while clutter does not seem to affect change blindness rates, one's level of interaction just might. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The neighbourhood size effect refers to the finding of better memory for words with more orthographic/phonological neighbours than otherwise comparable words with fewer neighbours. Although many studies have replicated this result with serial recall, only one has used serial recognition. Greeno et al. (2022) found no neighbourhood size effect when a large stimulus pool was used and a reverse effect-better performance for small neighbourhood words-when a small stimulus pool was used. We reexamined these results but made two methodological changes. First, for the large pool, we randomly generated lists for each subject rather than creating one set of lists that all subjects experienced. Second, for the small pool, we randomly generated a small pool for each subject rather than using one small pool for all subjects. In both cases, we observed a neighbourhood size effect consistent with results from the serial recall literature. Implications for methodology and theoretical accounts of both the neighbourhood size effect and serial recognition are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in social functioning, including peer difficulties and poor relationship quality. Little is known, however, about the integrity of foundational sociocognitive abilities that support interpersonal interactions in ADHD. Face processing-a fundamental component of social cognition-has been a popular topic of recent investigations in this area. Researchers have attempted to delineate face processing mechanisms in ADHD to elucidate social deficits often seen in the disorder. Investigating the N170 event-related potential, a neural marker of face processing, has been a popular approach in this endeavour. Here, we present two accounts that offer competing views of how social deficits might arise in those with ADHD. Next, we systematically review and synthesise the literature on the N170 in ADHD to identify whether atypicalities in sociocognitive domains like face processing occur in this patient population. Gaps in the literature are identified and concrete solutions are offered to improve future research in this area. We end by discussing immediate implications for treatment approaches designed to address widely observed social deficits in individuals with ADHD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Research in cognitive fatigue has identified the negative impact that cognitive exertion can have on subsequent task performance. An underexamined question is whether there are different types of fatigue, particularly: active fatigue, similar to cognitive fatigue, and passive fatigue, similar to boredom. This online study examined whether active and passive fatigue can be elicited and differentiated using computerized cognitive tasks. We compared subjective and behavioural outcomes to look for distinctions between fatigue types in response to different cognitive tasks. A sample of 122 participants (53% male; age 30.04 ± 3.50 years) rated their subjective state before and after one of three 8-min cognitive task conditions (TloadDback, Mackworth Clock, Documentary/Control). Next, participants also completed a second cognitive task (Flanker task). The task expected to be actively fatiguing (TloadDback) was rated the most difficult, effortful, and mentally and temporally demanding. The task expected to be passively fatiguing (Mackworth Clock) had the greatest increases in subjective fatigue, boredom, and sleepiness, and the greatest decrease in "want-to" motivation. There were no differences between conditions for Flanker performance. We showed that different fatigue types could be elicited using different computerized cognitive tasks. The passively fatiguing task had the most negative influence on subjective fatigue and motivation, suggesting a nonengaging or "boringly fatiguing" task induces a more detrimental type of fatigue. A key next step is to examine longer cognitive tasks to determine whether effects from different fatigue types become more prominent with time-on-task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The production of facial emotions is an important conveyor of social communication. The present review of the literature concerns the congruence of facial emotions, that is the facial muscular activation that takes place in response to the emotional facial expression perceived in others. Although scientific interest in facial emotions has increased exponentially in the last few years, the production of facial emotions is still underexplored as compared to emotional perception. Several studies, mainly conducted with electromyography, have shown that facial emotional congruence exists in a robust way, largely for anger and happiness. While facial emotional congruence was long considered as innate and automatic, recent work has demonstrated that several sociocultural factors may influence or reduce this ability, challenging its automaticity. From a neuroanatomical point of view, studies have clearly highlighted the implication of mirror neurons but our knowledge is still limited because of the few methodologies assessing this system and the lack of homogeneity between the protocols used. Many explanatory, and probably not mutually exclusive, theories of emotional facial congruence have been put forward. In experimental neuropsychology, emotional facial congruence has seldom been investigated but the few available results suggest an impairment in psychiatric and neurological patients. In view of the important role of emotional facial productions in human relations and social interactions, new methods for easy clinical assessment need to be designed for the diagnosis and the cognitive care of these abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The present study investigated the relationship between satirical discourse processing and a theoretical model of satire comprehension known as satirical uptake. Word reading times and participant perceptions of sincerity for a set of minimally different satirical and nonsatirical texts were modelled considering individual differences such as need for cognition (NFC) and genre familiarity. Across two experiments, participants read either a mixture of satirical and nonsatirical texts (Experiment 1) or only satirical/nonsatirical texts (Experiment 2), indicating the degree to which they felt the meaning of the text was sincere. Results from both experiments demonstrated satirical texts were read slower than nonsatirical texts. Moreover, longer word reading times were associated with lower sincerity ratings for satirical texts, but only after participants encountered one or more satirical texts. NFC interacted with reading times in Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2, and there were no strong effects for genre familiarity in either experiment. The main conclusion drawn from these results is that successful satirical uptake may require greater processing effort, a result which aligns with theoretical models of satirical discourse as well as the related construct of verbal irony. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).