Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale最新文献

Past work has demonstrated that drawing a sketch, compared to writing during encoding, improves memory of to-be-remembered words, pictures, and academic terms. We examined whether this benefit extended to emotional materials. In Experiment 1, negative, positive, and neutral words were presented in an encoding phase, with intermixed prompts to either write out or draw a picture representing the word. Participants later freely recalled words by writing them out. Recall was higher for words drawn than for words written at encoding, and the magnitude of the benefit was differentially enhanced for emotional compared to neutral words. In Experiment 2, negative, positive, and neutral words were again presented but encoding type was compared using pure lists between participants. The pattern of memory performance replicated that observed in Experiment 1. Further, the use of drawing as an encoding technique interacted with emotionality, whereby emotional words that were drawn were best remembered. Our results demonstrate that the memory benefit conferred by drawing at encoding extends to emotional materials. Our findings suggest that the use of drawing as an encoding strategy, and the emotionality of the stimulus itself, contributes independently to enhance retention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

People shift their attention in the direction of another person's gaze. This phenomenon, called gaze cuing, shares properties with purely endogenous (i.e., "deliberate") and purely exogenous (i.e., "reflexive") control of spatial attention. For example, as with purely endogenous orienting, gaze cues appear at visual fixation; yet, as with purely exogenous orienting, gaze cues elicit shifts of attention rapidly after their appearance. Prior experiments have shown that when controlled endogenously versus exogenously, the effects of attention upon the processing of targets are dramatically different. Briand and Klein (1987; see also Briand, 1998) showed that endogenous orienting is additive with opportunities for illusory conjunctions, whereas exogenous orienting is interactive. Klein (1994) showed that endogenous orienting is interactive with nonspatial expectancies, whereas exogenous orienting is additive. In the present project, we applied this double-dissociation strategy to attention controlled by gaze cues. In Experiment 1, gaze cuing effects (in accuracy) were additive with opportunities for illusory conjunctions (akin to endogenous control), whereas in Experiment 2, gaze cuing was additive with the nonspatial expectancy effect (akin to exogenous orienting). Therefore, in the nature of its effects upon performance, gaze cuing functions like a hybrid of endogenous and exogenous orienting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Our study examined the role of instructions, response type, and definition on the judgement of enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Participants viewed symmetric Duchenne, non-Duchenne, and asymmetric smiles. They were instructed to judge the happiness, authenticity, and sincerity of the smiles using either Likert scales or a dichotomous response type. Participants were also either given a definition of the instruction words "happy," "authentic," and "sincere" or not. Results showed that the probability of saying "really (happy/sincere/authentic)" was higher for the symmetric Duchenne than the asymmetric smiles and higher for the asymmetric than non-Duchenne smiles. Changing the instructions given to participants did not override the effect of smile type with the use of Likert scale or dichotomous response. However, with the use of Likert scale, we observed subtilities that were not observed with the use of dichotomous response. When given a definition, in the case of symmetric non-Duchenne smiles, Likert ratings were significantly lower, and participants were more accurate in their judgement on the dichotomous scale. However, no differences were observed for the asymmetric Duchenne and symmetric Duchenne smiles whether a definition was given or not. Symmetric non-Duchenne and asymmetric Duchenne smiles were also viewed longer when a definition was given than when one was not. Nevertheless, considering methodological variations of our study failed to explain the variations in the pattern of results of previous studies, other avenues should be explored, such as the use of dynamic stimuli and a greater variety of encoders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The item-method directed forgetting paradigm is a common laboratory task used to measure memory control. While impaired memory control may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of a variety of psychological disorders, comparisons between clinical and nonclinical groups using this paradigm have been inconsistent-even within the same disorder. A systematic search for related articles utilizing clinical populations was conducted revealing 823 articles of which 36 met inclusion criteria. Raw mean differences were calculated and aggregated using Bayesian multilevel random-effects models. These models revealed a significant difference in the magnitude of directed forgetting between clinical and control populations, such that clinical populations (collapsing across all disorders or combining only the critical anxiety and depression clusters) exhibited a reduced directed forgetting effect. This difference tended to be larger in clinical (as opposed to clinical-analog) populations and in older samples. These results support the notion that item-method directed forgetting provides a suitable measure of memory control sensitive to real-world control deficits and further implies that memory control deficits may contribute to mental illness (although causality remains to be determined). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Mathematical competencies can be conceptualized as layers of knowledge, with numeracy skills as the foundational core and more complex mathematical skills as the additional layers over the core. In this study, we tested an expanded hierarchical symbol integration (HSI) model by examining the hierarchical relations among mathematical skills. Undergraduate students (N = 236) completed order judgement, simple arithmetic, fraction arithmetic, algebra, and verbal working memory tasks. In a series of hierarchical multiple regressions, we found support for the hierarchical model: Additive skills (i.e., addition and subtraction) predicted unique variance in multiplicative skills (i.e., multiplication and division); multiplicative skills predicted unique variance in fraction arithmetic; and fraction skills predicted unique variance in algebra. These results support the framework of the HSI model in which mathematical competencies are related hierarchically, capturing the increasing complexity of symbolic mathematical skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The present study aimed to extend the work on the curve tracing task from Voyer and MacPherson (2020) in two experiments replacing the chronometric task they used with a psychometric mental rotation task. Both experiments also manipulated separation between the target and distractor curve to confirm that a zoom lens strategy is used in curve tracing and that this strategy preference is more common for men than women. Experiment 1 also aimed to replicate the correlation between curve tracing and Navon task performance, whereas Experiment 2 determined whether the correlation between curve tracing and mental rotation remained when the attention component was partialed out. In Experiment 1, 49 men and 67 women completed the curve tracing task, the Navon task, and the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). In Experiment 2, 69 men and 66 women completed the curve tracing task, the MRT, and the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Results in both experiments replicated the effect of distance between dots on the curve and the performance advantage for men in curve tracing. All tasks correlated significantly with each other at least on accuracy. Findings for the distractor curve manipulation replicated support for the use of a zoom lens strategy. However, findings for women and men produced contradictory findings. Finally, partialing out SART performance did not affect the correlation between curve tracing and MRT performance. The discussion emphasizes the common piecemeal processing component in curve tracing and mental rotation. More work is required to examine further potential sex differences in strategy use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

In serial reconstruction of order tasks, high-frequency words are better remembered than otherwise equivalent low-frequency words. Neath and Quinlan (2021) found that although the usual high-frequency advantage was observed when subjects received a block of low-frequency lists first followed by a block of high-frequency lists, there was no frequency effect when subjects received a block of high-frequency lists followed by a block of low-frequency lists. In order to assess whether the block order effect simply reflects the inherent changeability of frequency effects, we manipulated concreteness, a much more stable effect. Experiment 1 found a block order effect with concreteness: The usual advantage for concrete over abstract words was observed only when the abstract block came first and the concrete block second; when the block order was reversed, no concreteness effect was seen. In Experiment 2, subjects did not know whether the test would be serial reconstruction of order or immediate serial recall until after list presentation. This eliminated the block order effect, just as when frequency was manipulated. Experiment 3 found a block order effect with a free reconstruction of order task and with both open and closed stimulus sets. Given that the pattern of results with concreteness is the same as with frequency, it suggests the block order effect is not unique to frequency and that a more general explanation, such as a metacognitive account, is needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A classic goal in cognitive modelling is the integration of process and representation to form complete theories of human cognition (Estes, 1955). This goal is best encapsulated by the seminal work of Simon (1969) who proposed the parable of the ant to describe the importance of understanding the environment that a person is embedded within when constructing theories of cognition. However, typical assumptions in accounting for the role of representation in computational cognitive models do not accurately represent the contents of memory (Johns & Jones, 2010). Recent developments in machine learning and big data approaches to cognition, referred to as scaled cognitive modelling here, offer a potential solution to the integration of process and representation. This article will review standard practices and assumptions that take place in cognitive modelling, how new big data and machine learning approaches modify these practices, and the directions that future research should take. The goal of the article is to ground big data and machine learning approaches that are emerging in the cognitive sciences within classic cognitive theoretical principles to provide a constructive pathway towards the integration of cognitive theory with advanced computational methodology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Ambiguous but canonical idioms (kick the bucket) are processed fast in both their figurative ("die") and literal ("boot the pail") senses, although processing costs associated with meaning integration may emerge in postidiom regions. Modified versions (the bucket was kicked) are processed more slowly than canonical configurations when intended figuratively. We hypothesized that modifications delay idiom recognition and prioritize the literal meaning, yielding processing costs when the context warrants a figurative interpretation. To test this, we designed an eye-tracking study, where passivized idioms were followed by "keywords" relating to their literal (bucket-water) or figurative (dead-body) meaning, or were incongruent (time). The remaining context was identical. The findings showed a facilitation for the literal meaning: keywords and passivized idioms in the literal condition were read significantly faster in go-past and total reading time, respectively, compared to both the figurative and control conditions. However, both literal and figurative keywords were processed equally fast (and significantly faster than controls) in total reading time. In support of our hypothesis, the literal meaning of passivized idioms appears to be more highly activated and easier to integrate, although the figurative meaning receives some activation that facilitates its (full) retrieval if necessary. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The present study examined individuals' ability to identify emotions being expressed in vocal cues depending on the accent of the speaker as well as the intensity of the emotion being expressed. Australian and Canadian participants listened to Australian and Canadian speakers express pairs of emotions that fall within the same emotion family but vary in intensity (e.g., anger vs. irritation). Accent of listener was unrelated to emotion recognition. Instead, performance varied more based on emotion intensity and sex; Australian and Canadian participants generally found high intensity emotions easier to recognize compared to low intensity emotions as well as emotion conveyed by females compared to males. Participants found it particularly difficult to recognize the expressed emotion of Australian males. The results suggest the importance of considering the context in which emotion recognition is embedded. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).