International Journal of Central Banking最新文献

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Heartbeat biometrics: a sensing system perspective 心跳生物测定:传感系统视角

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2012-04-13 DOI: 10.1504/IJCB.2012.046514

S. Israel, J. Irvine

This paper reviews the emerging research into exploitation of heartbeat data as a biometric for human identification. A variety of methods have been proposed for acquiring heartbeat signatures and a range of processing methods has been examined. We approach the biometric identification and verification problem by characterising the three major factors affecting performance: individual variants, environmental variants, and sensor variants. The ability to collect and process the signal, exploit the data for individual identification or verification, and disseminate the information depends on all three of these factors. Within each component, we have identified the relevant research. Where possible, we have tied these research papers to practical examples using high resolution ECG data. The research indicates that the heartbeat contains rich information about the individual, their level of anxiety, and the cardiac state.

本文综述了利用心跳数据作为人体识别生物特征的新兴研究。已经提出了多种获取心跳信号的方法，并对一系列处理方法进行了研究。我们通过描述影响性能的三个主要因素来解决生物识别和验证问题:个体变量、环境变量和传感器变量。收集和处理信号、利用数据进行个人识别或验证以及传播信息的能力取决于所有这三个因素。在每个组成部分中，我们都确定了相关的研究。在可能的情况下，我们将这些研究论文与使用高分辨率ECG数据的实际示例联系起来。研究表明，心跳包含了关于个人、焦虑程度和心脏状态的丰富信息。

引用次数: 16

Cognitive biometrics: a novel approach to person authentication 认知生物识别:一种新的身份验证方法

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2012-04-13 DOI: 10.1504/IJCB.2012.046516

K. Revett

Biographical notes: Kenneth Revett is currently actively engaged in research focused in the development of the field of cognitive biometrics, which relies on the deployment of biosignals (EEG, ECG, EDR) for person authentication. He published the first textbook dedicated to Behavioral Biometrics (Wiley & Sons) and is currently finishing up texts in the areas of cognitive robotics, bioinformatics for computer scientists, and cognitive biometrics. He is the editor of two Inderscience journals: Int. J. of Cognitive Biometrics and the Int. J. of Cognitive Performance Support. He has authored over 130 papers (journal and conference), and served on 30+ international programme committees.

简介:Kenneth revtt目前积极从事认知生物识别领域的研究，该领域依赖于生物信号(EEG, ECG, EDR)的部署进行身份验证。他出版了第一本专门介绍行为生物计量学的教科书(Wiley & Sons)，目前正在完成认知机器人、计算机科学家的生物信息学和认知生物计量学领域的文本。他是两本非科学期刊的编辑:认知生物计量学与智能。认知表现支持。他撰写了130多篇论文(期刊和会议)，并在30多个国际项目委员会任职。

引用次数: 31

Performance of single-trial classifications of viewed characters using EEG waveforms 利用脑电图波形对观察字符进行单次分类的性能

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2012-04-13 DOI: 10.1504/IJCB.2012.046512

M. Nakayama, H. Abe

This paper examines the possibility of classifying characters viewed by subjects using single-trial Electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms from the frontal and occipital areas of the brain. As a training data set, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were calculated for each character from the first 20 trials and the remainder were assigned to a test data set. To extract features of waveforms, the regression relationship between the EEG and ERP waveforms was calculated from the training data set using the Support Vector Regression (SVR) technique. As a measure of classification performance, cross-validation rates were calculated for the test data set and they incrementally increased with the number of channels when the regression relationship was used. This result provides evidence that this procedure using the relationship between EEGs and ERPs is effective in predicting viewed characters, and that performance can be improved by a combination of waveforms across electrodes.

本文探讨了使用来自大脑额部和枕部的单次脑电图(EEG)波形对受试者所看到的特征进行分类的可能性。作为训练数据集，计算前20个试验中每个字符的事件相关电位(erp)，其余的分配到测试数据集。为了提取波形特征，利用支持向量回归(SVR)技术从训练数据集中计算EEG和ERP波形之间的回归关系。作为分类性能的衡量标准，交叉验证率对测试数据集进行了计算，当使用回归关系时，交叉验证率随着通道数量的增加而增加。这一结果证明，利用脑电图和erp之间的关系来预测观察到的特征是有效的，并且可以通过跨电极的波形组合来提高性能。

引用次数: 3

Exploiting the P300 paradigm for cognitive biometrics 利用P300范式进行认知生物识别

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2012-04-13 DOI: 10.1504/IJCB.2012.046513

C. N. Gupta, R. Palaniappan, R. Paramesran

Automatic identification of a person’s individuality is an important issue today. Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) which uses EEG as a modality is a promising area for cognitive biometrics. A BCI system could be used to recognise a sequence (say letters, colours or images) by the user. This sequence could form a ‘BrainWord’, which could be used for authentication in a multimodal environment with other technologies for high security applications. In this work, we studied several variations of the well-known P300 BCI paradigm. The influence of irrelevant stimuli during a task was studied by considering the popular Rapid Serial Visual Paradigm (RSVP) . The variation in spatial locations of the presentation stimuli during a task was studied, by designing a Spatially Varying Paradigm . Comparison of classification accuracies and bit rates for eight participants from a BCI perspective, highlights that RSVP paradigm could be exploited effectively for biometrics.

自动识别一个人的个性是当今的一个重要问题。脑机接口(BCI)是一种以脑电图为模式的认知生物识别技术。BCI系统可以被用户用来识别一个序列(比如字母、颜色或图像)。这个序列可以形成一个“BrainWord”，它可以在多模式环境中与其他技术一起用于高安全性应用程序的身份验证。在这项工作中，我们研究了著名的P300脑机接口范式的几种变体。采用流行的快速序列视觉范式(RSVP)研究了任务过程中不相关刺激的影响。通过设计空间变化范式，研究了任务过程中呈现刺激空间位置的变化。从脑机接口的角度比较了8个参与者的分类精度和比特率，强调了RSVP范式可以有效地用于生物识别。

引用次数: 32

Unconventional Monetary Policy and the Great Recession: Estimating the Macroeconomic Effects of a Spread Compression at the Zero Lower Bound 非常规货币政策与大衰退:估计零利率下限下利差压缩的宏观经济效应

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7892/BORIS.40276

C. Baumeister, Luca Benati

We explore the macroeconomic effects of a compression in the long-term bond yield spread within the context of the Great Recession of 2007–09 via a time-varying parameter structural VAR model. We identify a “pure” spread shock defined as a shock that leaves the policy rate unchanged, which allows us to characterize the macroeconomic consequences of a decline in the yield spread induced by central banks’ asset purchases within an environment in which the policy rate is constrained by the effective zero lower bound. Two key findings stand out. First, compressions in the long-term yield spread exert a powerful effect on both output growth and inflation. Second, conditional on available estimates of the impact of the Federal Reserve’s and the Bank of England’s asset purchase programs on long-term yield spreads, our counterfactual simulations suggest that U.S. and U.K. unconventional monetary policy actions have averted significant risks both of deflation and of output collapses comparable to those that took place during the Great Depression.

我们通过一个时变参数结构VAR模型探讨了在2007-09年大衰退背景下长期债券收益率息差压缩的宏观经济效应。我们将“纯”息差冲击定义为政策利率保持不变的冲击，这使我们能够描述在政策利率受到有效零利率下限约束的环境下，央行资产购买导致的收益率息差下降的宏观经济后果。有两个关键发现引人注目。首先，长期收益率息差的压缩对产出增长和通胀都有强大的影响。其次，根据对美联储和英国央行资产购买计划对长期收益率息差影响的现有估计，我们的反事实模拟表明，美国和英国的非常规货币政策行动已经避免了与大萧条期间发生的通缩和产出崩溃相当的重大风险。

引用次数: 361

Systemic risk: changing the regulatory perspective 系统性风险:改变监管视角

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.5167/UZH-44910

J. Rochet

The article puts forward the view that the regulatory perspective on systemic risk should be changed drastically. The sub-prime crisis has indeed revealed many loopholes in the supervisory/regulatory framework for banks—in particular, the inability to deal with the too-big-to-fail syndrome and also the lack of resiliency of interbank and money markets. To a large extent, the contagion phenomena that took place in these markets were the necessary outcomes of the passive attitude of banking supervisors, who have let large banks develop a complex and opaque nexus of bilateral obligations. We propose two reforms: adopting a platform-based (instead of institutionbased) regulatory perspective on systemic risk and encouraging a generalized move to central counterparty clearing.

本文认为，应该彻底改变对系统性风险的监管视角。次贷危机确实暴露了银行监管框架中的许多漏洞，尤其是银行在应对“大而不倒”综合症方面的无能，以及银行间和货币市场缺乏弹性。在很大程度上，在这些市场发生的传染现象是银行监管机构消极态度的必然结果，他们放任大型银行发展出一种复杂而不透明的双边义务关系。我们建议进行两项改革:采用基于平台(而不是基于机构)的系统性风险监管视角，并鼓励普遍转向中央交易对手清算。

引用次数: 20

Investment Dynamics with Natural Expectations. 具有自然预期的投资动态。

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2010-01-01

Andreas Fuster, Benjamin Hebert, David Laibson

We study an investment model in which agents have the wrong beliefs about the dynamic properties of fundamentals. Specifically, we assume that agents underestimate the rate of mean reversion. The model exhibits the following six properties: (i) Beliefs are excessively optimistic in good times and excessively pessimistic in bad times. (ii) Asset prices are too volatile. (iii) Excess returns are negatively autocorrelated. (iv) High levels of corporate profits predict negative future excess returns. (v) Real economic activity is excessively volatile; the economy experiences amplified investment cycles. (vi) Corporate profits are positively autocorrelated in the short run and negatively autocorrelated in the medium run. The paper provides an illustrative model of animal spirits, amplified business cycles, and excess volatility.

我们研究了一个投资模型，在这个模型中，代理人对基本面的动态特性有错误的信念。具体来说，我们假设代理低估了均值回归的速率。该模型显示出以下六个特性:(i)信念在经济繁荣时过于乐观，在经济不景气时过于悲观。(二)资产价格波动过大。(三)超额收益呈负自相关。高水平的公司利润预示着负的未来超额回报。实际经济活动极不稳定;经济经历了放大的投资周期。(六)企业利润在短期内呈正自相关，在中期呈负自相关。本文提供了一个关于动物精神、放大的商业周期和过度波动的说明性模型。

引用次数: 0

Methodiek Schoolverlatersinformatiesysteem meetjaren 2006 en 2007 2006年和2007年的学校交通信息系统

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.26481/umarot.2009004

Huijgen Timo, Kolk Paul van der, Soudant Esther

Het Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt (ROA) voert jaarlijks viergrootschalige schoolverlatersonderzoeken uit. Doel van deze onderzoeken is hetverschaffen van inzicht in de relatie tussen het gevolgde onderwijs en de intrede opde arbeidsmarkt. Daarnaast kan de doorstroom binnen het onderwijs nader wordenonderzocht. Bij alle vier de onderzoeken worden schoolverlaters c.q. afgestudeerdenongeveer anderhalf jaar na het behalen van het diploma geA«nquAateerd. De vieronderzoeken bestaan uit de VO-Monitor (VMBO, HAVO en VWO), de BVEMonitor(BOL en BBL), de HBO-Monitor (het hoger beroepsonderwijs) en deWO-Monitor (het universitair onderwijs). Bij al deze onderzoeken gaat het om degediplomeerde uitstroom uit het reguliere, door de overheid bekostigde onderwijs.Op basis van de resultaten wordt ieder jaar een aantal rapporten gepubliceerdwaarin op landelijk niveau een overzicht wordt gegeven van de doorstroom vanrecent gediplomeerden naar de arbeidsmarkt en het vervolgonderwijs. De resultatenop instellingsniveau kunnen daarnaast door onderwijsinstellingen gebruikt wordenals instrument binnen hun kwaliteitszorg

教育和劳动力市场研究中心(ROA)每年进行四项大规模的离校调查。这些研究的目的是深入了解所接受的教育和进入劳动力市场之间的关系。此外，还可以进一步研究教育的发展。在这四项研究中，毕业生或毕业生在毕业后大约一年半进行认证。这四项研究分别是VO-Monitor (VMBO、HAVO和VWO)、BVEMonitor(BOL和BBL)、HBO-Monitor(高等职业教育)和deWO-Monitor(大学教育)。所有这些研究都涉及从政府资助的主流教育中毕业的毕业生。根据这些结果，每年都会发布一系列报告，概述新毕业生在国家层面进入劳动力市场和继续教育的情况。机构层面的结果也可以被教育机构用作质量保证的工具

引用次数: 0

Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe: an update. 欧洲财政政策与货币一体化:最新进展。

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/OEP/GPP017

B. Candelon, J. Muysken, R. Vermeulen

By distinguishing between discretionary and non-discretionary fiscal policy, this paper analyses the stability of fiscal rules for EMU countries before and after the Maastricht Treaty. Using both Instrumental Variables and GMM techniques, it turns out that discretionary fiscal policy has remained procyclical after 1992. This result contradicts the previous findings of Gali and Perotti. It also appears that fiscal rules differ between large and small countries; large countries follow a procyclical discretionary policy. Furthermore, the paper shows that discretionary fiscal policy exhibits different behaviour when facing supply or demand constraints. A procyclical discretionary policy is followed mainly during upswings, when supply constraints are prevalent. Finally, there is no support for the presence of a 'fatigue effect' in fiscal discipline. Copyright 2010 Oxford University Press 2009 All rights reserved, Oxford University Press.

本文通过对自由裁量性财政政策和非自由裁量性财政政策的区分，分析了《马斯特里赫特条约》签订前后欧洲货币联盟国家财政规则的稳定性。使用工具变量和GMM技术，结果表明，1992年后，自由裁量的财政政策仍然是顺周期的。这一结果与加利和佩罗蒂之前的发现相矛盾。此外，大国和小国之间的财政规则似乎也有所不同;大国遵循顺周期的自由裁量政策。此外，本文还表明，自由裁量性财政政策在面临供给约束和需求约束时表现出不同的行为。顺周期的自由裁量政策主要在供应限制普遍存在的上升期实行。最后，没有证据支持财政纪律存在“疲劳效应”。牛津大学出版社版权所有，牛津大学出版社保留所有权利。

引用次数: 62

A survey of the venture capital industry in Central and Eastern Europe 中欧和东欧风险资本产业调查

IF 1.3 3区经济学 Q3 BUSINESS, FINANCE

International Journal of Central Banking

Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-075068259-6.50008-7

R. Campbell, R.G.W. Kraeussl

引用次数: 9

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