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Outline of a theory of breakage 破损理论概要
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-07 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221139900
Bruno Vindrola-Padrós
Much of the debate in archaeological theory throughout the last decades has revolved around challenging problematic humanist principles that have shaped our discipline, particularly the idea that humans are masters over nature. Postprocessualists sought, among other things, to emancipate the human condition from this essentialist claim in part by exposing the historical and cultural situatedness of this humanist principle – an epistemological endeavour. In comparison, posthumanists have animated the material world (albeit in different ways) to decentre human beings in relation to long-forsaken nonhumans – an ontological agenda. While posthumanists accuse postprocessualists of practicing anthropocentrism and the latter accuse the former of occupying an ahumanist and anti-epistemological position, there are powerful commonalities in their critique of late humanist doctrines. The aim of this paper is to introduce a theory that exposes the illusory humanist claim of human control over nature and to recognise other forces with momentum besides human will, while at the same time giving prominence to questions about human knowledge and practice. Therefore, a connection is formed between postprocessualism and posthumanism and, as an ironic result, a theory of breakage is formulated. When we consider human participation with breakage, defined as those continuous and uncontrollable phenomena involving the unbinding of object form, we come to terms with a different form of anthropological understanding termed ‘the social knowledge of breakage’. This constitutes an embodied form of knowledge, which is acquired and expressed practically from a young age about how objects break and how one must respond to these situations. This knowledge is exposed in both mundane and ceremonial practices, in linguistic and non-linguistic forms, shaping social practices in uncertain ways, and can be analysed according to three different strands. In this way, we become aware of the creative ways in which broken materials inadvertently affect our practices.
在过去的几十年里,考古学理论中的许多争论都围绕着挑战人本主义原则,这些原则塑造了我们的学科,尤其是人类是自然主人的观点。后过程主义者寻求,除其他事项外,通过揭露这一人文主义原则的历史和文化情境性,部分地将人类状况从这种本质主义主张中解放出来——这是一种认识论的努力。相比之下,后人类主义者已经激活了物质世界(尽管以不同的方式),将人类与长期被遗弃的非人类分开——这是一个本体论的议程。后人文主义者指责后过程主义者实践人类中心主义,后过程主义者指责后人文主义者占据非人文主义和反认识论的立场,但他们对晚期人文主义学说的批判有很强的共性。本文的目的是介绍一种理论,它揭示了人类控制自然的虚幻的人文主义主张,并承认除了人类意志之外的其他有动力的力量,同时突出了关于人类知识和实践的问题。因此,后过程主义和后人文主义之间形成了一种联系,具有讽刺意味的是,一种断裂理论由此形成。当我们考虑人类参与的断裂,定义为那些涉及对象形式的不受约束的连续和不可控现象时,我们就会接受一种不同形式的人类学理解,称为“断裂的社会知识”。这构成了一种具体的知识形式,这种知识从很小的时候就开始获得和表达,关于物体是如何破碎的,以及人们必须如何应对这些情况。这些知识暴露在世俗和仪式实践中,以语言和非语言形式,以不确定的方式塑造社会实践,可以根据三个不同的线索进行分析。通过这种方式,我们意识到破碎的材料不经意间影响我们实践的创造性方式。
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引用次数: 0
Ritual as metaphor 仪式隐喻
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221130834
Francesco Della Costa
The effectiveness of ritual is a major anthropological question. In this paper, I challenge some of the explanations anthropologists have provided to such a question and I attempt to formulate an original theorization of ritual as metaphor. The proposed hypothesis is grounded in two inspiring concepts: Ernesto De Martino's idea of “dehistorification” as the main technique of the ritual and Bruce Kapferer's “virtuality” as its proper dynamic dimension. Drawing on these theoretical foundations and a direct ethnographic experience and conceiving of ritual as a practice rather than as a symbol, I propose to regard it as a particular practice of metaphorization that is not representative of reality but effective on it.
仪式的有效性是一个重要的人类学问题。在这篇论文中,我对人类学家对这个问题的一些解释提出了质疑,并试图建立一个将仪式作为隐喻的原始理论。所提出的假设基于两个鼓舞人心的概念:埃内斯托·德·马蒂诺的“去历史化”思想是仪式的主要技术,布鲁斯·卡弗勒的“虚拟性”是其适当的动态维度。基于这些理论基础和直接的民族志经验,并将仪式视为一种实践而非象征,我建议将其视为一个特定的隐喻实践,它不能代表现实,但对现实有效。
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引用次数: 0
Tacit and embedded as forms: A tropological approach to neoliberalism 隐性的和嵌入的形式:新自由主义的对流层学方法
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221133870
D. Sutton
What might we learn by considering the social and literary forms that makeup neoliberalism, and their relationship to the figurations of anthropological thought and writing? Inspired by tropological work in literary criticism and anthropology, this article considers how two terms introduced into the analytic literature by Karl and Michael Polanyi—embeddedness and tacit knowledge respectively—can give us new insights into important aspects of neoliberal practice. In considering the interrelation of these tropes, we can begin to parse out the relationship among several key aspects of the practice of neoliberalism: marketization, audit culture, and quantification; and how these are intertwined in their opposition to embeddedness and tacit knowledge. This article considers what different forms afford for analytic thinking about our present moment, as well as for formulating various protests and oppositions to neoliberalism.
通过考虑构成新自由主义的社会和文学形式,以及它们与人类学思想和写作形象的关系,我们可以学到什么?受文学批评和人类学中的对流层学工作的启发,本文思考了卡尔和迈克尔·波兰尼在分析文学中引入的两个术语——嵌入性和隐性知识——如何让我们对新自由主义实践的重要方面有新的见解。在考虑这些比喻的相互关系时,我们可以开始分析新自由主义实践的几个关键方面之间的关系:市场化、审计文化和量化;以及它们是如何在与嵌入性和隐性知识的对立中交织在一起的。这篇文章考虑了不同的形式为我们当下的分析思考提供了什么,以及为形成对新自由主义的各种抗议和反对提供了什么。
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引用次数: 0
Calcified identities: Persisting essentialism in academic collections of human remains 钙化的身份:坚持人类遗骸学术收藏的本质主义
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221133872
Jonatan Kurzwelly, Malin S. Wilckens
Essentialist assumptions about human beings persist in scientific practice, despite their erroneous logic. This article examines essentialism related to research on, and handling of, academic collections of human remains. Historically human remains, and skulls in particular, have served to produce various forms of scientific racialization and racism, confining people to fixed notions of identities and legitimizing violent systems of exploitation and oppression. Contemporary handling of these human remains aims to account for the problematic and violent past, examining the provenance of particular human remains, often leading to their restitution. Despite the different political and ideological motivations of contemporary practice, it too often relies on essentialist categorization and inaccurate or erroneous assumptions. This text exposes the problematic logic of social essentialism and challenges its prevalence in scientific practice.
本质主义关于人类的假设在科学实践中仍然存在,尽管它们的逻辑是错误的。本文探讨了与人类遗骸学术收藏研究和处理有关的本质主义。从历史上看,人类遗骸,特别是头骨,产生了各种形式的科学种族化和种族主义,将人们限制在固定的身份观念中,并使剥削和压迫的暴力制度合法化。当代对这些人类遗骸的处理旨在解释有问题和暴力的过去,检查特定人类遗骸的来源,通常导致他们的归还。尽管当代实践的政治和意识形态动机不同,但它往往依赖于本质主义的分类和不准确或错误的假设。本文揭示了社会本质论的问题逻辑,并对其在科学实践中的盛行提出了挑战。
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引用次数: 1
Semiotic vista 符号vista
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-20 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221130555
Carter E. Timon
Throughout life, one may witness grand views, scenes accompanied by intense affect and a sense of awe or wonder. The awe-inspiring things in these experiences vary considerably from suns in sunsets to glowing visages in holy visions to juices in simple tangerines. For different people, different views along the broad spectrum of these affectively intensive grand-view experiences can produce meaning in life, the influential facet of wellbeing identified by positive psychologists but poorly differentiated from meaning-making in other senses. This paper lays out a theory of semiotic vista to organize such disparate signification events and their use of both linguistic and non-linguistic signs. Using the examples of accounts of mountain hiking experiences, mindfulness meditation experiences, and supernatural encounters, I describe semiotic vista as a transitional mode of semiotic viewing in which agents re-interpret multiple signifiers of ordinary phenomena (objects) as valorized components of novel contexts, typically in association with intense affective experience. The vista mode is heavily facilitated by the (re)generation of at least two primary types of first-order indexical interpretants which occur in these contexts and of their attendant second-order indexicality which (semi)permanently re-contextualizes the objects originally referenced in the same view. I also briefly touch on how this process relates to storytelling and audience reactions. This analysis has implications for wellbeing, positive affect generation, and ideological enregisterment.
在一生中,一个人可能会看到壮丽的景色,伴随着强烈的情感和敬畏或惊奇的感觉。在这些经历中,令人敬畏的事物变化很大,从日落中的太阳到神圣幻象中的发光面孔,再到简单橘子中的果汁。对于不同的人来说,在这些情感密集的大观体验的广泛范围内,不同的观点可以产生生活中的意义,这是积极心理学家确定的幸福的有影响力的方面,但与其他意义上的意义形成很难区分。本文提出了一种符号学远景理论来组织这些不同的意义事件及其对语言和非语言符号的使用。以登山经历、正念冥想经历和超自然遭遇为例,我将符号学观描述为符号学观的一种过渡模式,在这种模式中,主体将普通现象(物体)的多个能指重新解释为新情境的价值组件,通常与强烈的情感体验相关。vista模式在很大程度上是由(重新)生成的至少两种主要类型的一阶索引解释器(它们出现在这些上下文中)和它们伴随的二阶索引性(半)永久地将最初在同一视图中引用的对象重新上下文化)所促进的。我还简要地谈到了这个过程与讲故事和观众反应的关系。这一分析对幸福感、积极影响产生和意识形态登记都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Imagination theory: Anthropological perspectives 想象理论:人类学视角
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-13 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221129117
Ingo Rohrer, Michelle Thompson
The term imagination and its derivatives often serve as points of departures, yet a concise understanding of imagination in anthropology is lacking. In this paper, we argue for a contextualized anthropological approach to imagination; a complex notion which has been used to describe the human capacity to mentally (re)create that what is not materially present; the creative process of imagining; and the individual and social products of such a process. We address terminological particularities, conceptual differences, and related concepts in addition to discussing the importance of methods and the poetic imagination. In doing so, we consolidate and elaborate on previous analytical and conceptual works to provide a more explicit middle-range theory of imagination from an anthropological perspective. While we propose understanding imagination as a guiding action in situations of uncertainty or ignorance and emphasize focusing on everyday processes and practices, our discussions provide a framework to discuss and compare empirically grounded findings regarding imagination.
“想象力”一词及其衍生物经常作为出发点,但人类学中缺乏对想象力的简明理解。在这篇论文中,我们主张对想象力采取一种情境化的人类学方法;一个复杂的概念,被用来描述人类在精神上(重新)创造物质上不存在的东西的能力;想象的创造性过程;以及这种过程的个人和社会产品。除了讨论方法和诗意想象的重要性外,我们还讨论了术语的特殊性、概念差异和相关概念。在这样做的过程中,我们巩固和阐述了以前的分析和概念作品,从人类学的角度提供了一个更明确的想象的中程理论。虽然我们建议将想象力理解为在不确定或无知的情况下的指导行动,并强调关注日常过程和实践,但我们的讨论提供了一个框架来讨论和比较基于经验的想象力发现。
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引用次数: 1
Climate change in the courtroom: An anthropology of neighborly relations 法庭上的气候变化:睦邻关系人类学
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221138338
Noah Walker-Crawford
This article follows a groundbreaking climate justice lawsuit between a Peruvian farmer and major energy company in a German court, a strategic political intervention addressing the inequities of global warming. The claim posits that the two are neighbors, meaning the company should take responsibility for contributing to climate change impacts in the Andes. Using this legal conception as a starting point to engage with academic discussions about sociality and moral responsibility, I establish neighborliness as an analytical framework for examining the moral stakes of social relations. Addressing the methodological and theoretical challenges of studying a phenomenon that draws connections across the planet, this approach allows for an ethnographically grounded understanding of global warming. Climate change expands the scope of social relations and raises the question of how we should live together on our planet. A focus on neighborliness foregrounds the normative claims through which people make sense of globalizing phenomena.
这篇文章追踪了秘鲁农民和大型能源公司在德国法院之间开创性的气候正义诉讼,这是解决全球变暖不平等问题的战略性政治干预。索赔假定这两家公司是邻居,这意味着该公司应该为安第斯山脉的气候变化影响承担责任。以这一法律概念为出发点,参与关于社会性和道德责任的学术讨论,我建立了睦邻作为一个分析框架来检查社会关系的道德风险。解决方法和理论的挑战,研究的现象,绘制连接在整个地球上,这种方法允许一个民族志接地理解全球变暖。气候变化扩大了社会关系的范围,并提出了我们应该如何在我们的星球上共同生活的问题。对睦邻关系的关注凸显了人们理解全球化现象的规范性主张。
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引用次数: 2
Over the ruins of subjects: A critique of subjectivism in anthropological discourse 主体废墟之上:对人类学话语中的主观主义的批判
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221128079
Ricardo Santos Alexandre
The present article develops a theoretical and philosophical critique of the subjectivist paradigm that grounds a good part of present-day anthropological discourse. The main thesis is that by placing the individual and its subjective experiences at the beginning and end of the anthropological discourse, one never thoroughly acknowledges and accepts our non-subjective and finite modes of being, thereby replicating a distorted and shallow picture of what we are as humans. The article explores, first, how that subjectivist paradigm came about, as well as some of its problems; secondly, it considers ethics and morality as the domain where one can better grasp the limits of subjectivist orientations; and concludes by turning to Heidegger's perspective on the ontological finitude of Dasein in order to emphasize the need for contemporary anthropology to build its reflections from within human finitude, that is, the frailties and the practical, analytic and moral limits of human existence.
本文对主观主义范式进行了理论和哲学批判,为当今人类学话语奠定了基础。主要论点是,通过将个人及其主观体验置于人类学话语的开始和结束,人们永远不会彻底承认和接受我们的非主观和有限的存在模式,从而复制了我们作为人类的扭曲和肤浅的图景。本文首先探讨了主观主义范式是如何产生的,以及其中的一些问题;其次,它认为伦理道德是一个可以更好地把握主观主义取向局限性的领域;最后,转向海德格尔关于此在本体论有限性的观点,以强调当代人类学需要从人的有限性内部建立其反思,即人的存在的脆弱性以及实践、分析和道德的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
The smell of bare death: Encountering life at the graveyard of Lampedusa 赤裸裸的死亡气息:在兰佩杜萨的墓地邂逅生命
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221128104
A. Corso
What smell does border death leave to the inhabitants of borderlands? Is the encounter with the dead bodies of the migrants who perished in the Mediterranean Sea telling in how we articulate discussions around (necro)politics at the external borders of Europe? Based on one-year of fieldwork on the island of Lampedusa (Southern Italy), Door to Europe, and frontier for irregular border crossing, I argue that border death has consequences for both the migrants and the inhabitants of borderlands. The paper will trace such consequences through the testimony of Vincenzo, the old cemetery gatekeeper of Lampedusa, the witness and bearer of knowledge around the nameless bodies buried in Lampedusa's cemetery since 1996. This approach will help considering the extent to which the encounter with migrants’ dead bodies – bare life in death – allows ethnographers to speak of the inherently violent system that scholars referred to as necropolitics or thanatopolitics, and the otherwise irreducible force of life, which manifests itself beyond any possible attempt to reduce it or silence it.
边境死亡给边境地区的居民留下了什么味道?与在地中海遇难的移民尸体的相遇是否说明了我们如何在欧洲外部边界围绕(尸体)政治进行讨论?基于在兰佩杜萨岛(意大利南部)、欧洲之门和非正常越境边境进行的为期一年的实地调查,我认为边境死亡对移民和边境地区的居民都有影响。这篇论文将通过兰佩杜萨公墓的老看门人文森佐的证词来追溯这种后果,文森佐是自1996年以来埋葬在兰佩杜萨公墓的无名尸体的目击者和知情者。这种方法将有助于考虑与移民尸体的接触——死亡中裸露的生命——在多大程度上使民族志学家能够谈论学者们所称的死亡政治或死亡政治中固有的暴力系统,以及在其他方面不可减少的生命力量,这种力量的表现超出了任何可能的减少或沉默的尝试。
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引用次数: 1
The gift of waste: The diversity of gift practices among dumpster divers 垃圾的礼物:捡垃圾的人赠送礼物的多样性
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/14634996221117318
Olli Pyyhtinen, Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen
While the circular economy invites us to realize the potential of the so-called ‘waste-based commodity frontiers’, reintegration into capitalist value chains is not the only way for discards to be resurrected. In this article, we examine the ways in which the collective of dumpster divers is organized in relation to giving, receiving and reciprocating of various waste-gifts. Our intention is not only to expand existing theorizations of the gift to new domains but also to critically interrogate them, identify their limitations and explore what dumpster diving can teach us about the gift. In particular, the analysis foregrounds the heterogeneity of gift practices. Arguing against universal notions of the gift, the article proposes that waste assumes four main forms of gifts and relations among dumpster divers: givenness (parasitic relation); solidarity-based giving (relation of reciprocity); free giving (asymmetrical relation); and non-giving, as a withdrawal from returning the discards to nature conceived as an Other (the relation of non-relation).
虽然循环经济让我们意识到所谓“基于废物的商品边界”的潜力,但重新融入资本主义价值链并不是回收废物的唯一途径。在这篇文章中,我们研究了垃圾桶潜水员集体在赠送、接收和归还各种垃圾礼物方面的组织方式。我们的意图不仅是将现有的礼物理论扩展到新的领域,而且是批判性地审问它们,确定它们的局限性,并探索垃圾箱潜水可以教会我们什么关于礼物。特别是,该分析突出了礼物实践的异质性。文章反对礼物的普遍概念,提出垃圾呈现出四种主要的礼物形式和垃圾桶潜水员之间的关系:礼物(寄生关系);基于团结的给予(互惠关系);自由给予(不对称关系);以及不给予,即放弃将抛弃物归还被视为他者的自然(非关系的关系)。
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引用次数: 1
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Anthropological Theory
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