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At the Crossroads: Introducing New Work in Early America and Colonial Latin America 在十字路口:介绍早期美洲和拉丁美洲殖民地的新作品
2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0015
Camilla Townsend
At the Crossroads:Introducing New Work in Early America and Colonial Latin America Camilla Townsend (bio) The people of San Germán, Puerto Rico, had gone to sleep for the night. It was 1581, and they had recently relocated their fledgling town inland in an effort to protect it from seaborne attack. But the Kalinagos who broke the people's slumber with sudden violence were well informed, for one of their number had produced a map based on knowledge he acquired while he was living in the town as a slave. He had escaped not long ago and made his way home to the island of Dominica on a raft. Now he had returned with some well-armed brethren. This sixteenth-century version of special forces broke into the houses where they knew other Kalinagos were held, took the people they sought, and then melted away again into the darkness.1 Such an archival drama as this is the stuff of legend, or of Hollywood; it is also the stuff of modern historians' dreams. No story could be more satisfying to most of us than this real-life drama featuring mobile, cosmopolitan, and feisty Indigenous people using the knowledge they had gained from their varied life experiences to empower themselves and their loved ones. Yet if we wish to end the movie that is playing in our mind's eye on a high note, we cannot allow the camera to pull back or waver; we must not let it pick up the dozens, possibly hundreds, of other Kalinagos still in bondage in Puerto Rico, or any of the other enslaved people lying wide-eyed in the darkness, awaiting the horrors that the morrow would bring. Thinking about this wider view may make us uncomfortable. Is it the case that our desire to find a trajectory that demonstrates empowerment may sometimes—just sometimes—interfere with what we call our scholarship? Has the moment perhaps come for us to acknowledge that wider reality more [End Page 207] distinctly and consider how we may want to see our practices evolve to account for it? Most of the authors in this joint issue of the William and Mary Quarterly and the Hispanic American Historical Review, "Colonial Roots/Routes in North America and Latin America," would vote yes. The editors of the Hispanic American Historical Review and the William and Mary Quarterly could not foresee what they would elicit when they released their call for contributions to a joint issue of the two journals. They fielded three panels at the 2019 meeting of the American Society for Ethnohistory (ASE) around the joint issue's theme. The editors simply sought scholars who wished to speak to both early Americanists and Latin Americanists, and given that the chosen venue was the ASE conference, they assumed the study of Indigenous peoples would play an important role. Beyond that, they had no expectations, as the theme was broad. A subset of the original presenters, as well as a few individuals who were solicited later, eventually met online in the spring of 2021 to discuss their fully elaborated papers and consider their collect
在十字路口:介绍早期美洲和殖民地拉丁美洲的新作品卡米拉·汤森(传记)波多黎各圣Germán的人们已经入睡了。当时是1581年,他们刚刚将自己刚建立的小镇迁移到内陆,以保护它免受海上袭击。但是,用突然的暴力打破人们睡眠的卡利纳戈斯人是消息灵通的,因为他们中的一个人根据他作为奴隶在城里生活时获得的知识绘制了一幅地图。不久前,他逃了出来,坐着木筏回到了多米尼克岛。现在他带着一些装备精良的弟兄回来了。这支16世纪版本的特种部队闯入了他们知道其他卡利纳戈斯人被关押的房子,带走了他们要找的人,然后又消失在黑暗中像这样的档案剧是传奇或好莱坞的素材;它也是现代历史学家梦寐以求的东西。没有什么故事能比这部真实生活的戏剧更让我们满意了,它讲述了流动的、世界各地的、充满活力的土著人民利用他们从各种生活经历中获得的知识来增强自己和亲人的能力。然而,如果我们希望以一个高音结束正在我们脑海中播放的电影,我们就不能让镜头后退或动摇;我们不能让它把几十个,甚至几百个,仍然在波多黎各被奴役的卡利纳哥斯人,或者任何其他被奴役的人,睁大眼睛躺在黑暗中,等待着明天会带来的恐怖。考虑到这个更广泛的观点可能会让我们感到不舒服。我们想要找到一条证明赋权的轨迹的愿望有时——只是有时——会干扰我们所谓的学术研究吗?也许是时候让我们更清楚地承认这一更广泛的现实,并考虑我们可能希望看到我们的实践如何演变以解释它了?在本期《威廉与玛丽季刊》和《西班牙裔美国人历史评论》联合出版的《北美和拉丁美洲的殖民根源/路线》中,大多数作者都会投赞成票。《西班牙裔美国人历史评论》和《威廉与玛丽季刊》的编辑们在向两家杂志的合刊征集稿件时,没有预料到他们会引起什么反响。他们在2019年美国民族历史学会(ASE)的会议上围绕联合问题的主题派出了三个小组。编辑们只是寻找希望与早期美洲学家和拉丁美洲学家交谈的学者,并且考虑到选择的地点是美洲科学院会议,他们认为土著人民的研究将发挥重要作用。除此之外,他们没有任何期望,因为主题很广泛。最初的演讲者的一部分,以及后来被邀请的一些人,最终在2021年春天在网上见面,讨论了他们全面阐述的论文,并考虑了他们的集体意义。当这些文章被加工、同行评审和修改时,很明显它们具有某些共同的元素。大约二十年来,研究早期现代美洲的学者一直是流动性概念的拥护者。我们一直对身体的移动性(个人和集体的人的运动)和心灵的移动性(人类将自己连根拔起,然后成功地在其他地方重新嵌入自己的非凡能力)感兴趣。我们在先前被认为受地域和文化限制的人群中寻找我们所谓的世界主义。我们探索了新的文化框架和民族身份的创造,这些人的环境促使他们行动起来,或者他们自己选择了新的环境,我们用各种术语来指代这个过程——最常见的是克里奥尔化(如果我们研究散居的非洲人)或民族起源(如果我们研究土著)。只要有可能,我们就把重点放在流动人群颠覆主流群体期望的力量上。我们喜欢把我们学习的时代想象成一个充满活力和令人兴奋的时代,它的全球性……
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引用次数: 0
Merchants of Medicines: The Commerce and Coercion of Health in Britain's Long Eighteenth Century by Zachary Dorner 药品商人:英国漫长的18世纪的商业与健康胁迫
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0023
Justin Rivest
Zachary Dorner’s Merchants of Medicines: The Commerce and Coercion of Health in Britain’s Long Eighteenth Century should find a wide readership in a variety of historical subfields, from the history of medicine and pharmacy to the history of the British Atlantic world, as well as the history of capitalism and the eighteenth-century consumer revolution. Dorner offers an enlightening portrait of the connections among empire, capitalism, and medicine, subjects long understood to be deeply interwoven but that have only recently begun to attract detailed archival work that demonstrates the precise mechanics of their interdependence. Where many historians of medicine focus on the production of medical knowledge or the patient-healer encounter, Dorner’s gaze is squarely focused on commerce; medicine serves the needs of business in his story, but it also emerges forcefully as a business itself.1 His work is at its most provocative when he suggests that this commerce came to shape the content and popular expectations of medicine, gearing it toward expedient use-this-for-that solutions and positing a standardization of human bodies through commercial and imperial needs. Merchants of Medicines deepens our appreciation of the early modern medical marketplace by adding a new set of consumers often overlooked in accounts that emphasize patient agency in a variegated, largely urban and European marketplace of medical pluralism.2 To the colorful crew of learned physicians, barber-surgeons, itinerant operators, bonesetters, tooth drawers, and midwives familiar to historians from the work of Roy Porter, Harold J. Cook, Margaret Pelling, Gianna Pomata, David Gentilcore, and others, Dorner adds protoindustrial apothecaries and chemists serving the new health care demands of an expanding British Empire.3 Far from the
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引用次数: 0
Perfecting the Union: National and State Authority in the U.S. Constitution by Max M. Edling (review) 《完善联邦:美国宪法中的国家和州权力》,Max M.Edling著(评论)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0024
Craig Green
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引用次数: 0
Communications 通信
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0029
A. Vaughan, M. Grier
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引用次数: 0
The Unsteady Comanchería: A Reexamination of Power in the Indigenous Borderlands of the Eighteenth-Century Greater Southwest 不稳定Comanchería:对18世纪大西南地区土著边境地区权力的重新审视
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0017
Joaquín Rivaya-Martínez
Abstract:The eighteenth-century Greater Southwest largely consisted of an intricate and fluid system of intersecting Indigenous borderlands. Within this maze of multiethnic composite power, Comanches were fewer, farther apart, less politically integrated, more vulnerable, and more dependent on allies than recent scholarship tends to acknowledge. The Comanchería did not expand indefinitely. Instead, it moved gradually southward, in part due to encroachment from enemy groups, and vast expanses of the southern plains remained beyond Comanche control throughout the century. The way scholars have misunderstood Comanche power raises several methodological and interpretive warnings for the study of early America. Rather than singling out polities or entire ethnic groups as long-term hegemons, we should consider the differing perspectives and interests within groups to uncover the complex dynamics connecting the multiple hubs of power that dotted the continent. And we should do so without minimizing or overlooking evidence that can be interpreted as vulnerability. Achieving this goal requires prioritizing the use of non-English-language original sources over potentially defective translations, more fully incorporating repositories outside the United States into our research, and listening carefully to past and present Indigenous voices, including evidence recorded by linguists and anthropologists.
摘要:18世纪的大西南地区在很大程度上由一个错综复杂的流动系统组成。在这个多民族综合权力的迷宫中,科曼奇人比最近的学者倾向于承认的要少,距离更远,政治一体化程度更低,更脆弱,更依赖盟友。Comanchería并不是无限膨胀的。相反,它逐渐向南移动,部分原因是敌人的入侵,整个世纪,大片的南部平原都不受科曼奇人的控制。学者们对科曼奇族力量的误解为研究早期美洲提出了一些方法论和解释性的警告。我们不应该把某些政治或整个民族单独挑出来作为长期霸权,而应该考虑群体内部的不同观点和利益,以揭示连接遍布非洲大陆的多个权力中心的复杂动态。我们应该这样做,而不是淡化或忽视可能被解释为脆弱性的证据。要实现这一目标,需要优先使用非英语的原始资料,而不是可能有缺陷的翻译,更充分地将美国以外的知识库纳入我们的研究,并仔细倾听过去和现在的土著声音,包括语言学家和人类学家记录的证据。
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引用次数: 1
Conveyance to Kin: Property, Preemption, and Indigenous Nations in North America, 1763–1822 向亲属转让:财产、优先购买权和北美土著民族,1763-1822
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0000
M. Borsk, David C. Hsiung, Matthew Costello, Mary Kelley, M. Hale, K. Brown, C. Schmitt, G. T. Knouff, Tyson Reeder, Frederick C. Staidum, Lauren Duval, E. Connolly, J. King, Scott M. Strickland, G. A. Richardson, Hayley Negrin
Abstract:Few accounts of preemption—the exclusive right of the British Crown, and later the U.S. government, to acquire Indigenous lands—consider the impact of Indigenous law and governance on this fundamental Euro-American legal principle. This article examines conveyances made between Indigenous nations and their kin after 1763 to track the development and eventual divergence of British and American interpretations of preemption. Given by Cherokee, Haudenosaunee, and Anishinaabe leaders to the children of Indigenous women and settler men, these conveyances to kin wove property rights from the bonds of kinship to keep land and people within the legal orders of Indigenous nations. When pushed to recognize such conveyances by the parties involved, crown and federal officials could neither ignore the origins of this property in kinship nor agree whether preemption prohibited such arrangements. A remarkable series of conveyances made by the Senecas and the Anishinabek to one family, the Allans, in the 1790s reveals that U.S. officials understood Indigenous nations to be the object of preemption’s restrictions whereas British officials did not. Then, as now, thinking about preemption, in all its guises, required thinking about kinship. Both shaped how Indigenous nations experienced property and dispossession in North America.
摘要:很少有关于优先购买权的报道考虑到土著法律和治理对这一基本欧美法律原则的影响。优先购买权是英国王室以及后来的美国政府获得土著土地的专属权利。本文考察了1763年后土著民族及其亲属之间的财产转让,以追踪英国和美国对优先购买权的解释的发展和最终分歧。Cherokee、Haudenosaunee和Anishinaabe领导人赋予土著妇女和定居者男子的子女,这些向亲属的财产转让将财产权从亲属关系中编织出来,以将土地和人民置于土著国家的法律秩序之内。当相关各方要求承认此类财产转让时,王室和联邦官员既不能忽视这种财产在亲属关系中的起源,也不能就优先购买权是否禁止此类安排达成一致。17世纪90年代,塞内卡人和阿尼希纳贝克人向阿兰一家发出了一系列引人注目的转让书,表明美国官员理解土著民族是先发制人限制的对象,而英国官员则不理解。当时和现在一样,考虑先占权的所有伪装,都需要考虑亲属关系。两者都塑造了土著民族如何在北美经历财产和剥夺。
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引用次数: 0
Taking Matters Into Their Own Hands 把事情掌握在自己手中
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0001
David C. Hsiung
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引用次数: 0
Cockacoeske’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon, Indigenous Slavery, and Sovereignty in Early Virginia 考科埃斯克的叛乱:纳撒尼尔·培根、弗吉尼亚早期的土著奴隶制和主权
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0013
Hayley Negrin
Abstract:The expansion of the plantation complex in seventeenth-century Virginia put Indigenous Virginians at risk of enslavement and land loss. In 1676, Cockacoeske, a Powhatan weroansqua, confronted both physical attacks on her land and legal and cultural arguments about her people’s lack of sovereignty. European travel writing and international law were fertile areas that colonists such as the newly arrived Nathaniel Bacon drew on to claim that Indigenous women such as Cockacoeske had no place as sovereigns and were instead suited to racial slavery. Almost captured and enslaved by Bacon, Cockacoeske rebelled against his racialized arguments for anti-sovereignty and slavery. She signed a treaty with the English Crown after the rebellion that changed the trajectory of Native slavery in Virginia: only Indigenous people whose nations could not establish sovereignty before the crown would be subject to racial slavery. Her successful battle to protect Powhatans shows how Native women like herself had to navigate the distinction between slavery and sovereignty in the early South. Though Cockacoeske was protected from enslavement, the slave trade into Virginia continued from the deeper South, and Indigenous women whose governments could not claim subjecthood or tributary status within the English Empire were successfully racialized and forced to pass slavery on to their children.
摘要:17世纪弗吉尼亚州种植园综合体的扩张使弗吉尼亚原住民面临被奴役和土地流失的风险。1676年,波瓦坦韦朗斯夸人科克科斯克面临着对她土地的人身攻击,以及关于她的人民缺乏主权的法律和文化争论。欧洲游记和国际法是殖民地的沃土,新到达的纳撒尼尔·培根(Nathaniel Bacon)就利用这些沃土来宣称,像Cockacoeske这样的土著妇女没有主权地位,而是适合种族奴役。科科埃斯克几乎被培根俘虏和奴役,他反抗培根反主权和奴隶制的种族化论点。她在叛乱后与英国王室签署了一项条约,改变了弗吉尼亚土著奴隶制的发展轨迹:只有那些在国王之前不能建立主权的土著人民才会受到种族奴役。她为保护波瓦坦人而进行的成功战斗表明,在南方早期,像她这样的土著妇女必须在奴隶制和主权之间的区别中导航。虽然考科科斯克没有被奴役,但从南方腹地进入弗吉尼亚的奴隶贸易仍在继续,土著妇女的政府不能在英国帝国内宣称自己的臣民或朝贡地位,她们成功地被种族化,并被迫将奴隶制传给子女。
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引用次数: 2
George Washington’s Hair: How Early Americans Remembered the Founders by Keith Beutler (review) 《乔治·华盛顿的头发:早期美国人如何铭记开国元勋》基思·比特勒著(书评)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0002
Matthew Costello
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引用次数: 0
The Boston Massacre: A Family History by Serena Zabin (review) 塞雷娜·扎宾的《波士顿大屠杀:家族史》(综述)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.0010
Lauren Duval
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引用次数: 0
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WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY
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