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Introduction: "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America" Fifty Years Later 引言:“英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美洲”50年后
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903159
A. Games, Rory Rapple, H. Morgan, Peter C. Mancall, A. Horning, Nicholas P. Canny, A. Borucki, J. Postigo, Leila K. Blackbird, A. Siddique, M. Dantas, Ernesto Mercado-Montero, J. Chaplin, Emily J. Macgillivray, A. C. Schutt, P. Olsen-Harbich, Erin Trahey, Mary Draper
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
摘要:利用一篇开创性文章50周年纪念的机会,奥黛丽·霍宁、彼得·曼考尔、海勒姆·摩根和罗里·拉普尔讨论了尼古拉斯·p·坎尼1973年发表在《威廉与玛丽季刊》上的文章《英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美国》对大西洋两岸学术的影响。Alison Games为论坛提供了一篇介绍性文章,Canny提供了回应。
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引用次数: 0
Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America by Matthew Kruer (review) 《无政府时代:美洲早期的本土权力与殖民主义危机》作者:马修·克鲁尔
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903172
A. C. Schutt
In Time of Anarchy, Matthew Kruer examines the history of the Susquehannocks in the seventeenth century, demonstrating their remarkable influence on social and political events across a wide-reaching geography. Researching the history of the Susquehannocks presents challenges because, as Kruer notes, available evidence is “usually fragmentary, brief, and frustratingly vague” (8). Nonetheless, through extensive research and careful interrogation of colonial documents and archaeological sources, Kruer makes crucial discoveries, even from the smallest details or “glimpses” (243) of Susquehannocks left by colonial recorders. Kruer expertly weaves a complex story in chapters organized around several areas of analysis: “emotional cultures, rumors, migrations, conspiracy theory, peacemaking, captivity, and racial thinking” (7). During the main period of this study, 1675–85, the Susquehannocks’ population was small. Kruer stresses, however, that we should not be misled by the size of the group. “Its actions caused repercussions far out of proportion to its numbers” (4), he argues, adding that “Susquehannock influence was often indirect, but it had enormous geographic breadth and transformative intensity” (4–6).1 Susquehannocks affected political and social developments not just in their homelands in the Susquehanna Valley but also in the valleys of the Potomac, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers and in the area near Albemarle Sound. “Despite their small numbers,” Kruer writes of the Susquehannocks, “the ripple effects of their actions set in motion a series of political convulsions that gripped the English colonies” (111). He shows how Susquehannocks’ movements, alliances, and warfare—as well as rumors about these—raised alarms among colonists, whose fears of Indigenous attacks fed into popular unrest over how colonial governments responded to these challenges. Borrowing language from Maryland and Virginia colonists, Kruer refers to this as a “Time of Anarchy” (6) during which popular dissatisfactions and tumults spread. What happened in Virginia reverberated in Maryland, and vice versa. Colonial rebellion in Virginia stoked political flames in Carolina’s Albemarle region. Kruer follows the evidence carefully; time and again, he links colonial political unrest back to the Susquehannocks and to colonists’ fears about what
在《无政府时代》一书中,马修·克鲁尔考察了17世纪萨斯奎汉诺克人的历史,展示了他们在广泛的地理范围内对社会和政治事件的显著影响。研究萨斯奎汉诺克人的历史带来了挑战,因为正如克鲁尔所指出的那样,现有的证据“通常是零碎的、简短的、令人沮丧的模糊的”(8)。尽管如此,通过广泛的研究和对殖民文献和考古资料的仔细询问,克鲁尔取得了重要的发现,甚至是从殖民记录者留下的萨斯奎汉诺克人的最小细节或“一瞥”(243)。克鲁尔熟练地将一个复杂的故事以章节的形式组织在几个分析领域:“情感文化、谣言、移民、阴谋论、和平、囚禁和种族思想”(7)。在这项研究的主要时期,1675年至1685年,萨斯奎汉诺克斯的人口很少。然而,Kruer强调,我们不应该被这个群体的规模所误导。“它的行动所造成的影响远远超出了它的人数”(4),他认为,并补充说“萨斯奎汉诺克的影响通常是间接的,但它具有巨大的地理广度和变革强度”(4 - 6)萨斯奎汉诺克不仅影响了萨斯奎汉纳河谷家乡的政治和社会发展,还影响了波托马克河、特拉华州和哈德逊河流域以及阿尔伯马尔湾附近地区。“尽管人数不多,”克鲁尔在谈到萨斯奎汉诺克时写道,“但他们的行动引发了一系列政治动荡,席卷了英国殖民地。”他展示了萨斯奎汉诺克斯的运动、联盟和战争——以及关于这些的谣言——如何在殖民者中引起警觉,他们对土著袭击的恐惧助长了对殖民政府如何应对这些挑战的普遍不安。借用马里兰和弗吉尼亚殖民者的语言,克鲁尔将这一时期称为“无政府时期”,在此期间,民众的不满和骚乱蔓延开来。弗吉尼亚州发生的事情在马里兰州引起反响,反之亦然。弗吉尼亚州的殖民叛乱在卡罗莱纳的阿尔伯马尔地区点燃了政治火焰。克鲁尔仔细追踪证据;他一次又一次地将殖民地的政治动荡与萨斯奎汉诺克家族联系起来,并将其与殖民者的恐惧联系起来
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引用次数: 0
Shifting Perspectives on the Ideology of English Colonization: From Rhetoric to Reality 英国殖民主义意识形态的转向:从修辞到现实
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903163
A. Horning
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
摘要:利用一篇开创性文章50周年纪念的机会,奥黛丽·霍宁、彼得·曼考尔、海勒姆·摩根和罗里·拉普尔讨论了尼古拉斯·p·坎尼1973年发表在《威廉与玛丽季刊》上的文章《英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美国》对大西洋两岸学术的影响。Alison Games为论坛提供了一篇介绍性文章,Canny提供了回应。
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引用次数: 0
"It Has Always Been Customary to Make Slaves of Savages": The Problem of Indian Slavery in Spanish Louisiana Revisited, 1769–1803 “把野蛮人变成奴隶一直是惯例”:1769-1803年西班牙路易斯安那州印第安奴隶制问题重访
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903166
Leila K. Blackbird
Abstract:The enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Europeans was not a small and isolated practice in the lands that now comprise the United States. Contests for land and labor were not mutually exclusive, and enslaved Native people labored in mines, domestic households, and plantations across North America. In the vast Louisiana Colony, French records frequently enumerated enslaved Indigenous people, but their presence is conspicuously absent from Spanish period records. Scholars have previously assumed that the practice of Indian slavery had simply been outlawed and any remaining Indian slaves were emancipated under the Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias after Don Alejandro O'Reilly raised the Spanish flag over New Orleans in August 1769. However, the very first case brought before the Louisiana State Supreme Court disproves that assumption. During the period of its supposed illegality, Indigenous enslavement persisted through a discursive practice of Indigenous erasure; changing notions of race and legal personhood hid enslaved Native Americans within a socioracial order that negated their existence. These machinations allowed "Indianness" to be controlled and exploited, and Native people continued to be trafficked and enslaved across the Gulf South into the antebellum period. Their stories must become part of the broader history of American slavery.
摘要:在现在美国的土地上,欧洲人奴役土著人民并不是一种小而孤立的做法。土地和劳动力的争夺并不是相互排斥的,被奴役的原住民在北美各地的矿山、家庭和种植园劳动。在广阔的路易斯安那殖民地,法国的记录经常列举被奴役的土著人,但他们的存在显然没有出现在西班牙时期的记录中。学者们此前认为,1769年8月,唐·亚历杭德罗·奥莱利在新奥尔良上空升起西班牙国旗后,印度奴隶的做法已经被宣布为非法,任何剩余的印度奴隶都在Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias的统治下获得了解放。然而,路易斯安那州最高法院受理的第一个案件推翻了这一假设。在被认为是非法的时期,土著奴役通过一种对土著人的抹杀的散漫实践而持续存在;不断变化的种族和法人观念将被奴役的美洲原住民隐藏在否定他们存在的社会种族秩序中。这些阴谋使“印第安人”得以控制和剥削,原住民继续在海湾南部被贩卖和奴役,直到南北战争前。他们的故事必须成为美国奴隶制更广泛历史的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of the American Revolutionary War on the Slave Trade to Cuba 美国独立战争对古巴奴隶贸易的影响
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903165
A. Borucki, J. Postigo
Abstract:Scholars intent on considering the American Revolution's relationship to and influence on systems of slavery must be sure to look outside of the United States. In mid-September 1783, the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans in Charleston. This is the first known U.S.-flagged transatlantic slave voyage arriving in the United States after independence. Before bringing these captives from Africa, Miller had conducted a previous voyage on the Eagle, which landed fifty other captives in Havana in May 1783. The latter group of enslaved men, women, and children, whom Miller brought from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas in the eastern Caribbean, were some of the nearly 14,500 captives we have found who were shipped to Havana, mainly from other Caribbean ports, by merchants based in Cuba, the Danish West Indies, and the United States from 1781 to 1785. Examining the actions of U.S. slave traders in Cuba during the American Revolution also opens up the chance to dramatically increase our understanding of the broader traffic in enslaved people to the island during this period, emphasizing the merchant networks connecting Saint Thomas, Saint Domingue, and Charleston with Havana.
摘要:有意考虑美国革命与奴隶制制度的关系及其影响的学者必须将目光投向美国之外。1783年9月中旬,大卫·米勒率领的鹰号纵帆船在查尔斯顿登陆了104名被奴役的非洲人。这是美国独立后首次抵达美国的悬挂美国国旗的跨大西洋奴隶之旅。在从非洲带来这些俘虏之前,米勒曾在鹰号上进行过一次航行,1783年5月,鹰号在哈瓦那降落了另外50名俘虏。米勒从东加勒比的丹麦殖民地圣托马斯带来的后一批被奴役的男人、女人和儿童,是我们发现的1781年至1785年由古巴、丹麦西印度群岛和美国的商人运往哈瓦那的近14500名俘虏中的一部分,这些俘虏主要来自其他加勒比港口。研究美国革命期间美国奴隶贩子在古巴的行为,也为我们提供了一个机会,让我们进一步了解这一时期更广泛的奴隶贩卖到古巴岛的情况,强调了连接圣托马斯、圣多明各和查尔斯顿与哈瓦那的商业网络。
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引用次数: 0
Metropole Matters Metropole事项
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903167
A. Siddique
In probing the entanglements of empire and revolution, historians of British America have long looked to the scholarship on early modern British politics, culture, and society for guiding narratives, interpretive paradigms, and precedents on which to base their analyses. The mid-twentieth-century studies of the origins of the American Revolution that came to inspire generations of research all relied upon accounts of early modern British political history. The most analytically influential borrowing that historians of early America made from British historiography was surely the concept of republicanism, which scholars of the English Revolution had excavated as an anti-monarchical political language and historians of early America then proposed as a guiding ideological current of the mid-eighteenth-century colonial critique of crown and Parliament.1 Other terms that found powerful application in the scholarship on early modern British politics—such as Whig and mercantilism—have proved equally useful to making sense of the British Atlantic world.2 Yet historiographies are not static: scholarship that in
在探究帝国与革命之间的纠葛时,英属美国的历史学家们长期以来一直在寻找关于早期现代英国政治、文化和社会的学术研究,以寻找指导叙事、解释范式和先例,以此作为他们分析的基础。二十世纪中期对美国革命起源的研究启发了几代人的研究,这些研究都依赖于对早期现代英国政治史的描述。早期美国历史学家从英国史学中借鉴的最有影响力的分析无疑是共和主义的概念,研究英国革命的学者将其挖掘为一种反君主制的政治语言,而美国早期的历史学家则将其作为18世纪中期对王权和议会的殖民批判的一种指导思想潮流。其他在研究早期现代英国政治的学术研究中得到有力应用的术语——如辉格党和重商主义——也被证明对理解英属大西洋世界同样有用然而,史学并不是一成不变的:学术在不断发展
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引用次数: 0
The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World by Katherine Johnston (review) 《奴隶制的本质:盎格鲁-大西洋世界的环境与种植园劳工》,凯瑟琳·约翰斯顿著(综述)
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903170
J. Chaplin
At the end of The Nature of Slavery, Katherine Johnston concludes that “in the history of the development of African slavery in the Americas, climate played a minor role” (188). The statement may surprise some, including scholars of slavery and of environment. But the book bears out the claim. Johnston means not that assertions about climate played no role in the history of enslavement but that climate itself barely did. This distinction between what enslavers said and what they believed about climate is the centerpiece of the book. “Slavery’s stakeholders developed and manipulated the climatic defense of racial slavery despite their experiences, not because of them,” Johnston argues, “in the same way that theories of biological race are groundless and yet have caused incalculable harm” (4). Environment had a visible presence within the justifications white people offered for enslaving Black people for profit—though, Johnston establishes, not at the very start of colonization, only once it was well underway in the eighteenth century. In the 1960s and 1970s, Philip D. Curtin, Winthrop D. Jordan, and David Brion Davis identified Europeans’ arguments that sub-Saharan Africans could perform hard work in hot climates without accepting their claims as true. Johnston’s book revisits this historiography, as well as more recent analyses of tropical environments and human health by Ikuko Asaka, Emily Senior, and Suman Seth. Johnston is more overt, however, in labeling assertions about climate “a myth about the rise of African slavery” (5). The myth had three interlocking claims: in early plantation regions, Africans and Europeans had observable health differences; Europeans suffered poorer health and could barely work; and Africans were healthier, stronger, and more productive. The book’s main finding is simple—these justifications were wrong, both factually and morally. The claims were factually misleading because they did not in any consistent way reflect the realities of health on plantations at the start of colonization. They were therefore morally compromised as ex post facto judgments. As Johnston argues, “planters’ climatic defense of racial slavery in the late eighteenth century became a retroactive explanation for its establishment in these colonies” (3).1
凯瑟琳·约翰斯顿在《奴隶制的本质》一书的结尾总结道,“在美洲非洲奴隶制的发展史上,气候起到了次要作用”(188)。这一声明可能会让一些人感到惊讶,包括研究奴隶制和环境的学者。但这本书证实了这一说法。约翰斯顿的意思并不是说关于气候的断言在奴役史上没有起到任何作用,而是气候本身几乎没有起到作用。奴隶们对气候的看法和看法之间的区别是这本书的核心。约翰斯顿认为:“奴隶制的利益相关者不顾他们的经历,而不是因为他们,发展和操纵了对种族奴隶制的气候防御,就像生物种族理论是毫无根据的,但却造成了不可估量的伤害一样”(4)。在白人为营利而奴役黑人的理由中,环境有着明显的存在——尽管约翰斯顿并非在殖民化之初就确立了这一点,而是在18世纪才开始的。在20世纪60年代和70年代,Philip D.Curtin、Winthrop D.Jordan和David Brion Davis认同了欧洲人的论点,即撒哈拉以南的非洲人可以在炎热的气候下辛勤工作,而不接受他们的说法。约翰斯顿的书重新审视了这一史学,以及浅冈一子、老艾米莉和苏曼·赛斯对热带环境和人类健康的最新分析。然而,约翰斯顿更公开地将有关气候的断言称为“关于非洲奴隶制兴起的神话”(5)。这个神话有三个相互关联的说法:在早期种植园地区,非洲人和欧洲人有明显的健康差异;欧洲人的健康状况较差,几乎无法工作;非洲人更健康、更强壮、更有生产力。这本书的主要发现很简单——这些理由在事实和道德上都是错误的。这些说法在事实上具有误导性,因为它们没有以任何一致的方式反映殖民开始时种植园的健康现实。因此,它们作为事后判决在道德上受到了损害。正如约翰斯顿所说,“18世纪末,种植园主对种族奴隶制的气候辩护成为了其在这些殖民地建立的追溯性解释”(3)。1
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引用次数: 0
Ideas and Realities in the Elizabethan Experience of Colonizing Ireland and America 伊丽莎白殖民爱尔兰和美国经验中的思想与现实
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903160
Rory Rapple
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
摘要:Audrey Horning、Peter Mancall、Hiram Morgan和Rory Rapple利用一篇开创性文章发表五十周年的机会,讨论了Nicholas P.Canny 1973年的《威廉与玛丽季刊》文章《英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美国》对大西洋两岸学术的影响。Alison Games为论坛提供了一篇介绍性文章,Canny对此做出了回应。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Early Modern Ireland's Place in England's Westward Expansion 关于近代早期爱尔兰在英国西进中地位的思考
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903161
H. Morgan
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
摘要:Audrey Horning、Peter Mancall、Hiram Morgan和Rory Rapple利用一篇开创性文章发表五十周年的机会,讨论了Nicholas P.Canny 1973年的《威廉与玛丽季刊》文章《英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美国》对大西洋两岸学术的影响。Alison Games为论坛提供了一篇介绍性文章,Canny对此做出了回应。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on the Golden Jubilee of the Publication of "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America" 《英国殖民意识形态:从爱尔兰到美洲》出版五十周年纪念的思考
IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903164
Nicholas P. Canny
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
摘要:利用一篇开创性文章50周年纪念的机会,奥黛丽·霍宁、彼得·曼考尔、海勒姆·摩根和罗里·拉普尔讨论了尼古拉斯·p·坎尼1973年发表在《威廉与玛丽季刊》上的文章《英国殖民的意识形态:从爱尔兰到美国》对大西洋两岸学术的影响。Alison Games为论坛提供了一篇介绍性文章,Canny提供了回应。
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引用次数: 59
期刊
WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY
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