Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903159
A. Games, Rory Rapple, H. Morgan, Peter C. Mancall, A. Horning, Nicholas P. Canny, A. Borucki, J. Postigo, Leila K. Blackbird, A. Siddique, M. Dantas, Ernesto Mercado-Montero, J. Chaplin, Emily J. Macgillivray, A. C. Schutt, P. Olsen-Harbich, Erin Trahey, Mary Draper
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903172
A. C. Schutt
In Time of Anarchy, Matthew Kruer examines the history of the Susquehannocks in the seventeenth century, demonstrating their remarkable influence on social and political events across a wide-reaching geography. Researching the history of the Susquehannocks presents challenges because, as Kruer notes, available evidence is “usually fragmentary, brief, and frustratingly vague” (8). Nonetheless, through extensive research and careful interrogation of colonial documents and archaeological sources, Kruer makes crucial discoveries, even from the smallest details or “glimpses” (243) of Susquehannocks left by colonial recorders. Kruer expertly weaves a complex story in chapters organized around several areas of analysis: “emotional cultures, rumors, migrations, conspiracy theory, peacemaking, captivity, and racial thinking” (7). During the main period of this study, 1675–85, the Susquehannocks’ population was small. Kruer stresses, however, that we should not be misled by the size of the group. “Its actions caused repercussions far out of proportion to its numbers” (4), he argues, adding that “Susquehannock influence was often indirect, but it had enormous geographic breadth and transformative intensity” (4–6).1 Susquehannocks affected political and social developments not just in their homelands in the Susquehanna Valley but also in the valleys of the Potomac, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers and in the area near Albemarle Sound. “Despite their small numbers,” Kruer writes of the Susquehannocks, “the ripple effects of their actions set in motion a series of political convulsions that gripped the English colonies” (111). He shows how Susquehannocks’ movements, alliances, and warfare—as well as rumors about these—raised alarms among colonists, whose fears of Indigenous attacks fed into popular unrest over how colonial governments responded to these challenges. Borrowing language from Maryland and Virginia colonists, Kruer refers to this as a “Time of Anarchy” (6) during which popular dissatisfactions and tumults spread. What happened in Virginia reverberated in Maryland, and vice versa. Colonial rebellion in Virginia stoked political flames in Carolina’s Albemarle region. Kruer follows the evidence carefully; time and again, he links colonial political unrest back to the Susquehannocks and to colonists’ fears about what
{"title":"Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America by Matthew Kruer (review)","authors":"A. C. Schutt","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903172","url":null,"abstract":"In Time of Anarchy, Matthew Kruer examines the history of the Susquehannocks in the seventeenth century, demonstrating their remarkable influence on social and political events across a wide-reaching geography. Researching the history of the Susquehannocks presents challenges because, as Kruer notes, available evidence is “usually fragmentary, brief, and frustratingly vague” (8). Nonetheless, through extensive research and careful interrogation of colonial documents and archaeological sources, Kruer makes crucial discoveries, even from the smallest details or “glimpses” (243) of Susquehannocks left by colonial recorders. Kruer expertly weaves a complex story in chapters organized around several areas of analysis: “emotional cultures, rumors, migrations, conspiracy theory, peacemaking, captivity, and racial thinking” (7). During the main period of this study, 1675–85, the Susquehannocks’ population was small. Kruer stresses, however, that we should not be misled by the size of the group. “Its actions caused repercussions far out of proportion to its numbers” (4), he argues, adding that “Susquehannock influence was often indirect, but it had enormous geographic breadth and transformative intensity” (4–6).1 Susquehannocks affected political and social developments not just in their homelands in the Susquehanna Valley but also in the valleys of the Potomac, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers and in the area near Albemarle Sound. “Despite their small numbers,” Kruer writes of the Susquehannocks, “the ripple effects of their actions set in motion a series of political convulsions that gripped the English colonies” (111). He shows how Susquehannocks’ movements, alliances, and warfare—as well as rumors about these—raised alarms among colonists, whose fears of Indigenous attacks fed into popular unrest over how colonial governments responded to these challenges. Borrowing language from Maryland and Virginia colonists, Kruer refers to this as a “Time of Anarchy” (6) during which popular dissatisfactions and tumults spread. What happened in Virginia reverberated in Maryland, and vice versa. Colonial rebellion in Virginia stoked political flames in Carolina’s Albemarle region. Kruer follows the evidence carefully; time and again, he links colonial political unrest back to the Susquehannocks and to colonists’ fears about what","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41966457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903163
A. Horning
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
{"title":"Shifting Perspectives on the Ideology of English Colonization: From Rhetoric to Reality","authors":"A. Horning","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, \"The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,\" on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42214967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903166
Leila K. Blackbird
Abstract:The enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Europeans was not a small and isolated practice in the lands that now comprise the United States. Contests for land and labor were not mutually exclusive, and enslaved Native people labored in mines, domestic households, and plantations across North America. In the vast Louisiana Colony, French records frequently enumerated enslaved Indigenous people, but their presence is conspicuously absent from Spanish period records. Scholars have previously assumed that the practice of Indian slavery had simply been outlawed and any remaining Indian slaves were emancipated under the Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias after Don Alejandro O'Reilly raised the Spanish flag over New Orleans in August 1769. However, the very first case brought before the Louisiana State Supreme Court disproves that assumption. During the period of its supposed illegality, Indigenous enslavement persisted through a discursive practice of Indigenous erasure; changing notions of race and legal personhood hid enslaved Native Americans within a socioracial order that negated their existence. These machinations allowed "Indianness" to be controlled and exploited, and Native people continued to be trafficked and enslaved across the Gulf South into the antebellum period. Their stories must become part of the broader history of American slavery.
摘要：在现在美国的土地上，欧洲人奴役土著人民并不是一种小而孤立的做法。土地和劳动力的争夺并不是相互排斥的，被奴役的原住民在北美各地的矿山、家庭和种植园劳动。在广阔的路易斯安那殖民地，法国的记录经常列举被奴役的土著人，但他们的存在显然没有出现在西班牙时期的记录中。学者们此前认为，1769年8月，唐·亚历杭德罗·奥莱利在新奥尔良上空升起西班牙国旗后，印度奴隶的做法已经被宣布为非法，任何剩余的印度奴隶都在Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias的统治下获得了解放。然而，路易斯安那州最高法院受理的第一个案件推翻了这一假设。在被认为是非法的时期，土著奴役通过一种对土著人的抹杀的散漫实践而持续存在；不断变化的种族和法人观念将被奴役的美洲原住民隐藏在否定他们存在的社会种族秩序中。这些阴谋使“印第安人”得以控制和剥削，原住民继续在海湾南部被贩卖和奴役，直到南北战争前。他们的故事必须成为美国奴隶制更广泛历史的一部分。
{"title":"\"It Has Always Been Customary to Make Slaves of Savages\": The Problem of Indian Slavery in Spanish Louisiana Revisited, 1769–1803","authors":"Leila K. Blackbird","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Europeans was not a small and isolated practice in the lands that now comprise the United States. Contests for land and labor were not mutually exclusive, and enslaved Native people labored in mines, domestic households, and plantations across North America. In the vast Louisiana Colony, French records frequently enumerated enslaved Indigenous people, but their presence is conspicuously absent from Spanish period records. Scholars have previously assumed that the practice of Indian slavery had simply been outlawed and any remaining Indian slaves were emancipated under the Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias after Don Alejandro O'Reilly raised the Spanish flag over New Orleans in August 1769. However, the very first case brought before the Louisiana State Supreme Court disproves that assumption. During the period of its supposed illegality, Indigenous enslavement persisted through a discursive practice of Indigenous erasure; changing notions of race and legal personhood hid enslaved Native Americans within a socioracial order that negated their existence. These machinations allowed \"Indianness\" to be controlled and exploited, and Native people continued to be trafficked and enslaved across the Gulf South into the antebellum period. Their stories must become part of the broader history of American slavery.","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48677102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903165
A. Borucki, J. Postigo
Abstract:Scholars intent on considering the American Revolution's relationship to and influence on systems of slavery must be sure to look outside of the United States. In mid-September 1783, the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans in Charleston. This is the first known U.S.-flagged transatlantic slave voyage arriving in the United States after independence. Before bringing these captives from Africa, Miller had conducted a previous voyage on the Eagle, which landed fifty other captives in Havana in May 1783. The latter group of enslaved men, women, and children, whom Miller brought from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas in the eastern Caribbean, were some of the nearly 14,500 captives we have found who were shipped to Havana, mainly from other Caribbean ports, by merchants based in Cuba, the Danish West Indies, and the United States from 1781 to 1785. Examining the actions of U.S. slave traders in Cuba during the American Revolution also opens up the chance to dramatically increase our understanding of the broader traffic in enslaved people to the island during this period, emphasizing the merchant networks connecting Saint Thomas, Saint Domingue, and Charleston with Havana.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903167
A. Siddique
In probing the entanglements of empire and revolution, historians of British America have long looked to the scholarship on early modern British politics, culture, and society for guiding narratives, interpretive paradigms, and precedents on which to base their analyses. The mid-twentieth-century studies of the origins of the American Revolution that came to inspire generations of research all relied upon accounts of early modern British political history. The most analytically influential borrowing that historians of early America made from British historiography was surely the concept of republicanism, which scholars of the English Revolution had excavated as an anti-monarchical political language and historians of early America then proposed as a guiding ideological current of the mid-eighteenth-century colonial critique of crown and Parliament.1 Other terms that found powerful application in the scholarship on early modern British politics—such as Whig and mercantilism—have proved equally useful to making sense of the British Atlantic world.2 Yet historiographies are not static: scholarship that in
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903170
J. Chaplin
At the end of The Nature of Slavery, Katherine Johnston concludes that “in the history of the development of African slavery in the Americas, climate played a minor role” (188). The statement may surprise some, including scholars of slavery and of environment. But the book bears out the claim. Johnston means not that assertions about climate played no role in the history of enslavement but that climate itself barely did. This distinction between what enslavers said and what they believed about climate is the centerpiece of the book. “Slavery’s stakeholders developed and manipulated the climatic defense of racial slavery despite their experiences, not because of them,” Johnston argues, “in the same way that theories of biological race are groundless and yet have caused incalculable harm” (4). Environment had a visible presence within the justifications white people offered for enslaving Black people for profit—though, Johnston establishes, not at the very start of colonization, only once it was well underway in the eighteenth century. In the 1960s and 1970s, Philip D. Curtin, Winthrop D. Jordan, and David Brion Davis identified Europeans’ arguments that sub-Saharan Africans could perform hard work in hot climates without accepting their claims as true. Johnston’s book revisits this historiography, as well as more recent analyses of tropical environments and human health by Ikuko Asaka, Emily Senior, and Suman Seth. Johnston is more overt, however, in labeling assertions about climate “a myth about the rise of African slavery” (5). The myth had three interlocking claims: in early plantation regions, Africans and Europeans had observable health differences; Europeans suffered poorer health and could barely work; and Africans were healthier, stronger, and more productive. The book’s main finding is simple—these justifications were wrong, both factually and morally. The claims were factually misleading because they did not in any consistent way reflect the realities of health on plantations at the start of colonization. They were therefore morally compromised as ex post facto judgments. As Johnston argues, “planters’ climatic defense of racial slavery in the late eighteenth century became a retroactive explanation for its establishment in these colonies” (3).1
{"title":"The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World by Katherine Johnston (review)","authors":"J. Chaplin","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903170","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of The Nature of Slavery, Katherine Johnston concludes that “in the history of the development of African slavery in the Americas, climate played a minor role” (188). The statement may surprise some, including scholars of slavery and of environment. But the book bears out the claim. Johnston means not that assertions about climate played no role in the history of enslavement but that climate itself barely did. This distinction between what enslavers said and what they believed about climate is the centerpiece of the book. “Slavery’s stakeholders developed and manipulated the climatic defense of racial slavery despite their experiences, not because of them,” Johnston argues, “in the same way that theories of biological race are groundless and yet have caused incalculable harm” (4). Environment had a visible presence within the justifications white people offered for enslaving Black people for profit—though, Johnston establishes, not at the very start of colonization, only once it was well underway in the eighteenth century. In the 1960s and 1970s, Philip D. Curtin, Winthrop D. Jordan, and David Brion Davis identified Europeans’ arguments that sub-Saharan Africans could perform hard work in hot climates without accepting their claims as true. Johnston’s book revisits this historiography, as well as more recent analyses of tropical environments and human health by Ikuko Asaka, Emily Senior, and Suman Seth. Johnston is more overt, however, in labeling assertions about climate “a myth about the rise of African slavery” (5). The myth had three interlocking claims: in early plantation regions, Africans and Europeans had observable health differences; Europeans suffered poorer health and could barely work; and Africans were healthier, stronger, and more productive. The book’s main finding is simple—these justifications were wrong, both factually and morally. The claims were factually misleading because they did not in any consistent way reflect the realities of health on plantations at the start of colonization. They were therefore morally compromised as ex post facto judgments. As Johnston argues, “planters’ climatic defense of racial slavery in the late eighteenth century became a retroactive explanation for its establishment in these colonies” (3).1","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45927072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903160
Rory Rapple
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
{"title":"Ideas and Realities in the Elizabethan Experience of Colonizing Ireland and America","authors":"Rory Rapple","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, \"The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,\" on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47519430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903164
Nicholas P. Canny
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
{"title":"Reflections on the Golden Jubilee of the Publication of \"The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America\"","authors":"Nicholas P. Canny","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, \"The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,\" on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46804949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1353/wmq.2023.a903161
H. Morgan
Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.
{"title":"Reflections on Early Modern Ireland's Place in England's Westward Expansion","authors":"H. Morgan","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a903161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2023.a903161","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taking the opportunity of a seminal article's fiftieth anniversary, Audrey Horning, Peter Mancall, Hiram Morgan, and Rory Rapple discuss the impact of Nicholas P. Canny's 1973 William and Mary Quarterly article, \"The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,\" on scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic. Alison Games provides an introductory essay for the Forum, and Canny provides a response.","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47853949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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