Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1177/10887679231217112
Warren Carsten Andresen
This study analyzes 351 homicides where defendants raised gay or trans panic defenses within the United States from 1970 to 2022. This work builds on prior research by focusing on gay men and trans women as distinct groups to examine the demographic and socio-economic variables of these victims and their killers. This study also explores how the offenders killed their victims, focusing on the fatal weapon, time of murder, and homicide location. Finally, this study investigates situational variables, including relationship between victim and killer, use of drugs/alcohol, offender’s stated motivation for murder, and whether the offender stole the victim’s property.
{"title":"The Gay and Trans Panic Defense: Focusing on the Homicides, Not the Court Room Strategy","authors":"Warren Carsten Andresen","doi":"10.1177/10887679231217112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231217112","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes 351 homicides where defendants raised gay or trans panic defenses within the United States from 1970 to 2022. This work builds on prior research by focusing on gay men and trans women as distinct groups to examine the demographic and socio-economic variables of these victims and their killers. This study also explores how the offenders killed their victims, focusing on the fatal weapon, time of murder, and homicide location. Finally, this study investigates situational variables, including relationship between victim and killer, use of drugs/alcohol, offender’s stated motivation for murder, and whether the offender stole the victim’s property.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1177/10887679231217159
Svetlana Zhuchkova, Anton Kazun
This study explores the role of gender in sentencing in Russian homicide cases, particularly the “female discount” phenomenon. We use regression analysis on a dataset of 20531 court decisions acquired via text mining techniques. Our research indicates that female defendants in Russia tend to receive more lenient sentences than their male counterparts do. Crimes against intimate partners and family members result in more lenient sentences than those against nonrelatives and strangers. The gender of the judge does not significantly influence the sentencing of female offenders; however, male judges are generally tougher on male defendants. The findings show that the “social costs theory” functions differently for male and female offenders.
{"title":"Exploring Gender Bias in Homicide Sentencing: An Empirical Study of Russian Court Decisions Using Text Mining","authors":"Svetlana Zhuchkova, Anton Kazun","doi":"10.1177/10887679231217159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231217159","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the role of gender in sentencing in Russian homicide cases, particularly the “female discount” phenomenon. We use regression analysis on a dataset of 20531 court decisions acquired via text mining techniques. Our research indicates that female defendants in Russia tend to receive more lenient sentences than their male counterparts do. Crimes against intimate partners and family members result in more lenient sentences than those against nonrelatives and strangers. The gender of the judge does not significantly influence the sentencing of female offenders; however, male judges are generally tougher on male defendants. The findings show that the “social costs theory” functions differently for male and female offenders.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.1177/10887679231209227
Brianne M. Posey
Although men of color are disproportionately the victims of violence in the United States, Black women face a substantial risk. This work presents a layered commentary on the growing epidemic of Black femicide. First, hypervisibility and invisibility within institutions is explored. Second, using feminist victimology and intersectionality frameworks, four forms of Black femicide are analyzed: gun violence, intimate partner violence, targeted violence, and institutional violence. Third, topics of missing and insufficient information on Black femicide are probed. Fourth, procedural limitations and recommendations for future works are proposed. This essay seeks to improve discussions surrounding Black femicide in research and practice.
{"title":"Black Femicides Matter: Conceptualizing the Killings of Black Girls and Women as Structural and Cultural Violence","authors":"Brianne M. Posey","doi":"10.1177/10887679231209227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231209227","url":null,"abstract":"Although men of color are disproportionately the victims of violence in the United States, Black women face a substantial risk. This work presents a layered commentary on the growing epidemic of Black femicide. First, hypervisibility and invisibility within institutions is explored. Second, using feminist victimology and intersectionality frameworks, four forms of Black femicide are analyzed: gun violence, intimate partner violence, targeted violence, and institutional violence. Third, topics of missing and insufficient information on Black femicide are probed. Fourth, procedural limitations and recommendations for future works are proposed. This essay seeks to improve discussions surrounding Black femicide in research and practice.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"43 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139237595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.1177/10887679231212400
Andrew C. Gray, Karen F. Parker
Housing instability has become increasingly important to the study of crime and homicide. Merging Eviction Lab, census, and crime data, we regress multiple measures of housing instability on homicide rates in large U.S. cities, and then comparatively with violent and property crime rates. After finding that evictions and rent burden are distinct indicators, we find that rent burden is directly related to homicide but also has a moderating relationship with economic deprivation. Evictions and other housing indicators are largely unrelated to crime. We conclude by discussing the implications of housing instability in the crime literature and directions for future research.
{"title":"Housing Instability and Homicide: Exploring Variation in Housing Indicators on Homicide and Rates of Urban Crime","authors":"Andrew C. Gray, Karen F. Parker","doi":"10.1177/10887679231212400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231212400","url":null,"abstract":"Housing instability has become increasingly important to the study of crime and homicide. Merging Eviction Lab, census, and crime data, we regress multiple measures of housing instability on homicide rates in large U.S. cities, and then comparatively with violent and property crime rates. After finding that evictions and rent burden are distinct indicators, we find that rent burden is directly related to homicide but also has a moderating relationship with economic deprivation. Evictions and other housing indicators are largely unrelated to crime. We conclude by discussing the implications of housing instability in the crime literature and directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"66 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139238082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1177/10887679231211610
Susana Avalos, Christina DeJong, Hailey Wood
The United States experienced a record number of homicides against transgender victims in 2020, six of which occurred in Puerto Rico. Of the victims, five were trans women, and one was a trans man. Through case-study analysis, we explore how gender nonconformity is stigmatized within the context of Puerto Rico. Using storyline analysis of the language used by offenders, news media, and police, several themes emerged: (1) framing trans people as deceitful; (2) deadnaming, misgendering, and victim-blaming, and (3) community advocacy for the murder victims. Using the framework of hetero-cis-normativity, we explore how hetero-cis-normative biases may explain why negative attitudes toward trans individuals vary.
{"title":"“La Loca” y “La Victima”: An Analysis of Penalizing Gender Non-Conformity After Death","authors":"Susana Avalos, Christina DeJong, Hailey Wood","doi":"10.1177/10887679231211610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231211610","url":null,"abstract":"The United States experienced a record number of homicides against transgender victims in 2020, six of which occurred in Puerto Rico. Of the victims, five were trans women, and one was a trans man. Through case-study analysis, we explore how gender nonconformity is stigmatized within the context of Puerto Rico. Using storyline analysis of the language used by offenders, news media, and police, several themes emerged: (1) framing trans people as deceitful; (2) deadnaming, misgendering, and victim-blaming, and (3) community advocacy for the murder victims. Using the framework of hetero-cis-normativity, we explore how hetero-cis-normative biases may explain why negative attitudes toward trans individuals vary.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"30 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135390292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1177/10887679231208676
Jolien van Breen, Jeroen ten Voorde, Marieke Liem
This Research Note outlines a novel approach to studying the role of ethnicity in lethal police incidents (LPI). We take data from the Netherlands, between 2016 and 2020, to show—first—that the representation of individuals with minority ethnic backgrounds in LPI is 350% of what would be expected based on their proportion of the population. Comparisons with other indicators (prison population; homicide) showed that the proportion of individuals with minority ethnic backgrounds was particularly high in outcomes that meet two conditions: (1) the outcome is more serious (vs. less serious), and (2) the authorities are involved (vs. not involved). These findings generate relevant recommendations for future work on lethal police incidents.
{"title":"Understanding Ethnic Disparities in Lethal Police Incidents in the Netherlands Between 2016 and 2020","authors":"Jolien van Breen, Jeroen ten Voorde, Marieke Liem","doi":"10.1177/10887679231208676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231208676","url":null,"abstract":"This Research Note outlines a novel approach to studying the role of ethnicity in lethal police incidents (LPI). We take data from the Netherlands, between 2016 and 2020, to show—first—that the representation of individuals with minority ethnic backgrounds in LPI is 350% of what would be expected based on their proportion of the population. Comparisons with other indicators (prison population; homicide) showed that the proportion of individuals with minority ethnic backgrounds was particularly high in outcomes that meet two conditions: (1) the outcome is more serious (vs. less serious), and (2) the authorities are involved (vs. not involved). These findings generate relevant recommendations for future work on lethal police incidents.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"35 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1177/10887679231205613
Alondra D. Garza, R. Lillianne Macias, Vanesa Mercado Diaz, Rasheeda O’Connor, Nancy Nava, Xavier L. Guadalupe-Díaz
Limited studies have considered the experiences of Latinx intimate partner homicide (IPH) survivors. A federally designated, culturally specific gender-based violence resource center partnered with nine community-based organizations to enhance culturally specific knowledge on IPH prevention by conducting listening sessions and key informant interviews with Latinx survivors, advocates, and community practitioners. The current study analyzed data from the larger project to explore help-seeking barriers encountered by Latinx IPH survivors, specifically cisgender and transgender women. Results identified six themes impacting help-seeking: an inaccessible criminal justice system, inequitable resources, immigrant identity, gender role beliefs and expectations, a lack of culturally sensitive services, and family concerns. Policy implications and future research are discussed.
{"title":"Help-Seeking Barriers for Latinx Victims of Intimate Partner Homicide: Insight From Survivors, Advocates, and Community Practitioners","authors":"Alondra D. Garza, R. Lillianne Macias, Vanesa Mercado Diaz, Rasheeda O’Connor, Nancy Nava, Xavier L. Guadalupe-Díaz","doi":"10.1177/10887679231205613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231205613","url":null,"abstract":"Limited studies have considered the experiences of Latinx intimate partner homicide (IPH) survivors. A federally designated, culturally specific gender-based violence resource center partnered with nine community-based organizations to enhance culturally specific knowledge on IPH prevention by conducting listening sessions and key informant interviews with Latinx survivors, advocates, and community practitioners. The current study analyzed data from the larger project to explore help-seeking barriers encountered by Latinx IPH survivors, specifically cisgender and transgender women. Results identified six themes impacting help-seeking: an inaccessible criminal justice system, inequitable resources, immigrant identity, gender role beliefs and expectations, a lack of culturally sensitive services, and family concerns. Policy implications and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135618588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1177/10887679231201801
D. Kim Rossmo
The Golden State Killer hunted victims across California from 1974 to 1986. He committed violent crimes in multiple jurisdictions as he escalated from burglary to rape to serial murder. His offending evolution and shifting geography made it difficult for police to connect his crimes, leading to the assumption that different criminals were involved. Over time, therefore, nine separate behavioral profiles were generated for the various investigations. This case study is a comparative analysis of these profiles, their behavioral domains, and specific predictions. Accuracy, consistency, and utility are assessed, and an analytic framework is provided for future assessments and research.
{"title":"Behavioral Profiling in the Golden State Killer Investigation: A Comparative Analysis","authors":"D. Kim Rossmo","doi":"10.1177/10887679231201801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231201801","url":null,"abstract":"The Golden State Killer hunted victims across California from 1974 to 1986. He committed violent crimes in multiple jurisdictions as he escalated from burglary to rape to serial murder. His offending evolution and shifting geography made it difficult for police to connect his crimes, leading to the assumption that different criminals were involved. Over time, therefore, nine separate behavioral profiles were generated for the various investigations. This case study is a comparative analysis of these profiles, their behavioral domains, and specific predictions. Accuracy, consistency, and utility are assessed, and an analytic framework is provided for future assessments and research.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.1177/10887679231201602
Kathleen A. Fox, Kayleigh A. Stanek, Cassie L. Harvey, Christopher Sharp, Valaura Imus-Nahsonhoya
National attention has recently shed light on a crisis surrounding Missing and Murdered Indigenous people (MMIP). Indigenous women and girls are murdered and missing significantly more than females of other races. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the current study examines the understudied population of Indigenous males to broaden knowledge of MMIP and provide specific recommendations to address MMIP. Longitudinal homicide data (1978–2018) reveals important patterns regarding victim-offender relationships and surrounding circumstances among 474 Indigenous male homicide victims in Arizona. Missing persons data (2022) reveal that 48 Indigenous males were missing across 3 months. Culturally-appropriate research and policy implication are discussed.
{"title":"Understanding the Scope of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Peoples: A Longitudinal Examination of the Understudied Population of Indigenous Males in Arizona","authors":"Kathleen A. Fox, Kayleigh A. Stanek, Cassie L. Harvey, Christopher Sharp, Valaura Imus-Nahsonhoya","doi":"10.1177/10887679231201602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231201602","url":null,"abstract":"National attention has recently shed light on a crisis surrounding Missing and Murdered Indigenous people (MMIP). Indigenous women and girls are murdered and missing significantly more than females of other races. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the current study examines the understudied population of Indigenous males to broaden knowledge of MMIP and provide specific recommendations to address MMIP. Longitudinal homicide data (1978–2018) reveals important patterns regarding victim-offender relationships and surrounding circumstances among 474 Indigenous male homicide victims in Arizona. Missing persons data (2022) reveal that 48 Indigenous males were missing across 3 months. Culturally-appropriate research and policy implication are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136278741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1177/10887679231201803
Sara Brightman, Emily Lenning, Kristin J. Lurie, Christina DeJong
In this study we explore homicides and fatal violence against transgender individuals using the framework of the trifecta of violence—violent ideology, violent policies and laws, and violent actions. In recent years, researchers, activists, and the media, particularly the news media, have been warning that the increase in anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric, especially but not exclusively online, coupled with a surge in anti-transgender legislation, has resulted in increased instances of violence against the LGBTQ+ community, especially transgender people. In this article we examine patterns of transphobic ideology and rhetoric, anti-trans legislation, and fatal violence against transgender people in the United States from 2015 to 2022. We find that increases in all three occurred over this time period, with all three aspects of the “trifecta” correlated.
{"title":"Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence","authors":"Sara Brightman, Emily Lenning, Kristin J. Lurie, Christina DeJong","doi":"10.1177/10887679231201803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231201803","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we explore homicides and fatal violence against transgender individuals using the framework of the trifecta of violence—violent ideology, violent policies and laws, and violent actions. In recent years, researchers, activists, and the media, particularly the news media, have been warning that the increase in anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric, especially but not exclusively online, coupled with a surge in anti-transgender legislation, has resulted in increased instances of violence against the LGBTQ+ community, especially transgender people. In this article we examine patterns of transphobic ideology and rhetoric, anti-trans legislation, and fatal violence against transgender people in the United States from 2015 to 2022. We find that increases in all three occurred over this time period, with all three aspects of the “trifecta” correlated.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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