Pub Date : 2022-08-04DOI: 10.1177/10887679221106975
Adam Lankford, Jason R. Silva
Although several mass killings by incels have received much attention, the overall phenomenon of sexually frustrated offenders seems even larger. This study drew from a recently developed sexual frustration theory to closely examine public mass shooters in the United States from 1966 to 2021 ( n = 178). Results showed that some sexually frustrated perpetrators just wanted sex, while others lusted after unavailable partners or had illegal urges that were difficult to satisfy. Quantitative analyses indicated that compared to other mass shooters, sexually frustrated perpetrators were more frequently young, male, unmarried, childless, and unemployed. They were also more likely to be misogynistic, sex offenders, and fame-seekers, and their attacks killed significantly more female victims. Concerted efforts to reduce toxic masculinity and provide better guidance to young men could help reduce this threat.
{"title":"Sexually Frustrated Mass Shooters: A Study of Perpetrators, Profiles, Behaviors, and Victims","authors":"Adam Lankford, Jason R. Silva","doi":"10.1177/10887679221106975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221106975","url":null,"abstract":"Although several mass killings by incels have received much attention, the overall phenomenon of sexually frustrated offenders seems even larger. This study drew from a recently developed sexual frustration theory to closely examine public mass shooters in the United States from 1966 to 2021 ( n = 178). Results showed that some sexually frustrated perpetrators just wanted sex, while others lusted after unavailable partners or had illegal urges that were difficult to satisfy. Quantitative analyses indicated that compared to other mass shooters, sexually frustrated perpetrators were more frequently young, male, unmarried, childless, and unemployed. They were also more likely to be misogynistic, sex offenders, and fame-seekers, and their attacks killed significantly more female victims. Concerted efforts to reduce toxic masculinity and provide better guidance to young men could help reduce this threat.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45736677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-03DOI: 10.1177/10887679221116546
Peter A. Hanink, Matthew Renner, Christopher J. Bates
Studies of police shootings have typically focused upon demographic characteristics, police departmental characteristics, or more traditionally criminological characteristics such as crime rate. We use police shooting incidents to examine what role a less examined factor—proximity to a trauma center—has on whether the injured civilian dies or survives. We improve on previous work by estimating both distances and drive times along road networks. Findings from this study underscore the importance of prevention of police shootings, compared to after the fact responses, for reducing the numbers of homicides by police.
{"title":"Lethality of Police Shootings and Proximity to Trauma Centers","authors":"Peter A. Hanink, Matthew Renner, Christopher J. Bates","doi":"10.1177/10887679221116546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221116546","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of police shootings have typically focused upon demographic characteristics, police departmental characteristics, or more traditionally criminological characteristics such as crime rate. We use police shooting incidents to examine what role a less examined factor—proximity to a trauma center—has on whether the injured civilian dies or survives. We improve on previous work by estimating both distances and drive times along road networks. Findings from this study underscore the importance of prevention of police shootings, compared to after the fact responses, for reducing the numbers of homicides by police.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"120 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42038822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.1177/10887679221110674
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Can Victim, Offender, and Situational Characteristics Differentiate Between Lethal and Non-Lethal Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence Occurring Among Adults?”","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10887679221110674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221110674","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"324 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43748463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108329
W. Terrill, Logan J. Somers
Despite danger being an integral part of officer decision-making during potentially lethal encounters (see Graham v. Connor), the study of officers’ perceptions of danger is scarce. Using a survey of over 800 police officers located in a large metropolitan police department, this study assesses officers’ perceptions of danger in different types of armed citizen situations involving various levels of citizen resistance. It also identifies various contextual factors and officer characteristics in relation to danger. The findings are used to inform future research, departmental policy, officer training, and the “objective reasonableness” standard put in place by the Supreme Court.
{"title":"Viewing Firearm Danger Through the Lens of Police Officers","authors":"W. Terrill, Logan J. Somers","doi":"10.1177/10887679221108329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221108329","url":null,"abstract":"Despite danger being an integral part of officer decision-making during potentially lethal encounters (see Graham v. Connor), the study of officers’ perceptions of danger is scarce. Using a survey of over 800 police officers located in a large metropolitan police department, this study assesses officers’ perceptions of danger in different types of armed citizen situations involving various levels of citizen resistance. It also identifies various contextual factors and officer characteristics in relation to danger. The findings are used to inform future research, departmental policy, officer training, and the “objective reasonableness” standard put in place by the Supreme Court.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"55 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47617791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1177/10887679221113512
C. Witt, Jonathan W. Hak, Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Graham Abela
In 2020, a research study was conducted surveying homicide investigators and managers within the province of Alberta (Canada). This study provided investigator insight and knowledge of current issues impacting investigations, focusing on issues related to the law and prosecutions. Specifically, two key Supreme Court of Canada decisions were identified as having significant impact on homicide investigations. Limiting factors regarding the law and prosecutions included case law developments impacting privacy issues, warrant requirements, disclosure, and prosecution timelines, which continue to challenge homicide investigators. Recommendations are made to assist investigators and managers in navigating these legal changes.
{"title":"Evaluating Canadian Legal Changes in Context: Homicide Investigator Insights","authors":"C. Witt, Jonathan W. Hak, Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Graham Abela","doi":"10.1177/10887679221113512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221113512","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, a research study was conducted surveying homicide investigators and managers within the province of Alberta (Canada). This study provided investigator insight and knowledge of current issues impacting investigations, focusing on issues related to the law and prosecutions. Specifically, two key Supreme Court of Canada decisions were identified as having significant impact on homicide investigations. Limiting factors regarding the law and prosecutions included case law developments impacting privacy issues, warrant requirements, disclosure, and prosecution timelines, which continue to challenge homicide investigators. Recommendations are made to assist investigators and managers in navigating these legal changes.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48270152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1177/10887679221112601
L. Fridell, Christopher J. Marier
The contrast between many community members’ views about the extent to which force used by police is excessive and the criminal justice system’s determination of same suggests a “reasonableness divide.” Using survey data from 3,600 nationally representative adults, this study assessed one possible reason for this divide—that community members evaluate the reasonableness of deadly force using factors that are not considered in legal assessments. The results affirmed this divide—finding that community members’ evaluations of deadly force incidents are impacted by the race of the subject and by the precipitating event. Policy and research implications are presented.
{"title":"The Impact of Suspect Race and Precipitating Incident on Community Members’ Assessments of Deadly Force Reasonableness","authors":"L. Fridell, Christopher J. Marier","doi":"10.1177/10887679221112601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221112601","url":null,"abstract":"The contrast between many community members’ views about the extent to which force used by police is excessive and the criminal justice system’s determination of same suggests a “reasonableness divide.” Using survey data from 3,600 nationally representative adults, this study assessed one possible reason for this divide—that community members evaluate the reasonableness of deadly force using factors that are not considered in legal assessments. The results affirmed this divide—finding that community members’ evaluations of deadly force incidents are impacted by the race of the subject and by the precipitating event. Policy and research implications are presented.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"142 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1177/10887679221113516
J. Messing, M. AbiNader
Since early 2020, over 2 years ago at the time of this writing, COVID-19 has affected all aspects of life across the world. In the U.S., over 1 million deaths have been attributed to COVID-19 (CDC, 2022), and Americans report numerous ways that their lives, jobs, and relationships have shifted due to the pandemic (van Kessel et al., 2021). As stay-at-home orders were enacted across states to reduce the spread of the virus people’s lives were impacted across multiple domains: schools closed, unemployment increased, and many people experienced economic hardship (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2022). At the same time, outrage about excessive police violence against Black Americans in particular, resulted in protests after the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, by police on May 25, 2020, which followed closely on the heels of the murder of Breonna Taylor, an unarmed black woman, by police on March 13, 2020. Some evidence indicates that there was an increase in certain types of violence during this time, including increases in domestic and intimate partner violence (Bullinger et al., 2020; Gosangi et al., 2021; Leslie & Wilson, 2020; McKay et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2020). Across multiple cities, domestic violence calls for service increased, as did domestic violence hotline calls (Bullinger et al., 2020; Leslie & Wilson, 2020; Miller et al., 2020). Homicide rates across the U.S. also appear to have increased (Anderson, 2021). However, little is known about the nature and extent of the problem, causal mechanisms, effects of disease reduction policies, or the contexts of homicide during this time. This special issue, therefore, examines the effects of COVID-19 on gun violence and fatal interpersonal violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the ways that we engage in homicide prevention practice, both within social service and law enforcement agencies, and the ways that researchers engage with practitioners to collect data to inform
自2020年初以来，即两年多前撰写本文时，COVID-19已影响到世界各地生活的方方面面。在美国，超过100万人死于COVID-19(疾病预防控制中心，2022年)，美国人报告说，他们的生活、工作和人际关系因大流行而发生了多种变化(van Kessel等人，2021年)。随着各州颁布居家令以减少病毒的传播，人们的生活在多个领域受到影响:学校关闭，失业率上升，许多人经历了经济困难(预算和政策优先事项中心，2022年)。与此同时，警察对非裔美国人过度暴力的愤怒引发了2020年5月25日手无寸铁的黑人男子乔治·弗洛伊德被警察谋杀后的抗议活动，紧随2020年3月13日手无寸铁的黑人妇女布雷欧娜·泰勒被警察谋杀之后。一些证据表明，在此期间某些类型的暴力有所增加，包括家庭暴力和亲密伴侣暴力的增加(Bullinger et al.， 2020;Gosangi et al.， 2021;Leslie & Wilson, 2020;McKay et al.， 2020;Miller et al.， 2020)。在多个城市，家庭暴力求助电话增加了，家庭暴力热线电话也增加了(Bullinger et al.， 2020;Leslie & Wilson, 2020;Miller et al.， 2020)。美国各地的凶杀率似乎也有所上升(Anderson, 2021)。然而，人们对这一问题的性质和程度、因果机制、减少疾病政策的影响或这一时期杀人的背景知之甚少。因此，本期特刊探讨了COVID-19对枪支暴力和致命人际暴力的影响。2019冠状病毒病大流行从根本上改变了我们在社会服务和执法机构内从事凶杀预防实践的方式，也改变了研究人员与从业人员合作收集数据以提供信息的方式
{"title":"COVID-19 and Homicide Special Issue Introduction","authors":"J. Messing, M. AbiNader","doi":"10.1177/10887679221113516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221113516","url":null,"abstract":"Since early 2020, over 2 years ago at the time of this writing, COVID-19 has affected all aspects of life across the world. In the U.S., over 1 million deaths have been attributed to COVID-19 (CDC, 2022), and Americans report numerous ways that their lives, jobs, and relationships have shifted due to the pandemic (van Kessel et al., 2021). As stay-at-home orders were enacted across states to reduce the spread of the virus people’s lives were impacted across multiple domains: schools closed, unemployment increased, and many people experienced economic hardship (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2022). At the same time, outrage about excessive police violence against Black Americans in particular, resulted in protests after the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, by police on May 25, 2020, which followed closely on the heels of the murder of Breonna Taylor, an unarmed black woman, by police on March 13, 2020. Some evidence indicates that there was an increase in certain types of violence during this time, including increases in domestic and intimate partner violence (Bullinger et al., 2020; Gosangi et al., 2021; Leslie & Wilson, 2020; McKay et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2020). Across multiple cities, domestic violence calls for service increased, as did domestic violence hotline calls (Bullinger et al., 2020; Leslie & Wilson, 2020; Miller et al., 2020). Homicide rates across the U.S. also appear to have increased (Anderson, 2021). However, little is known about the nature and extent of the problem, causal mechanisms, effects of disease reduction policies, or the contexts of homicide during this time. This special issue, therefore, examines the effects of COVID-19 on gun violence and fatal interpersonal violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the ways that we engage in homicide prevention practice, both within social service and law enforcement agencies, and the ways that researchers engage with practitioners to collect data to inform","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"327 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65341167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1177/10887679221111723
J. C. Pickering, D. Klinger
How police officers exercise their unique power to use deadly force continues to be a topic of interest among academics and has recently become arguably the most visible public policy issue related to the criminal justice system in the United States. Academic interest in officers’ use of deadly force includes attention to how officers make the decision to discharge their firearms during encounters with citizens. Binder and Scharf posited that actions and decisions made by officers early in a high-risk police-citizen encounter can impact their decision to use deadly force at the conclusion of the encounter. This decision-making model, however, has been subject to very little empirical scrutiny in the decades since it was proposed (see Fridell & Binder; Scharf & Binder for notable exceptions). To bring their comprehensive framework back to the forefront and provide additional empirical assessment, the authors used the Binder and Scharf model as a framework to examine 82 officers’ decisions to shoot or hold fire in incidents that involved multiple officers who ultimately made different decisions regarding lethal force. Results from the qualitative analysis suggest that the presence and actions of other officers on scene can have a notable impact on officers’ decision-making during a high-risk police-citizen encounter. Furthermore, findings from this study extend the Binder-Scharf model by highlighting the role of conscious and unconscious decision-making and the impact of social roles on officers’ choices during an officer-involved shooting.
{"title":"Shooting and Holding Fire in Police Work: Insights From a Study Informed by the Binder and Scharf Model of Deadly Force Decision-Making","authors":"J. C. Pickering, D. Klinger","doi":"10.1177/10887679221111723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221111723","url":null,"abstract":"How police officers exercise their unique power to use deadly force continues to be a topic of interest among academics and has recently become arguably the most visible public policy issue related to the criminal justice system in the United States. Academic interest in officers’ use of deadly force includes attention to how officers make the decision to discharge their firearms during encounters with citizens. Binder and Scharf posited that actions and decisions made by officers early in a high-risk police-citizen encounter can impact their decision to use deadly force at the conclusion of the encounter. This decision-making model, however, has been subject to very little empirical scrutiny in the decades since it was proposed (see Fridell & Binder; Scharf & Binder for notable exceptions). To bring their comprehensive framework back to the forefront and provide additional empirical assessment, the authors used the Binder and Scharf model as a framework to examine 82 officers’ decisions to shoot or hold fire in incidents that involved multiple officers who ultimately made different decisions regarding lethal force. Results from the qualitative analysis suggest that the presence and actions of other officers on scene can have a notable impact on officers’ decision-making during a high-risk police-citizen encounter. Furthermore, findings from this study extend the Binder-Scharf model by highlighting the role of conscious and unconscious decision-making and the impact of social roles on officers’ choices during an officer-involved shooting.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"34 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48353001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-17DOI: 10.1177/10887679221112037
Kelly Dunne, Cherra M. Mathis
The global pandemic has changed how frontline service providers respond to domestic violence (DV). Advocates see an increase in the severity and complexity of DV cases, with COVID-19 complicating decisions of DV survivors to seek help. Domestic Violence High Risk Teams (DVHRT) include police, probation and parole officers, prosecutors, medical professionals, and DV advocates uniquely poised to respond collaboratively to increased DV case numbers and escalating risk of lethality for DV survivors. Adapting intervention and advocacy to the online sphere carries challenges but also opportunities to help DV survivors and their communities find safety.
{"title":"Practice Note: Domestic Violence Advocacy and Response to Intimate Partner Homicide in the COVID-19 Era","authors":"Kelly Dunne, Cherra M. Mathis","doi":"10.1177/10887679221112037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221112037","url":null,"abstract":"The global pandemic has changed how frontline service providers respond to domestic violence (DV). Advocates see an increase in the severity and complexity of DV cases, with COVID-19 complicating decisions of DV survivors to seek help. Domestic Violence High Risk Teams (DVHRT) include police, probation and parole officers, prosecutors, medical professionals, and DV advocates uniquely poised to respond collaboratively to increased DV case numbers and escalating risk of lethality for DV survivors. Adapting intervention and advocacy to the online sphere carries challenges but also opportunities to help DV survivors and their communities find safety.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"333 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45107079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108875
G. Murray, K. Davies
Most U.S. states issued stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) to limit the spread of COVID-19 in 2020. These orders required people to remain in their residences except when undertaking essential activities. While SAHOs are a powerful public health tool against infectious diseases, they can have significant social and economic consequences. Grounded in general strain and routine activities theories and using interrupted time series analyses, this study assesses the effects of SAHOs on homicide rates in 10 U.S. cities. Substantive results suggest SAHOs were associated with changes in homicide rates in theoretically identifiable ways.
{"title":"Assessing the Effects of COVID-19-Related Stay-at-Home Orders on Homicide Rates in Selected U.S. Cities","authors":"G. Murray, K. Davies","doi":"10.1177/10887679221108875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221108875","url":null,"abstract":"Most U.S. states issued stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) to limit the spread of COVID-19 in 2020. These orders required people to remain in their residences except when undertaking essential activities. While SAHOs are a powerful public health tool against infectious diseases, they can have significant social and economic consequences. Grounded in general strain and routine activities theories and using interrupted time series analyses, this study assesses the effects of SAHOs on homicide rates in 10 U.S. cities. Substantive results suggest SAHOs were associated with changes in homicide rates in theoretically identifiable ways.","PeriodicalId":51586,"journal":{"name":"Homicide Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"419 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44470217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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