Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X2300024X
Simone da Silva Ribeiro Gomes, R. Cantu
Abstract This article explores the impact conservative criticism has had on companies’ behaviour in Brazil. We investigate whether Natura and Boticário − the two largest Brazilian cosmetics companies − have maintained or reversed LGBTQ-oriented marketing and advertising when confronted with criticism from conservative groups. We draw on interviews with stakeholders, company investors and LGBTQ activists, in addition to complaints filed with the Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (National Council for Advertising Self-Regulation, CONAR), and companies’ documents on finance and social responsibility. Overall, even when faced with a negative backlash from conservative opinion, companies have persisted in their commitment to diversity issues and LGBTQ inclusion in marketing. However, firms have also employed evasive strategies, such as targeted communication and less controversial forms of retail design, signalling compromises with conservative stakeholders and customers.
{"title":"The Conservative Wave and Corporate Practices in Brazil: The Controversy over LGBTQ in Marketing","authors":"Simone da Silva Ribeiro Gomes, R. Cantu","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X2300024X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X2300024X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the impact conservative criticism has had on companies’ behaviour in Brazil. We investigate whether Natura and Boticário − the two largest Brazilian cosmetics companies − have maintained or reversed LGBTQ-oriented marketing and advertising when confronted with criticism from conservative groups. We draw on interviews with stakeholders, company investors and LGBTQ activists, in addition to complaints filed with the Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (National Council for Advertising Self-Regulation, CONAR), and companies’ documents on finance and social responsibility. Overall, even when faced with a negative backlash from conservative opinion, companies have persisted in their commitment to diversity issues and LGBTQ inclusion in marketing. However, firms have also employed evasive strategies, such as targeted communication and less controversial forms of retail design, signalling compromises with conservative stakeholders and customers.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"267 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42339253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X23000019
Patrick Naef
Abstract This article provides a picture of the political economy of tourism and violence in Medellín. It analyses the way criminal actors and tourism entrepreneurs share a territory, by shedding light on the extortion of tour guides, street performers and business owners in some of its barrios populares (poor neighbourhoods). The main objective is to demonstrate how intimate relationships – between and among kin, friends, long-term acquaintances – impact what is considered the criminal governance of tourism. This contribution shows that extortion in Medellín meets only limited resistance from tourism entrepreneurs. It also emphasises how criminals, tourism actors and tourists themselves contribute to the creation of fragile secured spaces in the developing touristscapes of Colombia's second city.
{"title":"The Criminal Governance of Tourism: Extortion and Intimacy in Medellín","authors":"Patrick Naef","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X23000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X23000019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article provides a picture of the political economy of tourism and violence in Medellín. It analyses the way criminal actors and tourism entrepreneurs share a territory, by shedding light on the extortion of tour guides, street performers and business owners in some of its barrios populares (poor neighbourhoods). The main objective is to demonstrate how intimate relationships – between and among kin, friends, long-term acquaintances – impact what is considered the criminal governance of tourism. This contribution shows that extortion in Medellín meets only limited resistance from tourism entrepreneurs. It also emphasises how criminals, tourism actors and tourists themselves contribute to the creation of fragile secured spaces in the developing touristscapes of Colombia's second city.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"323 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44768762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-03DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X23000032
Tomás Undurraga, Manuel Gárate Chateau, Alfredo Joignant, Mario Fergnani, Felipe Márquez
The Chilean economic model has been widely studied both as a pioneering experiment in neoliberal policies and in regard to the growing social mobilisation against inequalities it has provoked. Insufficient attention has been paid, however, to the role of intellectuals in justifying and criticising the model. This article examines cultural battles over the economic model among the country's main columnists between 2010 and 2017, analysing debates as to the model's virtues and vices, achievements and failures. It shows how debate surrounding the model is highly reactive to current political events, yet occurs in somewhat of an elite bubble, centred on conceptual discussions and daily political events that tend to be dissociated from popular concerns.
{"title":"The Cultural Battle for the Chilean Model: Intellectual Elites in Times of Politicisation (2010–17)","authors":"Tomás Undurraga, Manuel Gárate Chateau, Alfredo Joignant, Mario Fergnani, Felipe Márquez","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X23000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X23000032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Chilean economic model has been widely studied both as a pioneering experiment in neoliberal policies and in regard to the growing social mobilisation against inequalities it has provoked. Insufficient attention has been paid, however, to the role of intellectuals in justifying and criticising the model. This article examines cultural battles over the economic model among the country's main columnists between 2010 and 2017, analysing debates as to the model's virtues and vices, achievements and failures. It shows how debate surrounding the model is highly reactive to current political events, yet occurs in somewhat of an elite bubble, centred on conceptual discussions and daily political events that tend to be dissociated from popular concerns.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"293 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41444464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X23000111
Chisu Teresa Ko
Argentine history. While the destape was a distinct event that shifted the cultural life of Argentina in the 1980s, the trend of increasing politicisation of intimacy and sexuality has become central to the current debates about the nature of Argentine democracy. In the twenty-first century, feminist and LGBTQI+ movements foster debates about how sexual freedom and material equality are substantial components of the everyday experience of democracy. During this short century, these movements have pushed major legal and cultural transformations – from legalisation on the termination of pregnancy to that expanding trans rights such as ‘selfidentify’ gender recognition. As many of the stories that Natalia Milanesio showcases in her book, these changes don’t necessarily move in any single direction; there are usually conflictive experiences – in which Argentines are defining their lived experience with democracy in their public spaces, homes and beds.
{"title":"Jihye Kim, From Sweatshop to Fashion Shop: Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the Argentine Garment Industry (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021), 200 pp.","authors":"Chisu Teresa Ko","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X23000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X23000111","url":null,"abstract":"Argentine history. While the destape was a distinct event that shifted the cultural life of Argentina in the 1980s, the trend of increasing politicisation of intimacy and sexuality has become central to the current debates about the nature of Argentine democracy. In the twenty-first century, feminist and LGBTQI+ movements foster debates about how sexual freedom and material equality are substantial components of the everyday experience of democracy. During this short century, these movements have pushed major legal and cultural transformations – from legalisation on the termination of pregnancy to that expanding trans rights such as ‘selfidentify’ gender recognition. As many of the stories that Natalia Milanesio showcases in her book, these changes don’t necessarily move in any single direction; there are usually conflictive experiences – in which Argentines are defining their lived experience with democracy in their public spaces, homes and beds.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"170 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X22000918
J. Herrera
Abstract In many developing countries where formal institutions fail to guarantee rule of law, criminal organisations have emerged as intermediaries between citizens and the state. In some cases, these armed non-state actors adopt repressive strategies to govern their territories and local populations. This study asks under what circumstances local actors mobilise against criminal governance. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, I argue that the emergence of vigilante groups, known as autodefensas, was prompted by the breaching of a social contract – a set of formal and informal agreements and obligations – between organised crime and civil society. As criminal governance spread in Michoacán, so did predatory behaviour against local communities, which gave way to an elite-organised social movement structured by rural inequalities.
{"title":"Rejecting the Social Contract: Criminal Governance, Agrarian Inequalities and the Autodefensa Movement in Michoacán, Mexico","authors":"J. Herrera","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X22000918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X22000918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In many developing countries where formal institutions fail to guarantee rule of law, criminal organisations have emerged as intermediaries between citizens and the state. In some cases, these armed non-state actors adopt repressive strategies to govern their territories and local populations. This study asks under what circumstances local actors mobilise against criminal governance. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, I argue that the emergence of vigilante groups, known as autodefensas, was prompted by the breaching of a social contract – a set of formal and informal agreements and obligations – between organised crime and civil society. As criminal governance spread in Michoacán, so did predatory behaviour against local communities, which gave way to an elite-organised social movement structured by rural inequalities.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"51 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47508699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0022216x23000184
María Mercedes di Virgilio
at the Argentine middle class and questioning its practices and behaviour is challenging for any
质疑阿根廷中产阶级的做法和行为对任何人来说都是一种挑战
{"title":"Daniel Ozarow, The Mobilization and Demobilization of Middle-Class Revolt: Comparative Insights from Argentina (New York and London: Routledge, 2019, xiv + 271 pp.","authors":"María Mercedes di Virgilio","doi":"10.1017/s0022216x23000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x23000184","url":null,"abstract":"at the Argentine middle class and questioning its practices and behaviour is challenging for any","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"188 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56672876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0022216x23000093
Matthew D. Brown
{"title":"David Rock, The British in Argentina: Commerce, Settlers and Power, 1800–2000 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), xxi + 424 pp.","authors":"Matthew D. Brown","doi":"10.1017/s0022216x23000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x23000093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"166 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44226327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X23000044
Matias López
Abstract What motivated right-wing and conservative parties to endorse a policy of land expropriation and redistribution in Brazil? I argue that urban-dominated right-wing parties endorsed agrarian reform in order to: (i) reduce crime in wealthier metropolises by reversing rural–urban migration; and (ii) gain competitive advantage against left-wing challengers. To test this argument I conduct process tracing, analysing over 500 elite statements about agrarian reform, drawn from archival, interview and survey data. In addition, I model land expropriations at the municipal level and show how right-wing administrations disproportionately expropriated land in the states of origin of migrants and, within those, in localities where the Left was more competitive. My results portray how two externalities of inequality – crime and competition with the Left – motivated conservative support for agrarian reform in Brazil.
{"title":"Unlikely Expropriators: Why Right-Wing Parties Implemented Agrarian Reform in Democratic Brazil","authors":"Matias López","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X23000044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X23000044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract What motivated right-wing and conservative parties to endorse a policy of land expropriation and redistribution in Brazil? I argue that urban-dominated right-wing parties endorsed agrarian reform in order to: (i) reduce crime in wealthier metropolises by reversing rural–urban migration; and (ii) gain competitive advantage against left-wing challengers. To test this argument I conduct process tracing, analysing over 500 elite statements about agrarian reform, drawn from archival, interview and survey data. In addition, I model land expropriations at the municipal level and show how right-wing administrations disproportionately expropriated land in the states of origin of migrants and, within those, in localities where the Left was more competitive. My results portray how two externalities of inequality – crime and competition with the Left – motivated conservative support for agrarian reform in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"129 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43693702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X2300010X
P. Simonetto
{"title":"Natalia Milanesio, ¡Destape! Sex, Democracy, and Freedom in Postdictatorial Argentina (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), x + 326 pp.","authors":"P. Simonetto","doi":"10.1017/S0022216X2300010X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X2300010X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51630,"journal":{"name":"拉丁美洲研究","volume":"55 1","pages":"168 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46082271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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