The soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti can establish a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with the model legume Medicago truncatula. The rhizobia induce the formation of a specialized root organ called nodule, where they differentiate into bacteroids and reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Little is known on the mechanisms involved in nodule senescence onset and in bacteroid survival inside the infected plant cells. Whereas Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems have been shown to promote intracellular survival within host cells in human pathogenic bacteria, their role in symbiotic bacteria was rarely investigated. S. meliloti encodes several TA systems, mainly of the VapBC family. Here we present the functional characterization, through a multidisciplinary approach, of the VapBC10 TA system of S. meliloti. Following a MORE RNA-seq analysis, we demonstrated that the VapC10 toxin is an RNase that cleaves the anticodon loop of two tRNASer. Thereafter, a bioinformatics approach was used to predict VapC10 targets in bacteroids. This analysis suggests that toxin activation triggers a specific proteome reprogramming that could limit nitrogen fixation capability and viability of bacteroids. Accordingly, a vapC10 mutant induces a delayed senescence in nodules, associated to an enhanced bacteroid survival. VapBC10 TA system could contribute to S. meliloti adaptation to symbiotic lifestyle, in response to plant nitrogen status.
土壤中的美乐藻根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium meliloti）能与模式豆科植物美智子（Medicago truncatula）建立固氮共生关系。根瘤菌诱导形成一种称为 "结节 "的特化根器官，并在其中分化成类菌体，将大气中的氮还原成氨。人们对结核开始衰老和细菌在受感染植物细胞内存活的机制知之甚少。虽然毒素-抗毒素（TA）系统已被证明能促进人类致病菌在宿主细胞内的生存，但它们在共生细菌中的作用却很少被研究。S. meliloti编码多种TA系统，主要属于VapBC家族。在这里，我们通过多学科方法介绍了 S. meliloti 的 VapBC10 TA 系统的功能特征。在进行 MORE RNA-seq 分析后，我们证明 VapC10 毒素是一种 RNase，能裂解两个 tRNASer 的反密码子环。 随后，我们利用生物信息学方法预测了 VapC10 在类杆菌中的靶标。这项分析表明，毒素激活会引发特定蛋白质组的重编程，从而限制固氮能力和类固氮微生物的生存能力。因此，vapC10突变体会诱导结核延迟衰老，从而提高类菌体的存活率。VapBC10 TA系统可能有助于S. meliloti适应共生生活方式，以应对植物的氮状况。
{"title":"VapC10 toxin of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti targets tRNASer and controls intracellular lifestyle","authors":"Camille Syska, Aurélie Kiers, Corinne Rancurel, Marc Bailly-Bechet, Justine Lipuma, Geneviève Alloing, Isabelle Garcia, Laurence Dupont","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae015","url":null,"abstract":"The soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti can establish a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with the model legume Medicago truncatula. The rhizobia induce the formation of a specialized root organ called nodule, where they differentiate into bacteroids and reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Little is known on the mechanisms involved in nodule senescence onset and in bacteroid survival inside the infected plant cells. Whereas Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems have been shown to promote intracellular survival within host cells in human pathogenic bacteria, their role in symbiotic bacteria was rarely investigated. S. meliloti encodes several TA systems, mainly of the VapBC family. Here we present the functional characterization, through a multidisciplinary approach, of the VapBC10 TA system of S. meliloti. Following a MORE RNA-seq analysis, we demonstrated that the VapC10 toxin is an RNase that cleaves the anticodon loop of two tRNASer. Thereafter, a bioinformatics approach was used to predict VapC10 targets in bacteroids. This analysis suggests that toxin activation triggers a specific proteome reprogramming that could limit nitrogen fixation capability and viability of bacteroids. Accordingly, a vapC10 mutant induces a delayed senescence in nodules, associated to an enhanced bacteroid survival. VapBC10 TA system could contribute to S. meliloti adaptation to symbiotic lifestyle, in response to plant nitrogen status.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139577528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tess F Hutchinson, Adam J Kessler, Wei Wen Wong, Puspitaningsih Hall, Pok Man Leung, Thanavit Jirapanjawat, Chris Greening, Ronnie N Glud, Perran L M Cook
In marine sediments, microbial degradation of organic matter under anoxic conditions is generally thought to proceed through fermentation to volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are then oxidized to CO2 coupled to the reduction of terminal electron acceptors (e.g. nitrate, iron, manganese and sulfate). It has been suggested that, in environments with a highly variable oxygen regime, fermentation mediated by facultative anaerobic bacteria (uncoupled to external terminal electron acceptors) becomes the dominant process. Here, we present the first direct evidence for this fermentation using a novel differentially-labelled glucose isotopologue assay that distinguishes between CO2 produced from respiration and fermentation. Using this approach, we measured the relative contribution of respiration and fermentation of glucose in a range of permeable (sandy) and cohesive (muddy) sediments, as well as four bacterial isolates. Under anoxia, microbial communities adapted to high energy sandy or bioturbated sites mediate fermentation via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, in a manner uncoupled from anaerobic respiration. Prolonged anoxic incubation suggests this uncoupling lasts up to 160 hours. In contrast, microbial communities in anoxic muddy sediments (smaller median grain size) generally completely oxidized 13C glucose to 13CO2, consistent with the classical redox cascade model. We also unexpectedly observed that fermentation occurred under oxic conditions in permeable sediments. These observations were further confirmed using pure cultures of four bacteria isolated from permeable sediments. Our results suggest microbial communities adapted to variable oxygen regimes metabolise glucose (and likely other organic molecules) through fermentation uncoupled to respiration during transient anoxic conditions.
{"title":"Microorganisms oxidize glucose through distinct pathways in permeable and cohesive sediments","authors":"Tess F Hutchinson, Adam J Kessler, Wei Wen Wong, Puspitaningsih Hall, Pok Man Leung, Thanavit Jirapanjawat, Chris Greening, Ronnie N Glud, Perran L M Cook","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae001","url":null,"abstract":"In marine sediments, microbial degradation of organic matter under anoxic conditions is generally thought to proceed through fermentation to volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are then oxidized to CO2 coupled to the reduction of terminal electron acceptors (e.g. nitrate, iron, manganese and sulfate). It has been suggested that, in environments with a highly variable oxygen regime, fermentation mediated by facultative anaerobic bacteria (uncoupled to external terminal electron acceptors) becomes the dominant process. Here, we present the first direct evidence for this fermentation using a novel differentially-labelled glucose isotopologue assay that distinguishes between CO2 produced from respiration and fermentation. Using this approach, we measured the relative contribution of respiration and fermentation of glucose in a range of permeable (sandy) and cohesive (muddy) sediments, as well as four bacterial isolates. Under anoxia, microbial communities adapted to high energy sandy or bioturbated sites mediate fermentation via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, in a manner uncoupled from anaerobic respiration. Prolonged anoxic incubation suggests this uncoupling lasts up to 160 hours. In contrast, microbial communities in anoxic muddy sediments (smaller median grain size) generally completely oxidized 13C glucose to 13CO2, consistent with the classical redox cascade model. We also unexpectedly observed that fermentation occurred under oxic conditions in permeable sediments. These observations were further confirmed using pure cultures of four bacteria isolated from permeable sediments. Our results suggest microbial communities adapted to variable oxygen regimes metabolise glucose (and likely other organic molecules) through fermentation uncoupled to respiration during transient anoxic conditions.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139577391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-lytic viruses with enveloped pleomorphic virions (family Pleolipoviridae) are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments across the globe and are associated with nearly all major lineages of halophilic archaea. However, their existence in other ecosystems remains largely unknown. Here, we show that evolutionarily related viruses also infect hyperthermophilic archaea thriving in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Archaeoglobus veneficus pleomorphic virus 1 (AvPV1), the first virus described for any member of the class Archaeoglobi, encodes a morphogenetic module typical of pleolipoviruses, including the characteristic VP4-like membrane fusion protein. We show that AvPV1 is a non-lytic virus chronically produced in liquid cultures without substantially affecting the growth dynamics of its host with a stable virus-to-host ratio of ~1. Mining of genomic and metagenomic databases revealed broad distribution of AvPV1-like viruses in geographically remote hydrothermal vents. Comparative genomics, coupled with phylogenetic analysis of VP4-like fusogens revealed deep divergence of pleomorphic viruses infecting halophilic, methanogenic, and hyperthermophilic archaea, signifying niche separation and coevolution of the corresponding virus-host pairs. Hence, we propose a new virus family, “Thalassapleoviridae”, for classification of the marine hyperthermophilic virus AvPV1 and its relatives. Collectively, our results provide insights into the diversity and evolution of pleomorphic viruses beyond hypersaline environments.
{"title":"Pleomorphic viruses establish stable relationship with marine hyperthermophilic archaea","authors":"Diana P Baquero, Eduardo A Bignon, Mart Krupovic","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae008","url":null,"abstract":"Non-lytic viruses with enveloped pleomorphic virions (family Pleolipoviridae) are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments across the globe and are associated with nearly all major lineages of halophilic archaea. However, their existence in other ecosystems remains largely unknown. Here, we show that evolutionarily related viruses also infect hyperthermophilic archaea thriving in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Archaeoglobus veneficus pleomorphic virus 1 (AvPV1), the first virus described for any member of the class Archaeoglobi, encodes a morphogenetic module typical of pleolipoviruses, including the characteristic VP4-like membrane fusion protein. We show that AvPV1 is a non-lytic virus chronically produced in liquid cultures without substantially affecting the growth dynamics of its host with a stable virus-to-host ratio of ~1. Mining of genomic and metagenomic databases revealed broad distribution of AvPV1-like viruses in geographically remote hydrothermal vents. Comparative genomics, coupled with phylogenetic analysis of VP4-like fusogens revealed deep divergence of pleomorphic viruses infecting halophilic, methanogenic, and hyperthermophilic archaea, signifying niche separation and coevolution of the corresponding virus-host pairs. Hence, we propose a new virus family, “Thalassapleoviridae”, for classification of the marine hyperthermophilic virus AvPV1 and its relatives. Collectively, our results provide insights into the diversity and evolution of pleomorphic viruses beyond hypersaline environments.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong-Bin Liu, Hong-Xia Sun, Li-Qiong Du, Ling-Li Jiang, Lin-An Zhang, Yin-Yao Qi, Jun Cai, Feng Yu
Oxygen is one of the determinants of root microbiome formation. However, whether plants regulate rhizosphere oxygen levels to affect microbiota composition and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family member FERONIA modulates the growth–defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis. Here, we established that rice FERONIA-like RLK 7 (FLR7) controls rhizosphere oxygen levels by methylene blue staining, oxygen flux and potential measurements. The formation of oxygen-transporting aerenchyma in roots is negatively regulated by FLR7. We further characterized the root microbiota of 11 FLR mutants including flr7 and wild-type Nipponbare (Nip) grown in the field by 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling and demonstrated that the 11 FLRs are involved in regulating rice root microbiome formation. The most abundant anaerobic-dependent genus Anaeromyxobacter in the Nip root microbiota was less abundant in the root microbiota of all these mutants, and this contributed the most to the community differences between most mutants and Nip. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that flr7 increases aerobic respiration and decreases anaerobic respiration in the root microbiome. Finally, we showed that a representative Anaeromyxobacter strain improved submergence tolerance in rice via FLR7. Collectively, our findings indicate that FLR7 mediates changes in rhizosphere oxygen levels and enriches the beneficial dominant genus Anaeromyxobacter and may provide insights for developing plant flood prevention strategies via the use of environment-specific functional soil microorganisms.
{"title":"Rice receptor kinase FLR7 regulates rhizosphere oxygen levels and enriches the dominant Anaeromyxobacter that improves submergence tolerance in rice","authors":"Hong-Bin Liu, Hong-Xia Sun, Li-Qiong Du, Ling-Li Jiang, Lin-An Zhang, Yin-Yao Qi, Jun Cai, Feng Yu","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae006","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen is one of the determinants of root microbiome formation. However, whether plants regulate rhizosphere oxygen levels to affect microbiota composition and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family member FERONIA modulates the growth–defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis. Here, we established that rice FERONIA-like RLK 7 (FLR7) controls rhizosphere oxygen levels by methylene blue staining, oxygen flux and potential measurements. The formation of oxygen-transporting aerenchyma in roots is negatively regulated by FLR7. We further characterized the root microbiota of 11 FLR mutants including flr7 and wild-type Nipponbare (Nip) grown in the field by 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling and demonstrated that the 11 FLRs are involved in regulating rice root microbiome formation. The most abundant anaerobic-dependent genus Anaeromyxobacter in the Nip root microbiota was less abundant in the root microbiota of all these mutants, and this contributed the most to the community differences between most mutants and Nip. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that flr7 increases aerobic respiration and decreases anaerobic respiration in the root microbiome. Finally, we showed that a representative Anaeromyxobacter strain improved submergence tolerance in rice via FLR7. Collectively, our findings indicate that FLR7 mediates changes in rhizosphere oxygen levels and enriches the beneficial dominant genus Anaeromyxobacter and may provide insights for developing plant flood prevention strategies via the use of environment-specific functional soil microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Caballol, Miguel Ángel Redondo, Núria Catalán, Tamara Corcobado, Thomas Jung, Benoît Marçais, Ivan Milenković, Miguel Nemesio-Gorriz, Jan Stenlid, Jonàs Oliva
Climate shapes the distribution of plant-associated microbes such as mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. However, the role of climate in plant pathogen community assembly is less understood. Here, we explored the role of climate in the assembly of Phytophthora communities at >250 sites along a latitudinal gradient from Spain to northern Sweden and an altitudinal gradient from the Spanish Pyrenees to lowland areas. Communities were detected by ITS sequencing of river filtrates. Mediation analysis supported the role of climate in the biogeography of Phytophthora and ruled out other environmental factors such as geography or tree diversity. Comparisons of functional and species diversity showed that environmental filtering dominated over competitive exclusion in Europe. Temperature and precipitation acted as environmental filters at different extremes of the gradients. In northern regions, winter temperatures acted as an environmental filter on Phytophthora community assembly, selecting species adapted to survive low minimum temperatures. In southern latitudes, a hot dry climate was the main environmental filter, resulting in communities dominated by drought-tolerant Phytophthora species with thick oospore walls, a high optimum temperature for growth and a high maximum temperature limit for growth. By taking a community ecology approach, we show that the establishment of Phytophthora plant pathogens in Europe is mainly restricted by cold temperatures.
气候影响着菌根真菌和内生真菌等植物相关微生物的分布。然而，人们对气候在植物病原体群落集结中的作用了解较少。在这里，我们沿着从西班牙到瑞典北部的纬度梯度和从西班牙比利牛斯山脉到低地地区的海拔梯度，在 250 个地点探索了气候在噬菌体群落组合中的作用。通过对河流滤液进行 ITS 测序检测了群落。中介分析支持气候在噬菌体生物地理学中的作用，并排除了地理或树木多样性等其他环境因素。功能多样性和物种多样性的比较表明，在欧洲，环境过滤作用比竞争排斥作用更重要。温度和降水在梯度的不同极端起着环境过滤的作用。在北部地区，冬季气温对噬菌体群落的集结起到了环境过滤的作用，选择了适应在最低气温下生存的物种。在南纬地区，炎热干燥的气候是主要的环境过滤器，导致群落以具有厚卵孢子壁、生长最适温度高和生长最高温度限制高的耐旱噬菌体物种为主。通过采用群落生态学方法，我们表明欧洲植物病原菌的建立主要受到低温的限制。
{"title":"Climate acts as an environmental filter to plant pathogens","authors":"Maria Caballol, Miguel Ángel Redondo, Núria Catalán, Tamara Corcobado, Thomas Jung, Benoît Marçais, Ivan Milenković, Miguel Nemesio-Gorriz, Jan Stenlid, Jonàs Oliva","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae010","url":null,"abstract":"Climate shapes the distribution of plant-associated microbes such as mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. However, the role of climate in plant pathogen community assembly is less understood. Here, we explored the role of climate in the assembly of Phytophthora communities at >250 sites along a latitudinal gradient from Spain to northern Sweden and an altitudinal gradient from the Spanish Pyrenees to lowland areas. Communities were detected by ITS sequencing of river filtrates. Mediation analysis supported the role of climate in the biogeography of Phytophthora and ruled out other environmental factors such as geography or tree diversity. Comparisons of functional and species diversity showed that environmental filtering dominated over competitive exclusion in Europe. Temperature and precipitation acted as environmental filters at different extremes of the gradients. In northern regions, winter temperatures acted as an environmental filter on Phytophthora community assembly, selecting species adapted to survive low minimum temperatures. In southern latitudes, a hot dry climate was the main environmental filter, resulting in communities dominated by drought-tolerant Phytophthora species with thick oospore walls, a high optimum temperature for growth and a high maximum temperature limit for growth. By taking a community ecology approach, we show that the establishment of Phytophthora plant pathogens in Europe is mainly restricted by cold temperatures.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nobuto Takeuchi, Matthew S Fullmer, Danielle J Maddock, Anthony M Poole
Duplication is a major route for emergence of new gene functions. However, emergence of new gene function via this route may be reduced in prokaryotes, as redundant genes are often rapidly purged. In lineages with compact, streamlined genomes, it thus appears challenging for novel function to emerge via duplication and divergence. A further pressure contributing to gene loss occurs under Black Queen dynamics, as cheaters that lose the capacity to produce a public good can instead acquire it from neighbouring producers. We propose that Black Queen dynamics can favour the emergence of new function because under an emerging Black Queen dynamic there is high gene redundancy, spread across a community of interacting cells. Using computational modelling, we demonstrate that new gene functions can emerge under Black Queen dynamics. This result holds even if there is deletion bias due to low duplication rates and selection against redundant gene copies resulting from the high cost associated with carrying a locus. However, when the public good production costs are high, Black Queen dynamics impede fixation of new function. Our results expand the mechanisms by which new gene function can emerge in prokaryotic systems.
{"title":"The constructive black queen hypothesis: new functions can evolve under conditions favouring gene loss","authors":"Nobuto Takeuchi, Matthew S Fullmer, Danielle J Maddock, Anthony M Poole","doi":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae011","url":null,"abstract":"Duplication is a major route for emergence of new gene functions. However, emergence of new gene function via this route may be reduced in prokaryotes, as redundant genes are often rapidly purged. In lineages with compact, streamlined genomes, it thus appears challenging for novel function to emerge via duplication and divergence. A further pressure contributing to gene loss occurs under Black Queen dynamics, as cheaters that lose the capacity to produce a public good can instead acquire it from neighbouring producers. We propose that Black Queen dynamics can favour the emergence of new function because under an emerging Black Queen dynamic there is high gene redundancy, spread across a community of interacting cells. Using computational modelling, we demonstrate that new gene functions can emerge under Black Queen dynamics. This result holds even if there is deletion bias due to low duplication rates and selection against redundant gene copies resulting from the high cost associated with carrying a locus. However, when the public good production costs are high, Black Queen dynamics impede fixation of new function. Our results expand the mechanisms by which new gene function can emerge in prokaryotic systems.","PeriodicalId":516554,"journal":{"name":"The ISME Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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