Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.083
Shikun Cheng, Ziwang Ye, Xinying Li, Musa Manga, C. Dórea, Zhengxian Chen, Zifu Li, Xiaolei Ma, Heinz-Peter Mang, Tianxin Li
Access to adequate and secure sanitation to prevent and reduce disease occurrence and improve people's health has been a longstanding global concern. Toilet standardization is immensely important for the promotion of sanitation in China. At present, China has more than 200 toilet-related standards, including national, industrial, provincial, association, and enterprise standards. In addition, there are many existing problems of the standard system, such as standards lagging, standards deficiency, and cross-repetition of standards content. This study analyzed the toilet standards utilizing a six-dimensional structure of the standardized system engineering methodology. A framework for the toilet standard system, which consists of six components, is proposed: basic general standard, public toilet standard, household toilet standard, toilet hardware standard, environmental health and safety standard, and toilet accessory standard and standard toilet peripherals. Additionally, the study suggests approaches for improving standardization including cultivating and developing association and enterprise standards, establishing a standardization technical committee, strengthening standard publicizing and implementation, and linkages with international standards.
{"title":"Constructing a toilet standard system for the toilet revolution in China","authors":"Shikun Cheng, Ziwang Ye, Xinying Li, Musa Manga, C. Dórea, Zhengxian Chen, Zifu Li, Xiaolei Ma, Heinz-Peter Mang, Tianxin Li","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Access to adequate and secure sanitation to prevent and reduce disease occurrence and improve people's health has been a longstanding global concern. Toilet standardization is immensely important for the promotion of sanitation in China. At present, China has more than 200 toilet-related standards, including national, industrial, provincial, association, and enterprise standards. In addition, there are many existing problems of the standard system, such as standards lagging, standards deficiency, and cross-repetition of standards content. This study analyzed the toilet standards utilizing a six-dimensional structure of the standardized system engineering methodology. A framework for the toilet standard system, which consists of six components, is proposed: basic general standard, public toilet standard, household toilet standard, toilet hardware standard, environmental health and safety standard, and toilet accessory standard and standard toilet peripherals. Additionally, the study suggests approaches for improving standardization including cultivating and developing association and enterprise standards, establishing a standardization technical committee, strengthening standard publicizing and implementation, and linkages with international standards.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.153
Azadeh Ghadesi, Hamid Hasanpour, R. Naserifar, Jahangir Abdi, M. Mahmoudi, H. Turki, O. Raiesi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso, Asad Mirzaei
Acanthamoeba, a widely distributed free-living amoeba with 20 genotypes identified through rRNA gene sequencing, exhibits varying degrees of pathogenicity influenced by its genotype. This study focuses on assessing the prevalence of Acanthamoeba species in the surface waters of Ilam, located in western Iran, utilizing morphological analysis and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene through the PCR method. A total of 50 water samples were collected from various regions within Ilam city, situated in the southwest of Iran. To isolate Acanthamoeba parasites from the samples, a culture method was used, and all utilized culture media were scrutinized through microscopic and molecular techniques. The parasite's genotype was determined by sequencing a 500-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Using microscopic and molecular methods, 19 and 16 water samples tested positive, respectively. The 18S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to the T4, T2, and T11 genotypes. This study emphasizes the presence and inclination for close contact with highly pathogenic genotypes of Acanthamoeba in the surface waters of Ilam City.
{"title":"Surface water contamination with Acanthamoeba spp. in Ilam city, Iran","authors":"Azadeh Ghadesi, Hamid Hasanpour, R. Naserifar, Jahangir Abdi, M. Mahmoudi, H. Turki, O. Raiesi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso, Asad Mirzaei","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.153","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Acanthamoeba, a widely distributed free-living amoeba with 20 genotypes identified through rRNA gene sequencing, exhibits varying degrees of pathogenicity influenced by its genotype. This study focuses on assessing the prevalence of Acanthamoeba species in the surface waters of Ilam, located in western Iran, utilizing morphological analysis and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene through the PCR method. A total of 50 water samples were collected from various regions within Ilam city, situated in the southwest of Iran. To isolate Acanthamoeba parasites from the samples, a culture method was used, and all utilized culture media were scrutinized through microscopic and molecular techniques. The parasite's genotype was determined by sequencing a 500-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Using microscopic and molecular methods, 19 and 16 water samples tested positive, respectively. The 18S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to the T4, T2, and T11 genotypes. This study emphasizes the presence and inclination for close contact with highly pathogenic genotypes of Acanthamoeba in the surface waters of Ilam City.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.177
Ivy Chumo, Caroline W. Kabaria, Penelope A. Phillips-Howard, Hellen Gitau, Helen Elsey, B. Mberu
Growing up in a safe environment is every child's right. Access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services not only keep children thriving, but also gives them a healthier start in life. Social accountability is potentially a contributor to improved WASH services in childcare centres. This study assessed the association between informal social accountability mechanisms (iSAMs) and the levels in the WASH service ladder in childcare centres. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with childcare providers in Korogocho and Viwandani in Nairobi, Kenya. We explored the association between the WASH service ladder variables (dependent variable) and iSAM (independent variable), using multinomial regression with a robust error variance estimator. Access to basic WASH was relatively higher on the measurement ladder in childcare centres in Korogocho than in Viwandani. A higher proportion of centres had access to basic WASH services compared to limited and no services in both study sites. In the model comparing basic service vs no facility/services, participants who used rewards, sanctions and responsiveness (versus not used) in sanitation services were more likely to have basic services. Data contribute towards a significant understanding of the role of iSAMs as a key component for strengthening WASH service delivery in childcare centres.
{"title":"Beyond a facility: water, sanitation and hygiene service levels and informal social accountability in childcare centres in informal settlements","authors":"Ivy Chumo, Caroline W. Kabaria, Penelope A. Phillips-Howard, Hellen Gitau, Helen Elsey, B. Mberu","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.177","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Growing up in a safe environment is every child's right. Access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services not only keep children thriving, but also gives them a healthier start in life. Social accountability is potentially a contributor to improved WASH services in childcare centres. This study assessed the association between informal social accountability mechanisms (iSAMs) and the levels in the WASH service ladder in childcare centres. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with childcare providers in Korogocho and Viwandani in Nairobi, Kenya. We explored the association between the WASH service ladder variables (dependent variable) and iSAM (independent variable), using multinomial regression with a robust error variance estimator. Access to basic WASH was relatively higher on the measurement ladder in childcare centres in Korogocho than in Viwandani. A higher proportion of centres had access to basic WASH services compared to limited and no services in both study sites. In the model comparing basic service vs no facility/services, participants who used rewards, sanctions and responsiveness (versus not used) in sanitation services were more likely to have basic services. Data contribute towards a significant understanding of the role of iSAMs as a key component for strengthening WASH service delivery in childcare centres.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140369035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.240
Luís Fernando Pereira de Brito, E. L. Espíndola, A. P. Ogura
Sugarcane vinasse is a byproduct of the ethanol industry that has been associated with environmental impacts, including ecotoxicity. However, several nature-based alternatives have been studied to attenuate environmental pollution, including phytoremediation. In such a scenario, this research aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of vinasse to aquatic plants, assessing the tolerance of three free-floating aquatic macrophytes, namely Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, and Salvinia auriculata. Five vinasse proportions (up to 20%) were considered to assess the short-term growth of aquatic plants. P. stratiotes and S. auriculata were more sensitive to vinasse than E. crassipes, which showed resistance at 10 and 20%. Lower dilutions were non-toxic and even stimulated the growth of macrophytes, which might contribute to the uptake of nutrients and potentially toxic elements. The selection of tolerant species contributes to the application of phytotechnologies, and the studied plants might have potential for the phytoremediation of vinasse.
甘蔗渣是乙醇工业的副产品，与环境影响（包括生态毒性）有关。然而，人们已经研究了几种基于自然的替代方法来减轻环境污染，其中包括植物修复。在这种情况下，本研究旨在评估蔗渣对水生植物的植物毒性，评估三种自由浮游的水生大型植物（即 Eichhornia crassipes、Pistia stratiotes 和 Salvinia auriculata）的耐受性。为评估水生植物的短期生长情况，考虑了五种蔗渣比例（最高为 20%）。P. stratiotes 和 S. auriculata 比 E. crassipes 对蔗渣更敏感，后者在 10% 和 20% 的比例下表现出抗性。较低稀释度的甘蔗渣无毒，甚至会刺激大型水生植物的生长，这可能有助于吸收养分和潜在的有毒元素。耐受性物种的选择有助于植物技术的应用，所研究的植物可能具有对蔗渣进行植物修复的潜力。
{"title":"Tolerance of free-floating aquatic macrophytes to sugarcane vinasse and its implications for phytoremediation strategies","authors":"Luís Fernando Pereira de Brito, E. L. Espíndola, A. P. Ogura","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.240","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Sugarcane vinasse is a byproduct of the ethanol industry that has been associated with environmental impacts, including ecotoxicity. However, several nature-based alternatives have been studied to attenuate environmental pollution, including phytoremediation. In such a scenario, this research aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of vinasse to aquatic plants, assessing the tolerance of three free-floating aquatic macrophytes, namely Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, and Salvinia auriculata. Five vinasse proportions (up to 20%) were considered to assess the short-term growth of aquatic plants. P. stratiotes and S. auriculata were more sensitive to vinasse than E. crassipes, which showed resistance at 10 and 20%. Lower dilutions were non-toxic and even stimulated the growth of macrophytes, which might contribute to the uptake of nutrients and potentially toxic elements. The selection of tolerant species contributes to the application of phytotechnologies, and the studied plants might have potential for the phytoremediation of vinasse.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140213411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.246
Carolina Blanco-Moreno, Jorge Amaya-Domínguez, Andrea Yolima Bernal-Pedraza
Clean water for human consumption in rural areas of Latin America and the Caribbean is usually provided by community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOs). Collaborative partnerships with community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOPs) are established to tackle technical and institutional challenges concerning safe water supply. This article analyses some features of the CBWSOs and their partnerships, based on the experience of ACUANARIÑO and ASDAL – Tres Esquinas, two CBWSOs located in Valle del Cauca – Colombia, following their participation at the local, municipal (ASOOCSAS Tuluá), subnational (Asociación de Organizaciones Comunitarias Prestadoras de Servicios Públicos de Agua y Saneamiento de Colombia (AQUACOL)), national (COCSASCOL), and transnational levels (CLOCSAS). The main findings of this work, after using a participatory approach, are that initial partnerships between CBWSOs emerge from informal agreements built on the neighbourhood logic typical of rurality; however, as moving towards higher scales, agreements become more formal to allow for dialogue and discussion with governmental organizations in the water and sanitation sector. This is also a strategy for the recognition of community water management. Thus, CBWSOPs are construed under a collaborative and non-profit approach, in the manner of water operator partnerships.
{"title":"Experiences of community-based water supply organizations partnerships in rural areas of Colombia","authors":"Carolina Blanco-Moreno, Jorge Amaya-Domínguez, Andrea Yolima Bernal-Pedraza","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.246","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Clean water for human consumption in rural areas of Latin America and the Caribbean is usually provided by community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOs). Collaborative partnerships with community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOPs) are established to tackle technical and institutional challenges concerning safe water supply. This article analyses some features of the CBWSOs and their partnerships, based on the experience of ACUANARIÑO and ASDAL – Tres Esquinas, two CBWSOs located in Valle del Cauca – Colombia, following their participation at the local, municipal (ASOOCSAS Tuluá), subnational (Asociación de Organizaciones Comunitarias Prestadoras de Servicios Públicos de Agua y Saneamiento de Colombia (AQUACOL)), national (COCSASCOL), and transnational levels (CLOCSAS). The main findings of this work, after using a participatory approach, are that initial partnerships between CBWSOs emerge from informal agreements built on the neighbourhood logic typical of rurality; however, as moving towards higher scales, agreements become more formal to allow for dialogue and discussion with governmental organizations in the water and sanitation sector. This is also a strategy for the recognition of community water management. Thus, CBWSOPs are construed under a collaborative and non-profit approach, in the manner of water operator partnerships.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.183
I. Assa, D. Bouway, Herbert Innah, Frans Asmuruf, Anike Bowaire, Agustina Yufuai, Maria Hukubun, Olivia Sawias, Widyawati Ratnasariani, D. Daniel
Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is essential for women's health, but it is often regarded as a taboo topic. This study investigates the practice of MHM in rural and remote Indonesian highlands. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 492 adolescent girls and adult women in the Jayawijaya and Central Mamberamo Districts of Papua Province. Principal component analysis and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among the respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and MHM practices. The perception that discussing MHM is taboo exists in this area, and certain cultural rituals are associated with a young girl's first period. The respondents have moderate knowledge and attitudes regarding MHM. Furthermore, their practices after using sanitary pads are unhygienic, and may increase the risk of reproductive tract infections, and may pollute the environment. Some variables are positively associated with appropriate MHM practice, namely knowledge of MHM, the perception that menstruation must be kept private, and the importance of using sanitary pads. Finally, the results show that schools do not provide a supportive environment for girls during their period. Overall, there is a need to increase MHM knowledge and foster positive attitudes to enhance healthy MHM among women in the rural and remote highlands of Indonesia.
{"title":"Menstrual hygiene management in the remote rural highlands of eastern Indonesia","authors":"I. Assa, D. Bouway, Herbert Innah, Frans Asmuruf, Anike Bowaire, Agustina Yufuai, Maria Hukubun, Olivia Sawias, Widyawati Ratnasariani, D. Daniel","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.183","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is essential for women's health, but it is often regarded as a taboo topic. This study investigates the practice of MHM in rural and remote Indonesian highlands. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 492 adolescent girls and adult women in the Jayawijaya and Central Mamberamo Districts of Papua Province. Principal component analysis and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among the respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and MHM practices. The perception that discussing MHM is taboo exists in this area, and certain cultural rituals are associated with a young girl's first period. The respondents have moderate knowledge and attitudes regarding MHM. Furthermore, their practices after using sanitary pads are unhygienic, and may increase the risk of reproductive tract infections, and may pollute the environment. Some variables are positively associated with appropriate MHM practice, namely knowledge of MHM, the perception that menstruation must be kept private, and the importance of using sanitary pads. Finally, the results show that schools do not provide a supportive environment for girls during their period. Overall, there is a need to increase MHM knowledge and foster positive attitudes to enhance healthy MHM among women in the rural and remote highlands of Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140259738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.319
Nida Maqbool, S. Sam, Sher Jamal Khan, L. Strande
There is limited understanding of the potential for anaerobic digestion and biogas production from fecal sludge. In this study, biomethane potential (BMP) tests from fresh, stored, and dewatered fecal sludge, together with co-digestion with fresh foodwaste, revealed that fresh fecal sludge produced similar cumulative biogas (CBG) to fresh foodwaste (615–627 mL/gVS), while stored fecal sludge showed a wide range of gas production (13–449 mL/gVS). Co-digestion significantly enhanced the CBG production of fresh (1.2×), dewatered (1.5×), and stored (29–36×) fecal sludge. In BMP tests with the higher range of gas production, a biphasic CBG production was observed, with degradation of readily biodegradable organics occurring during the first week. The first-order rate coefficients indicated hydrolysis limitation, which was also confirmed by the presence of slow-growing methanogens (Halobacterota). Priming with co-digestion significantly enhanced CBG from stored fecal sludge. The physical–chemical metrics VS/TS and TOC/TN were not predictors of biogas production, while BOD/COD and sCOD were better indicators, suggesting that metrics of stabilization representing biologically available fractions are more representative than metrics of entire pools of organic matter. This study suggests that biogas production from anaerobic digestion is viable for fresh fecal sludge, whereas for stored fecal sludge, this requires co-treatment or pretreatment.
{"title":"Relation of organic fractions in fresh and stored fecal sludge and foodwaste to biogas production","authors":"Nida Maqbool, S. Sam, Sher Jamal Khan, L. Strande","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.319","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 There is limited understanding of the potential for anaerobic digestion and biogas production from fecal sludge. In this study, biomethane potential (BMP) tests from fresh, stored, and dewatered fecal sludge, together with co-digestion with fresh foodwaste, revealed that fresh fecal sludge produced similar cumulative biogas (CBG) to fresh foodwaste (615–627 mL/gVS), while stored fecal sludge showed a wide range of gas production (13–449 mL/gVS). Co-digestion significantly enhanced the CBG production of fresh (1.2×), dewatered (1.5×), and stored (29–36×) fecal sludge. In BMP tests with the higher range of gas production, a biphasic CBG production was observed, with degradation of readily biodegradable organics occurring during the first week. The first-order rate coefficients indicated hydrolysis limitation, which was also confirmed by the presence of slow-growing methanogens (Halobacterota). Priming with co-digestion significantly enhanced CBG from stored fecal sludge. The physical–chemical metrics VS/TS and TOC/TN were not predictors of biogas production, while BOD/COD and sCOD were better indicators, suggesting that metrics of stabilization representing biologically available fractions are more representative than metrics of entire pools of organic matter. This study suggests that biogas production from anaerobic digestion is viable for fresh fecal sludge, whereas for stored fecal sludge, this requires co-treatment or pretreatment.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.298
Carmen H. Logie, Moses Okumu, Lauren Tailor, L. Taing, C. Dórea, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, R. Hakiza, Daniel Kibuuka-Musoke, Brenda Katisi, Aidah Nakitende, Peter Kyambadde, Frannie MacKenzie, Zerihun Admassu
Water insecurity (WI) and food insecurity (FI), each associated with violence exposure, are understudied in urban humanitarian settings. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda to examine: (a) social-ecological correlates of WI, FI, and concurrent FI and WI; (b) associations between WI and FI with recent sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV); and (c) associations between an Index of Vulnerability (IoV) comprised of social-ecological stressors (e.g., FI, WI) and recent physical/sexual IPV. Among participants (n = 340; mean age: 21.1 years, standard deviation: 2.6) almost half (47.8%) reported WI and two-thirds (65.0%) FI. In adjusted analyses, time in Uganda, age, and insecure housing were associated with increased odds of WI and concurrent FI and WI; household toilet sharing and insecure housing were associated with increased odds of FI. In adjusted analyses, WI, concurrent FI and WI, housing insecurity, and parenthood were associated with higher sexual IPV odds. FI and parenthood were associated with increased odds of physical IPV. IoV scores were associated with physical/sexual IPV, and IoV scores accounted for more variance in physical/sexual IPV than any individual indicator. Future research can address WI and co-occurring resource insecurities to reduce gender-based water violence risks.
在城市人道主义环境中，水资源不安全（WI）和粮食不安全（FI）都与暴力事件有关，但对这两种情况的研究却很少。我们对乌干达坎帕拉的城市难民青年进行了一项横断面调查，以研究：(a) WI、FI以及同时发生的FI和WI的社会生态相关性；(b) WI和FI与近期亲密伴侣性暴力和身体暴力（IPV）之间的关联；(c) 由社会生态压力源（如FI、WI）组成的脆弱性指数（IoV）与近期身体/性暴力IPV之间的关联。在参与者（n = 340；平均年龄：21.1 岁，标准差：2.6）中，近一半（47.8%）报告了 WI，三分之二（65.0%）报告了 FI。在调整分析中，在乌干达的时间、年龄和住房不安全与 WI 以及同时出现 FI 和 WI 的几率增加有关；家庭共用厕所和住房不安全与 FI 的几率增加有关。在调整分析中，WI、同时存在的 FI 和 WI、住房不安全以及父母身份与较高的 IPV 性犯罪几率相关。FI 和父母身份与身体 IPV 的几率增加有关。IoV 评分与身体/性 IPV 相关，IoV 评分在身体/性 IPV 变异方面的作用大于任何单个指标。未来的研究可以解决 WI 和同时存在的资源不安全问题，以降低基于性别的水暴力风险。
{"title":"Water and food insecurity and linkages with physical and sexual intimate partner violence among urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda: cross-sectional survey findings","authors":"Carmen H. Logie, Moses Okumu, Lauren Tailor, L. Taing, C. Dórea, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, R. Hakiza, Daniel Kibuuka-Musoke, Brenda Katisi, Aidah Nakitende, Peter Kyambadde, Frannie MacKenzie, Zerihun Admassu","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.298","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Water insecurity (WI) and food insecurity (FI), each associated with violence exposure, are understudied in urban humanitarian settings. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda to examine: (a) social-ecological correlates of WI, FI, and concurrent FI and WI; (b) associations between WI and FI with recent sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV); and (c) associations between an Index of Vulnerability (IoV) comprised of social-ecological stressors (e.g., FI, WI) and recent physical/sexual IPV. Among participants (n = 340; mean age: 21.1 years, standard deviation: 2.6) almost half (47.8%) reported WI and two-thirds (65.0%) FI. In adjusted analyses, time in Uganda, age, and insecure housing were associated with increased odds of WI and concurrent FI and WI; household toilet sharing and insecure housing were associated with increased odds of FI. In adjusted analyses, WI, concurrent FI and WI, housing insecurity, and parenthood were associated with higher sexual IPV odds. FI and parenthood were associated with increased odds of physical IPV. IoV scores were associated with physical/sexual IPV, and IoV scores accounted for more variance in physical/sexual IPV than any individual indicator. Future research can address WI and co-occurring resource insecurities to reduce gender-based water violence risks.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140089552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.294
Youssouf E. L. Idrissi, Mohamed Benabbou, Zakia Rais, Mounia E. L. Haji
Climate change significantly disrupts the global water cycle, impacting rainfall and social and economic development in countries like Morocco. This has led to the need for alternative solutions like desalinating sea and brackish water. However, the efficiency of water pre-treatment operations depends on the characteristics of the raw water to be treated and affects the overall system's performance in terms of water quality and cost. The final objective of this study is to design a solar-powered brackish pre-treatment technique before desalination process for remote rural population. The primary task is to select the most suitable geographical area in Morocco for sampling and analysis of water characteristics and their compliance with drinking water standards. The results help identify the most appropriate provinces for our case according to certain selection criteria (distance, annual solar radiation, rural population, access to drinking water) and analyse the water's characteristics and compliance with national or international drinking water health standards. This provides a solid foundation for the next stages of desalination method development.
{"title":"Brackish water pre-treatment method: selection of the study area and water sample testing","authors":"Youssouf E. L. Idrissi, Mohamed Benabbou, Zakia Rais, Mounia E. L. Haji","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.294","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Climate change significantly disrupts the global water cycle, impacting rainfall and social and economic development in countries like Morocco. This has led to the need for alternative solutions like desalinating sea and brackish water. However, the efficiency of water pre-treatment operations depends on the characteristics of the raw water to be treated and affects the overall system's performance in terms of water quality and cost. The final objective of this study is to design a solar-powered brackish pre-treatment technique before desalination process for remote rural population. The primary task is to select the most suitable geographical area in Morocco for sampling and analysis of water characteristics and their compliance with drinking water standards. The results help identify the most appropriate provinces for our case according to certain selection criteria (distance, annual solar radiation, rural population, access to drinking water) and analyse the water's characteristics and compliance with national or international drinking water health standards. This provides a solid foundation for the next stages of desalination method development.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140084817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-17DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.138
Tarun Arora, Prashant Kumar Choudhary
Access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity is a key determinant of an individual's well-being. Nevertheless, access to these services is unequally distributed among different social groups in many countries. India is no exception, with the scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST) being one of the country's most marginalised and disadvantaged groups. This paper analyses the disparities in access to basic services between scheduled and non-scheduled households, investigates the factors contributing to the unequal access, and suggests policy recommendations. Using data from the National Sample Survey 76th Round, we analyse the access to basic services such as durable housing, improved water and sanitation, and access to electricity. The paper's objectives are (a) to investigate the factors impacting the quality of basic service delivery in urban India separately for scheduled and non-scheduled households and (b) to quantify the discrimination between scheduled and non-scheduled households in urban India concerning access to quality of basic services through computing a comprehensive index and by using the ‘Fairlie decomposition’ approach. The analysis corroborates the finding that systemic discrimination exists between scheduled and non-scheduled households in urban India regarding access to good quality basic services up to an extent of 24%.
{"title":"Discrimination between scheduled and non-scheduled groups in access to basic services in urban India","authors":"Tarun Arora, Prashant Kumar Choudhary","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity is a key determinant of an individual's well-being. Nevertheless, access to these services is unequally distributed among different social groups in many countries. India is no exception, with the scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST) being one of the country's most marginalised and disadvantaged groups. This paper analyses the disparities in access to basic services between scheduled and non-scheduled households, investigates the factors contributing to the unequal access, and suggests policy recommendations. Using data from the National Sample Survey 76th Round, we analyse the access to basic services such as durable housing, improved water and sanitation, and access to electricity. The paper's objectives are (a) to investigate the factors impacting the quality of basic service delivery in urban India separately for scheduled and non-scheduled households and (b) to quantify the discrimination between scheduled and non-scheduled households in urban India concerning access to quality of basic services through computing a comprehensive index and by using the ‘Fairlie decomposition’ approach. The analysis corroborates the finding that systemic discrimination exists between scheduled and non-scheduled households in urban India regarding access to good quality basic services up to an extent of 24%.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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