Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.169
Farhana Karim, Mohammad Mohinuzzaman, Nazifa Rafa, S. Uddin, Rabby Hosen, Sajib Ahmed
Urban areas currently grapple with the consequences of poor sanitation systems and a burgeoning population. The issue remains acute for developing nations where financing and governance structures for urban sanitation remain inadequate. Using cutting-edge techniques such as shit flow diagrams (SFDs), city service delivery assessments (CSDAs), and SWOT analysis, this study provides an in-depth exploration of the sanitation scenario in the Noakhali Pourashava of Bangladesh. The study reveals a critical lack of sanitation infrastructure and inadequate fecal sludge management, with implications for public health and environmental sustainability. Findings indicate that only 3% of excreta enters the sewer system, while 88% is improperly disposed of through SFDs and CSDAs, the paper illustrates the existing sanitation facilities and service delivery mechanisms, highlighting areas for improvement. Recommendations include increased investment in sanitation infrastructure, public awareness campaigns, adoption of innovative technologies, improved stakeholder coordination, and addressing cultural and behavioral barriers. These insights aim to inform policy and decision-making processes to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban sanitation, ultimately improving public health and environmental outcomes in Noakhali and similar coastal urban areas.
{"title":"Holistic citywide sanitation for an urban area in the Global South: A case study of the Noakhali Pourashava of Bangladesh","authors":"Farhana Karim, Mohammad Mohinuzzaman, Nazifa Rafa, S. Uddin, Rabby Hosen, Sajib Ahmed","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.169","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Urban areas currently grapple with the consequences of poor sanitation systems and a burgeoning population. The issue remains acute for developing nations where financing and governance structures for urban sanitation remain inadequate. Using cutting-edge techniques such as shit flow diagrams (SFDs), city service delivery assessments (CSDAs), and SWOT analysis, this study provides an in-depth exploration of the sanitation scenario in the Noakhali Pourashava of Bangladesh. The study reveals a critical lack of sanitation infrastructure and inadequate fecal sludge management, with implications for public health and environmental sustainability. Findings indicate that only 3% of excreta enters the sewer system, while 88% is improperly disposed of through SFDs and CSDAs, the paper illustrates the existing sanitation facilities and service delivery mechanisms, highlighting areas for improvement. Recommendations include increased investment in sanitation infrastructure, public awareness campaigns, adoption of innovative technologies, improved stakeholder coordination, and addressing cultural and behavioral barriers. These insights aim to inform policy and decision-making processes to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban sanitation, ultimately improving public health and environmental outcomes in Noakhali and similar coastal urban areas.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.025
Eduardo Beraldo de Morais, Marielle Xavier Nascimento, Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos, Rossean Golin, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, J. A. Ambrósio, A. R. Simioni
A simple, rapid, and non-toxic method was developed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract from the endocarp of Dipteryx alata fruit (DAE), a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado. The synthesis involved mixing the DAE with a solution of AgNO3 (2 mM) at room temperature. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by detecting of the surface plasmon resonance band at 421 nm. Characterization revealed spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 137.5 ± 59.3 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed phytochemical involvement in AgNP reduction and capping, while X-ray diffraction analysis indicated their crystalline nature with a face-centered cubic structure. AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The zones of inhibition ranged from 10 to 14 mm for E. coli and 9 to 13 mm for E. faecalis, indicating that they were sensitive to AgNPs. Photocatalytic activity against rhodamine B (RhB) resulted in 99.3% removal in 180 min, with a degradation rate constant of 0.034 L mg−1 min−1 based on pseudo-second-order kinetics. Phytotoxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of degraded RhB products on Cucumis sativus. These findings highlight the potential of AgNPs from the DAE extract in antibacterial and dye remediation applications.
{"title":"Exploring the Dipteryx alata fruit endocarp as a novel source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles: antibacterial and photocatalytic insights for water purification","authors":"Eduardo Beraldo de Morais, Marielle Xavier Nascimento, Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos, Rossean Golin, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, J. A. Ambrósio, A. R. Simioni","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A simple, rapid, and non-toxic method was developed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract from the endocarp of Dipteryx alata fruit (DAE), a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado. The synthesis involved mixing the DAE with a solution of AgNO3 (2 mM) at room temperature. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by detecting of the surface plasmon resonance band at 421 nm. Characterization revealed spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 137.5 ± 59.3 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed phytochemical involvement in AgNP reduction and capping, while X-ray diffraction analysis indicated their crystalline nature with a face-centered cubic structure. AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The zones of inhibition ranged from 10 to 14 mm for E. coli and 9 to 13 mm for E. faecalis, indicating that they were sensitive to AgNPs. Photocatalytic activity against rhodamine B (RhB) resulted in 99.3% removal in 180 min, with a degradation rate constant of 0.034 L mg−1 min−1 based on pseudo-second-order kinetics. Phytotoxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of degraded RhB products on Cucumis sativus. These findings highlight the potential of AgNPs from the DAE extract in antibacterial and dye remediation applications.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141363923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.261
Prasanna Kumar Mudi, Manas Ranjan Pradhan, Daisy Saikia, Prasenjit De
Despite progress in Sustainable Development Goal 6, which envisages clean water and sanitation for all, enormous disparities in access to water and sanitation services between and within countries continue to be a significant challenge. Evidence on the spatial heterogeneity of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population is limited in India. This study estimates the spatial heterogeneity in ST people's access to improved water and sanitation facilities and its correlates at the district level. Geospatial techniques like Moran's I, univariate and bivariate local indicator of spatial association, and spatial regression models were carried out for 707 districts covered in the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey, 2019–21. Stata was used for descriptive analysis, and ArcMap and GeoDA were used for spatial analysis. Only about half of ST households had access to improved water and sanitation facilities in India. Spatial heterogeneity across districts was evident, with 130 districts from Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and some portion of Karnataka forming the hot spots. Gender and age of the household head, family type, and region were significantly associated with improved water and sanitation facilities among ST households.
{"title":"A district-level geospatial analysis of the availability of improved water and sanitation among tribal households in India","authors":"Prasanna Kumar Mudi, Manas Ranjan Pradhan, Daisy Saikia, Prasenjit De","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.261","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Despite progress in Sustainable Development Goal 6, which envisages clean water and sanitation for all, enormous disparities in access to water and sanitation services between and within countries continue to be a significant challenge. Evidence on the spatial heterogeneity of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population is limited in India. This study estimates the spatial heterogeneity in ST people's access to improved water and sanitation facilities and its correlates at the district level. Geospatial techniques like Moran's I, univariate and bivariate local indicator of spatial association, and spatial regression models were carried out for 707 districts covered in the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey, 2019–21. Stata was used for descriptive analysis, and ArcMap and GeoDA were used for spatial analysis. Only about half of ST households had access to improved water and sanitation facilities in India. Spatial heterogeneity across districts was evident, with 130 districts from Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and some portion of Karnataka forming the hot spots. Gender and age of the household head, family type, and region were significantly associated with improved water and sanitation facilities among ST households.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141113483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.010
T. Koottatep, T. Pussayanavin, Choum Chomnan, S. Khamyai, Wattanapong Sangchun, N. Surinkul, C. Polprasert
The integration of a solar septic tank (SST) system with an economically viable solar water-heating apparatus comprising polyethylene (PE) and copper (Cu) pipes, as well as a lightweight structural framework, has been conceptualized and implemented. Two variants of low-cost SSTs were subjected to empirical scrutiny within authentic settings, encompassing public toilets and residential establishments in Cambodia. Both the PE pipe and Cu pipe solar water-heating devices demonstrated efficacy in consistently maintaining temperatures within the system above ambient levels. Although the parameters do not conform to Cambodia's effluent requirements, the results of this study suggest that the SST is effective in reducing organic loads and provides a significant improvement over conventional septic tank effluent. This underscores the potential applicability of the developed system for the treatment of toilet wastewater, thereby mitigating pollution concerns and public health risks. Harnessing solar energy to elevate septic tank temperature, this system's cost varies but includes materials, tools, and miscellaneous components, with a total estimated cost ranging from $600 to $2500, depending on size and complexity.
{"title":"Low-cost solar septic tanks as sustainable sanitation solution: a case study implemented in Cambodia","authors":"T. Koottatep, T. Pussayanavin, Choum Chomnan, S. Khamyai, Wattanapong Sangchun, N. Surinkul, C. Polprasert","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The integration of a solar septic tank (SST) system with an economically viable solar water-heating apparatus comprising polyethylene (PE) and copper (Cu) pipes, as well as a lightweight structural framework, has been conceptualized and implemented. Two variants of low-cost SSTs were subjected to empirical scrutiny within authentic settings, encompassing public toilets and residential establishments in Cambodia. Both the PE pipe and Cu pipe solar water-heating devices demonstrated efficacy in consistently maintaining temperatures within the system above ambient levels. Although the parameters do not conform to Cambodia's effluent requirements, the results of this study suggest that the SST is effective in reducing organic loads and provides a significant improvement over conventional septic tank effluent. This underscores the potential applicability of the developed system for the treatment of toilet wastewater, thereby mitigating pollution concerns and public health risks. Harnessing solar energy to elevate septic tank temperature, this system's cost varies but includes materials, tools, and miscellaneous components, with a total estimated cost ranging from $600 to $2500, depending on size and complexity.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141122578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.223
Maria Belen Arévalo, Daniela Ballari, Andrés Alvarado
On-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks are widely used for treating domestic wastewater in urban and rural areas which lack sewage systems. However, a large portion of these systems do not properly treat human excreta. A main challenge to improve this is the absence of comprehensive data regarding the usage, emptying and maintenance. In this study, records of septic tank desludging frequency during 2009–2022 and the sewerage coverage updated to 2022 were used to investigate their spatial and temporal utilisation, and the persistence of septic tank usage in areas with sewer networks and uncover the current state of Faecal Sludge Management in Cuenca, Ecuador. The spatial behaviour revealed that OSSs are still in use besides the presence of a sewer network. In 2022, there were 109 septic tanks in urban areas with 14.7% in sectors with sewerage service. In rural areas, 469 septic tanks were recorded with 7.8% situated in areas with sewer networks. Although there is no specialised infrastructure in place for the treatment and disposal of faecal sludge, the city has effectively managed it with the existing sanitation facilities. This assessment contributes to the formulation of a secure framework for a safely managed sanitation.
{"title":"Septic tank usage and its faecal sludge management in Cuenca, Ecuador","authors":"Maria Belen Arévalo, Daniela Ballari, Andrés Alvarado","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.223","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 On-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks are widely used for treating domestic wastewater in urban and rural areas which lack sewage systems. However, a large portion of these systems do not properly treat human excreta. A main challenge to improve this is the absence of comprehensive data regarding the usage, emptying and maintenance. In this study, records of septic tank desludging frequency during 2009–2022 and the sewerage coverage updated to 2022 were used to investigate their spatial and temporal utilisation, and the persistence of septic tank usage in areas with sewer networks and uncover the current state of Faecal Sludge Management in Cuenca, Ecuador. The spatial behaviour revealed that OSSs are still in use besides the presence of a sewer network. In 2022, there were 109 septic tanks in urban areas with 14.7% in sectors with sewerage service. In rural areas, 469 septic tanks were recorded with 7.8% situated in areas with sewer networks. Although there is no specialised infrastructure in place for the treatment and disposal of faecal sludge, the city has effectively managed it with the existing sanitation facilities. This assessment contributes to the formulation of a secure framework for a safely managed sanitation.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.075
I. Utami, S. Dida, Purwanti Hadisiwi, Bambang Dwi Prasetyo
A study conducted in 20 districts of East Java Province revealed that open defecation in communities near-water bodies was difficult to intervene in due to a lack of motivation to change. Using a constructivist perspective, this study investigated the views and experiences of individuals with open defecation habits in a riverside village to uncover the underlying reasons for their habits. To gather data, 15 riverside inhabitants who have been defecating in the river since childhood were interviewed, and field observations were conducted. The data were analysed using the Miles & Huberman model for the thematic analysis. The findings revealed that open defecation behaviour among riverside inhabitants was difficult to intervene in because it was associated with (1) social communication experiences; (2) socio-cultural factors; (3) individual attitudes; (4) economic constraints and household size; and (5) the physical environment. This study recommends tailoring sanitation promotion to community conditions and needs, involving community and religious leaders, and encouraging policymakers to protect rivers from industrial activity to improve behaviour change.
{"title":"Views and experiences of people practicing open defecation: Evidence from riverside inhabitants of an Indonesian village","authors":"I. Utami, S. Dida, Purwanti Hadisiwi, Bambang Dwi Prasetyo","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A study conducted in 20 districts of East Java Province revealed that open defecation in communities near-water bodies was difficult to intervene in due to a lack of motivation to change. Using a constructivist perspective, this study investigated the views and experiences of individuals with open defecation habits in a riverside village to uncover the underlying reasons for their habits. To gather data, 15 riverside inhabitants who have been defecating in the river since childhood were interviewed, and field observations were conducted. The data were analysed using the Miles & Huberman model for the thematic analysis. The findings revealed that open defecation behaviour among riverside inhabitants was difficult to intervene in because it was associated with (1) social communication experiences; (2) socio-cultural factors; (3) individual attitudes; (4) economic constraints and household size; and (5) the physical environment. This study recommends tailoring sanitation promotion to community conditions and needs, involving community and religious leaders, and encouraging policymakers to protect rivers from industrial activity to improve behaviour change.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.318
Kapanda Kapanda, S. Sam, Nienke Andriessen, Barbara Jeanne Ward, L. Strande, J. Tembo
Stabilization and dewatering are essential treatment mechanisms for the management of fecal sludge (FS) that accumulates in onsite containment. FS is typically 80–95% water, which needs to be removed, with varying levels of organic matter that require stabilization. Observed levels of FS stabilization are related to dewatering performance. This study evaluated rapid and low-cost metrics of stabilization and their relation to dewaterability. Potential metrics were selected through a two-stage process: screening using a decision matrix and laboratory evaluation to determine method performance and suitability. FS samples (n = 27) were collected and nine parameters related to stabilization and dewatering performance were analyzed. The study found that metrics based on physical–chemical characteristics such as volatile/total solids (VS/TS) and biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) were not reliable for measuring FS stabilization and its relation to dewaterability. Metrics that rely on microbial activity such as SOUR (Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate) are more promising based on the consistent results obtained throughout this study.
{"title":"Metrics for stabilization of fecal sludge and relation to dewatering metrics","authors":"Kapanda Kapanda, S. Sam, Nienke Andriessen, Barbara Jeanne Ward, L. Strande, J. Tembo","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.318","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Stabilization and dewatering are essential treatment mechanisms for the management of fecal sludge (FS) that accumulates in onsite containment. FS is typically 80–95% water, which needs to be removed, with varying levels of organic matter that require stabilization. Observed levels of FS stabilization are related to dewatering performance. This study evaluated rapid and low-cost metrics of stabilization and their relation to dewaterability. Potential metrics were selected through a two-stage process: screening using a decision matrix and laboratory evaluation to determine method performance and suitability. FS samples (n = 27) were collected and nine parameters related to stabilization and dewatering performance were analyzed. The study found that metrics based on physical–chemical characteristics such as volatile/total solids (VS/TS) and biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) were not reliable for measuring FS stabilization and its relation to dewaterability. Metrics that rely on microbial activity such as SOUR (Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate) are more promising based on the consistent results obtained throughout this study.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140989442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.306
Arielle da Rosa Sousa, Catiane Pelissari, Andreza Thiesen Laureano, P. Sezerino
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and reuse potential of treated effluents by constructed wetlands (CW) systems utilized for decentralized wastewater treatment in urban and rural scenarios in southern Brazil. The assessment, based on Brazilian discharge standards and wastewater reuse guidelines, revealed a close link between treatment efficiency and technological configurations, considering diverse inlet wastewater sources. Most CW treated effluents complied with regulatory standards for disposal, prompting the exploration of reuse scenarios in urban and agricultural settings. However, the study underscores the imperative for rigorous disinfection due to the limited microbiological removal capacity of CW. Overall, the research emphasizes the adaptability and resilience of CW in treating diverse wastewater compositions, highlighting their pivotal role in advancing circular economy principles within sanitation services. Importantly, the findings suggest significant potential for treated wastewater reuse in both urban and agricultural settings. Urban applications, including toilet flushing, floor washing, and garden irrigation, prove feasible for CW systems situated in residential and commercial buildings. Meanwhile, rural CW systems demonstrate suitability for reclaimed water directed toward crop fertigation, tailored to the specific needs and irrigation methods of various crops.
{"title":"Effluent quality and reuse potential of wastewater treated in constructed wetlands in Southern Brazil","authors":"Arielle da Rosa Sousa, Catiane Pelissari, Andreza Thiesen Laureano, P. Sezerino","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.306","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and reuse potential of treated effluents by constructed wetlands (CW) systems utilized for decentralized wastewater treatment in urban and rural scenarios in southern Brazil. The assessment, based on Brazilian discharge standards and wastewater reuse guidelines, revealed a close link between treatment efficiency and technological configurations, considering diverse inlet wastewater sources. Most CW treated effluents complied with regulatory standards for disposal, prompting the exploration of reuse scenarios in urban and agricultural settings. However, the study underscores the imperative for rigorous disinfection due to the limited microbiological removal capacity of CW. Overall, the research emphasizes the adaptability and resilience of CW in treating diverse wastewater compositions, highlighting their pivotal role in advancing circular economy principles within sanitation services. Importantly, the findings suggest significant potential for treated wastewater reuse in both urban and agricultural settings. Urban applications, including toilet flushing, floor washing, and garden irrigation, prove feasible for CW systems situated in residential and commercial buildings. Meanwhile, rural CW systems demonstrate suitability for reclaimed water directed toward crop fertigation, tailored to the specific needs and irrigation methods of various crops.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.020
Mukesh Kumar, Suman Kharb
Given moderate access to WASH services at the national level, widespread socio-economic inequality still exists in India. This study assesses the status of access to different types of sanitation and hygiene services in India and how the caste and class interactions are associated with them. We use nationally representative household survey data and the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) sanitation and hygiene framework. For descriptive analysis, frequency distribution is used. Multivariable logistic regression is applied, and caste interactions are used to estimate the probabilities. Overall, 51.2 and 71.8% of the households have access to safe sanitation and hygiene services. However, among the Scheduled Tribe households, only 36.6 and 58.7% have access to safe sanitation and hygiene. Findings show that class and caste interactions are strongly associated with WASH services. The probability of access to safe sanitation and hygiene is 16 and 15% points lower for the poorest Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes compared to ‘Other’ socially privileged but economically poor, after adjusting for other household sociodemographic characteristics. The finding suggests that an upscaling of the existing policies and programs alongside considering the caste and class intersectionality is required for equitable access to sanitation and hygiene services and to achieve SDG-6.
{"title":"Caste and class interactions in inequality in access to sanitation and hygiene services in India","authors":"Mukesh Kumar, Suman Kharb","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Given moderate access to WASH services at the national level, widespread socio-economic inequality still exists in India. This study assesses the status of access to different types of sanitation and hygiene services in India and how the caste and class interactions are associated with them. We use nationally representative household survey data and the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) sanitation and hygiene framework. For descriptive analysis, frequency distribution is used. Multivariable logistic regression is applied, and caste interactions are used to estimate the probabilities. Overall, 51.2 and 71.8% of the households have access to safe sanitation and hygiene services. However, among the Scheduled Tribe households, only 36.6 and 58.7% have access to safe sanitation and hygiene. Findings show that class and caste interactions are strongly associated with WASH services. The probability of access to safe sanitation and hygiene is 16 and 15% points lower for the poorest Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes compared to ‘Other’ socially privileged but economically poor, after adjusting for other household sociodemographic characteristics. The finding suggests that an upscaling of the existing policies and programs alongside considering the caste and class intersectionality is required for equitable access to sanitation and hygiene services and to achieve SDG-6.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141010095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.233
Giuliana Ferrero, Klaas Schwartz, Julie Perkins
Capacity development is at the core of water operators' partnerships (WOPs), which aim to enhance the capacities and performance of water and sanitation service providers. This study sought to understand the factors in a WOP that favour or hinder the start-up phase of WOP projects. Fifty interviews were performed with representatives of the lead, beneficiary and additional partners of 18 projects of the European Commission programme during the first year of the programme. The article finds that WOP projects represent a considerable challenge for the staff of water utilities as participating in such partnerships requires a skill set that is different from the skills required in their daily work activities. The findings also suggest that the facilitation of the WOP start-up can smoothen and accelerate the development of WOP projects. Moreover, the article argues that because of limited time and financial resources, WOP projects need to find a balance between prioritizing impacts that can be achieved using the variety of capacity strengthening approaches that are available.
{"title":"Outside the comfort zone? Lessons learnt from the early stages of a large-scale WOP programme","authors":"Giuliana Ferrero, Klaas Schwartz, Julie Perkins","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.233","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Capacity development is at the core of water operators' partnerships (WOPs), which aim to enhance the capacities and performance of water and sanitation service providers. This study sought to understand the factors in a WOP that favour or hinder the start-up phase of WOP projects. Fifty interviews were performed with representatives of the lead, beneficiary and additional partners of 18 projects of the European Commission programme during the first year of the programme. The article finds that WOP projects represent a considerable challenge for the staff of water utilities as participating in such partnerships requires a skill set that is different from the skills required in their daily work activities. The findings also suggest that the facilitation of the WOP start-up can smoothen and accelerate the development of WOP projects. Moreover, the article argues that because of limited time and financial resources, WOP projects need to find a balance between prioritizing impacts that can be achieved using the variety of capacity strengthening approaches that are available.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140658903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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