Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.281
Maarten Blokland, Klaas Schwartz
Water operators' partnerships (WOPs) are usually presented as relatively simple partnerships between two or more operators. Through capacity development such partnerships then lead to improved performance of a water utility. In this article, we highlight how the context in which WOPs operate is much more complex than this definition suggests. Different actors, operating in different domains, have particular interests in how the water supply sector develops and how WOPs contribute to this development. As a result, in practice, these partnerships often pursue multiple objectives, which represent the interests of different stakeholders. The paper finds that in such settings, achieving these multiple objectives may well surpass the contextual realities and the capacity of the implementing water utilities that form the core of the partnership.
{"title":"A multitude of objectives: serving multiple stakeholders in water operators’ partnerships","authors":"Maarten Blokland, Klaas Schwartz","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.281","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Water operators' partnerships (WOPs) are usually presented as relatively simple partnerships between two or more operators. Through capacity development such partnerships then lead to improved performance of a water utility. In this article, we highlight how the context in which WOPs operate is much more complex than this definition suggests. Different actors, operating in different domains, have particular interests in how the water supply sector develops and how WOPs contribute to this development. As a result, in practice, these partnerships often pursue multiple objectives, which represent the interests of different stakeholders. The paper finds that in such settings, achieving these multiple objectives may well surpass the contextual realities and the capacity of the implementing water utilities that form the core of the partnership.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.014
David Galibourg, Rebecca E. Scott, Katherine V. Gough, P. Drechsel, Barbara E. Evans
In low- and middle-income countries, inadequate sanitation results in faecal contamination of the water used by urban farmers for irrigation. Consumers of raw contaminated vegetables run the risk of developing diarrhoeal diseases and helminth infections, which are a leading cause of under-five mortality and impact the well-being and productivity of millions of adults. This review identifies the evidence base for assessing which factors determine the success and/or failure of interventions that aim to manage the risk of faecal contamination in the urban irrigated vegetable value chain. We carried out a systematic search of the literature from the perspective of the COM-B behaviour framework (Capability + Opportunity + Motivation = Behaviour). Our results reveal that most interventions address stakeholders’ opportunity or capability to adopt safe practices without adequately considering their motivation. Interventions often focus on one sector rather than on the whole value chain (sanitation, agriculture, trade, consumption). To effectively change hygiene and food safety practices in the urban irrigated vegetable value chain, stakeholders’ intrinsic motivations need to be identified. Where WHO's multi-barrier approach is the best option, we recommend building on local multistakeholder platforms and adopting a behaviour change framework to support the largely technical change from farm to fork.
{"title":"Effectiveness of behaviour change interventions to reduce the risk of faecal contamination in urban irrigated vegetable value chains – applying the COM-B behavioural framework","authors":"David Galibourg, Rebecca E. Scott, Katherine V. Gough, P. Drechsel, Barbara E. Evans","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In low- and middle-income countries, inadequate sanitation results in faecal contamination of the water used by urban farmers for irrigation. Consumers of raw contaminated vegetables run the risk of developing diarrhoeal diseases and helminth infections, which are a leading cause of under-five mortality and impact the well-being and productivity of millions of adults. This review identifies the evidence base for assessing which factors determine the success and/or failure of interventions that aim to manage the risk of faecal contamination in the urban irrigated vegetable value chain. We carried out a systematic search of the literature from the perspective of the COM-B behaviour framework (Capability + Opportunity + Motivation = Behaviour). Our results reveal that most interventions address stakeholders’ opportunity or capability to adopt safe practices without adequately considering their motivation. Interventions often focus on one sector rather than on the whole value chain (sanitation, agriculture, trade, consumption). To effectively change hygiene and food safety practices in the urban irrigated vegetable value chain, stakeholders’ intrinsic motivations need to be identified. Where WHO's multi-barrier approach is the best option, we recommend building on local multistakeholder platforms and adopting a behaviour change framework to support the largely technical change from farm to fork.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.085
Victor Dang, Celestin Defo
This review presents updated and expanded handpump functionality estimates for 310 councils in the 10 regions of Cameroon. Overall, the study estimates that the number of handpumps used as the main source of drinking water in Cameroon is 20,572, of which 9,113 are installed in modern wells and 11,459 are installed in boreholes. Our findings suggest that approximately one in three handpumps in Cameroon is non-functional, which in 2022 was roughly equivalent to 6,724 inoperative water points. According to this estimate, approximately 43.7 billion CFA francs, or 65.2 million USD, invested in the construction of water points are immobilized and do not generate any benefit. The community-based management of handpump water supply seems not to have given the expected results. This review also notes that questions related to the quality of handpump material and the corrosion of handpumps have not been sufficiently considered in the various research projects in Cameroon and Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, post-construction monitoring, physical audits, and handpump rehabilitation campaigns could shed light on these issues to improve the performance of handpumps.
{"title":"Functionality of water supply handpumps in Cameroon","authors":"Victor Dang, Celestin Defo","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This review presents updated and expanded handpump functionality estimates for 310 councils in the 10 regions of Cameroon. Overall, the study estimates that the number of handpumps used as the main source of drinking water in Cameroon is 20,572, of which 9,113 are installed in modern wells and 11,459 are installed in boreholes. Our findings suggest that approximately one in three handpumps in Cameroon is non-functional, which in 2022 was roughly equivalent to 6,724 inoperative water points. According to this estimate, approximately 43.7 billion CFA francs, or 65.2 million USD, invested in the construction of water points are immobilized and do not generate any benefit. The community-based management of handpump water supply seems not to have given the expected results. This review also notes that questions related to the quality of handpump material and the corrosion of handpumps have not been sufficiently considered in the various research projects in Cameroon and Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, post-construction monitoring, physical audits, and handpump rehabilitation campaigns could shed light on these issues to improve the performance of handpumps.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.070
Preethi V., Priya V. S., S. M, Samsundar S., Parthasarathy R., Reswanth R. P.
The performance of a combined up-flow submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) and photocatalytic process (PC) for the treatment of grey water was studied. The removal of COD, hardness, alkalinity, and turbidity was considered. The removal efficiency of SABF using organic and inorganic packing materials was evaluated. The combined SABF and PC removed 100% of COD, up to an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.21 ± 0.05 kg/m3/day at 12 h HRT, irrespective of the packing media. The fibrous outer shell of coconut fibres favoured turbidity removal, but both the organic and inorganic packing materials showed equal performance in the removal of physicochemical parameters of the grey water.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of a hybrid treatment system for the treatment of grey water","authors":"Preethi V., Priya V. S., S. M, Samsundar S., Parthasarathy R., Reswanth R. P.","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The performance of a combined up-flow submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) and photocatalytic process (PC) for the treatment of grey water was studied. The removal of COD, hardness, alkalinity, and turbidity was considered. The removal efficiency of SABF using organic and inorganic packing materials was evaluated. The combined SABF and PC removed 100% of COD, up to an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.21 ± 0.05 kg/m3/day at 12 h HRT, irrespective of the packing media. The fibrous outer shell of coconut fibres favoured turbidity removal, but both the organic and inorganic packing materials showed equal performance in the removal of physicochemical parameters of the grey water.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.263
R. G. Hinton, Laurent-Charles Tremblay-Lévesque, C. Macleod, Mads Troldborg, Modesta Kanjaye, R. Kalin
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to achieve ‘access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defaecation’ by 2030. We present an in-depth investigation of sanitation and hygiene practices of 939 Malawian households in two districts, previously declared open defaecation-free (ODF). We evaluated whether ODF status was maintained by evaluating access to sanitation and hygiene. We found that 17% returned to open defaecation, and faeces were observed in around 10% of the households. We suggest that ODF status is not enough; work is required to maintain progress and consideration of construction quality is critical. Another barrier to SDG 6.2 was that only 7.9% of households had handwashing facilities with soap and water, with soap as a major limitation. However, most households (82%) had soap available for washing suggesting that soap is not being prioritised in handwashing.
{"title":"Progress and slippage of sanitation and hygiene targets in Malawi: is SDG6.2 achievable?","authors":"R. G. Hinton, Laurent-Charles Tremblay-Lévesque, C. Macleod, Mads Troldborg, Modesta Kanjaye, R. Kalin","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.263","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to achieve ‘access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defaecation’ by 2030. We present an in-depth investigation of sanitation and hygiene practices of 939 Malawian households in two districts, previously declared open defaecation-free (ODF). We evaluated whether ODF status was maintained by evaluating access to sanitation and hygiene. We found that 17% returned to open defaecation, and faeces were observed in around 10% of the households. We suggest that ODF status is not enough; work is required to maintain progress and consideration of construction quality is critical. Another barrier to SDG 6.2 was that only 7.9% of households had handwashing facilities with soap and water, with soap as a major limitation. However, most households (82%) had soap available for washing suggesting that soap is not being prioritised in handwashing.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.218
Mitsuaki Hirai, Cindy Kushner, N. Shirihuru, Godfrey Chagwiza, Tariro Mavi, Moreblessing Munyaka, John Mwenda, Nicholas Midzi, Victor Nyamandi
Menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) plays a vital role in protecting the dignity, safety, privacy, and well-being of girls and women. In low- and medium-income countries, students often face challenges to manage their menstruation in schools. In 2019, Zimbabwe conducted the first national formative research to inform MHH programming in schools. This study conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the national formative research to explore potential determinants of menstruation-related school absenteeism in Zimbabwe. The analysis included 1,393 students from 50 schools, and the main outcome variable measured if students ever missed school due to menstruation. Multivariate analysis employed nested logistic regression models after controlling for the complex survey design. The results revealed that 20.6% of students had ever been absent from school due to menstruation-related issues. Students' age, challenges with concentration, physical sickness, pain, presence of a reliable school water source, and handwashing stations at sanitation facilities are significantly associated with school absenteeism in this context. The evidence-based MHH programming can be further advocated and scaled up to promote students' good health and well-being, maximize their educational opportunities, and develop their fullest potential in life.
{"title":"Understanding potential determinants of menstruation-related school absenteeism in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Mitsuaki Hirai, Cindy Kushner, N. Shirihuru, Godfrey Chagwiza, Tariro Mavi, Moreblessing Munyaka, John Mwenda, Nicholas Midzi, Victor Nyamandi","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.218","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) plays a vital role in protecting the dignity, safety, privacy, and well-being of girls and women. In low- and medium-income countries, students often face challenges to manage their menstruation in schools. In 2019, Zimbabwe conducted the first national formative research to inform MHH programming in schools. This study conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the national formative research to explore potential determinants of menstruation-related school absenteeism in Zimbabwe. The analysis included 1,393 students from 50 schools, and the main outcome variable measured if students ever missed school due to menstruation. Multivariate analysis employed nested logistic regression models after controlling for the complex survey design. The results revealed that 20.6% of students had ever been absent from school due to menstruation-related issues. Students' age, challenges with concentration, physical sickness, pain, presence of a reliable school water source, and handwashing stations at sanitation facilities are significantly associated with school absenteeism in this context. The evidence-based MHH programming can be further advocated and scaled up to promote students' good health and well-being, maximize their educational opportunities, and develop their fullest potential in life.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.215
E. Mohamed
Until 2015, the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Sudan was 65.9 per 1,000 livebirths, higher than the MDG4 target and it has to be reduced by 5.04% per year from its 2020 level to achieve the SDG3.2 by 2030. This target cannot be achieved without improvements in access to safe drinking water (ASW), sanitation and hygiene (ISF) (WASH) and basic education. An estimated autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test model confirms a long-run equilibrium relationship between U5MR, WASH, basic education, economic growth and health care. In the short run, U5MR decelerates itself with a coefficient of 0.56. Sanitation and basic education significantly reduce U5MR. Collectively, health care and economic growth affect U5MR adversely. In the long run, declines of U5MR are driven respectively by access to sanitation, hygiene and basic education (a factor of −1.79), economic growth (a factor of −0.21), and health care (a factor of −0.18). The study recommends the promotion of access to safe drinking water with investments on sanitation and hygiene of 32 million $US annually between 2020 and 2030, in order to meet the SDG3.2 in Sudan. Skilled physicians and full vaccination of children can be more effective in reducing U5MR, dependent on progress in safe WASH services.
{"title":"Contribution of water, sanitation, hygiene and basic education to reduce under-five mortality in Sudan","authors":"E. Mohamed","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.215","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Until 2015, the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Sudan was 65.9 per 1,000 livebirths, higher than the MDG4 target and it has to be reduced by 5.04% per year from its 2020 level to achieve the SDG3.2 by 2030. This target cannot be achieved without improvements in access to safe drinking water (ASW), sanitation and hygiene (ISF) (WASH) and basic education. An estimated autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test model confirms a long-run equilibrium relationship between U5MR, WASH, basic education, economic growth and health care. In the short run, U5MR decelerates itself with a coefficient of 0.56. Sanitation and basic education significantly reduce U5MR. Collectively, health care and economic growth affect U5MR adversely. In the long run, declines of U5MR are driven respectively by access to sanitation, hygiene and basic education (a factor of −1.79), economic growth (a factor of −0.21), and health care (a factor of −0.18). The study recommends the promotion of access to safe drinking water with investments on sanitation and hygiene of 32 million $US annually between 2020 and 2030, in order to meet the SDG3.2 in Sudan. Skilled physicians and full vaccination of children can be more effective in reducing U5MR, dependent on progress in safe WASH services.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.192
C. Rosato-Scott, D. Barrington
Conducting research (a) in a humanitarian context and (b) with children aged 5–12 presents such unique challenges that those responding to a crisis often design programmes based on their anecdotal experience rather than evidence. The user-centred community engagement (UCCE) methodology was designed by Save the Children and Eclipse Experience to engage with crisis-affected communities to generate practical solutions to their priority needs. This paper has assessed the use of the UCCE methodology in Tukaley using Bowen et al.'s proposed areas of focus for a feasibility study. It has found that all elements of the UCCE process were implemented in practice as they were designed to be implemented; both the participants and facilitators found the UCCE methodology acceptable; and the UCCE methodology could be adapted for use in alternative contexts. However, the recruitment and training of facilitators were identified as the biggest challenge as the methodology continues on its journey to scale, especially due to the risk that if any component of the UCCE methodology is not done well enough, it could damage the willingness of a community to engage in future projects.
{"title":"Engaging with crisis-affected populations using the user-centred community engagement methodology: lessons learned in Tukaley, Ethiopia","authors":"C. Rosato-Scott, D. Barrington","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.192","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conducting research (a) in a humanitarian context and (b) with children aged 5–12 presents such unique challenges that those responding to a crisis often design programmes based on their anecdotal experience rather than evidence. The user-centred community engagement (UCCE) methodology was designed by Save the Children and Eclipse Experience to engage with crisis-affected communities to generate practical solutions to their priority needs. This paper has assessed the use of the UCCE methodology in Tukaley using Bowen et al.'s proposed areas of focus for a feasibility study. It has found that all elements of the UCCE process were implemented in practice as they were designed to be implemented; both the participants and facilitators found the UCCE methodology acceptable; and the UCCE methodology could be adapted for use in alternative contexts. However, the recruitment and training of facilitators were identified as the biggest challenge as the methodology continues on its journey to scale, especially due to the risk that if any component of the UCCE methodology is not done well enough, it could damage the willingness of a community to engage in future projects.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.203
Syahrul Tuba, F. J. P. Pradana, Hafidz Ardan Kaizar
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), and nutritional interventions (NIs) in reducing pathogenic infections (PIs) and improving nutritional status in children. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Epistemonikos. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, comparing interventions related to WASH and nutritional enhancements against control groups. Meta-analysis techniques were applied to analyze the impact on weight, height, and PIs. Result: WASH interventions exhibited significant reductions in weight-related outcomes (OR: 0.58) and PIs (OR: 0.40). Height outcomes showed a positive effect (OR: 0.66). NIs indicated significant reductions in weight-related outcomes (OR: 0.33) and positive effects on height (OR: 0.27). Although a trend toward reduced PIs was observed (OR: 0.78), statistical significance was not reached. Conclusion: WASH and NIs demonstrated meaningful impacts on weight, height, and PIs in children. These findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing such interventions for enhancing child health and well-being.
目的：本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在评估水、环境卫生、个人卫生（WASH）和营养干预（NIs）在减少病原体感染（PIs）和改善儿童营养状况方面的有效性。研究方法：按照 PRISMA 准则，在 PubMed、Cochrane、Scopus 和 Epistemonikos 上进行了全面检索。只纳入了随机对照试验（RCT），将与讲卫生运动和营养改善相关的干预措施与对照组进行比较。应用 Meta 分析技术分析了对体重、身高和 PIs 的影响。研究结果讲卫生运动干预显著降低了体重相关结果（OR：0.58）和PIs（OR：0.40）。身高结果显示出积极影响（OR：0.66）。营养指标表明，体重相关结果（OR：0.33）明显减少，对身高（OR：0.27）产生了积极影响。虽然观察到 PIs 有减少的趋势（OR：0.78），但未达到统计学意义。结论讲卫生运动和营养改善运动对儿童的体重、身高和 PIs 有显著影响。这些研究结果强调了优先采取此类干预措施以提高儿童健康和福祉的重要性。
{"title":"Effectiveness of water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutritional interventions to reduce pathogenic infections and improve nutritional status in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial","authors":"Syahrul Tuba, F. J. P. Pradana, Hafidz Ardan Kaizar","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.203","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), and nutritional interventions (NIs) in reducing pathogenic infections (PIs) and improving nutritional status in children. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Epistemonikos. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, comparing interventions related to WASH and nutritional enhancements against control groups. Meta-analysis techniques were applied to analyze the impact on weight, height, and PIs. Result: WASH interventions exhibited significant reductions in weight-related outcomes (OR: 0.58) and PIs (OR: 0.40). Height outcomes showed a positive effect (OR: 0.66). NIs indicated significant reductions in weight-related outcomes (OR: 0.33) and positive effects on height (OR: 0.27). Although a trend toward reduced PIs was observed (OR: 0.78), statistical significance was not reached. Conclusion: WASH and NIs demonstrated meaningful impacts on weight, height, and PIs in children. These findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing such interventions for enhancing child health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2024.285
Maria Pascual-Sanz, Carlos Diaz, Franziska Volk
Funding availability is limiting the extent to which water operators can engage in helping one another to provide safe access to water and sanitation services. This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the current funding scenario for Water Operators’ Partnerships (WOPs), obstacles, and possible initiatives that can promote the mobilisation of additional funds. It does so by analysing costs, sizes, main sources of funding, and the co-existence of WOPs with investment programmes. Some significant findings are the increasing recognition of the positive influence of WOPs by donors and financiers, the emergence and interest from development agencies in WOP-dedicated programmes, the signalling of a nascent shift in perception of the value of WOPs by development financial institutions (DFIs), and the emergence of different scenarios in which WOPs and investment programmes co-exist in practice. Some key challenges identified are the low visibility and dissemination of WOP outcomes, the low feasibility of the WOPs to be funded by the technical assistance component of investment programmes, the need for DFIs and WOP proponents to innovate and create structures and processes that ensure early communication and coordination between them to maximise synergies between WOPs and investment programmes throughout the investment programme cycle.
{"title":"Scaling up the practice of water operators’ partnership (WOP) and its linkages with investment programmes","authors":"Maria Pascual-Sanz, Carlos Diaz, Franziska Volk","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2024.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.285","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Funding availability is limiting the extent to which water operators can engage in helping one another to provide safe access to water and sanitation services. This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the current funding scenario for Water Operators’ Partnerships (WOPs), obstacles, and possible initiatives that can promote the mobilisation of additional funds. It does so by analysing costs, sizes, main sources of funding, and the co-existence of WOPs with investment programmes. Some significant findings are the increasing recognition of the positive influence of WOPs by donors and financiers, the emergence and interest from development agencies in WOP-dedicated programmes, the signalling of a nascent shift in perception of the value of WOPs by development financial institutions (DFIs), and the emergence of different scenarios in which WOPs and investment programmes co-exist in practice. Some key challenges identified are the low visibility and dissemination of WOP outcomes, the low feasibility of the WOPs to be funded by the technical assistance component of investment programmes, the need for DFIs and WOP proponents to innovate and create structures and processes that ensure early communication and coordination between them to maximise synergies between WOPs and investment programmes throughout the investment programme cycle.","PeriodicalId":516652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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