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Criminal Liability for Intentionally Transmitting the COVID-19 Virus to Others in the UAE Law 阿联酋法律中故意向他人传播 COVID-19 病毒的刑事责任
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.959.970
This study explores the alignment of the noble Islamic Sharia's emphasis onpreserving human life and safety with international conventions and nationallegislation, particularly in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) responseto the COVID-19 pandemic. Grounded in the principles of Islamic Sharia, whichprioritizes the preservation of the soul, the study employs a qualitative analysis ofthe UAE's health policies and legislative measures against the pandemic, guided bythe World Health Organization's recommendations and supported by a review of theUAE Constitution and global COVID-19 statistics. Findings reveal that the UAE'scomprehensive health and legislative measures to combat the pandemic align withIslamic Sharia and international health guidelines, highlighting the effectiveness ofintegrating religious principles with modern health policies for pandemicpreparedness and response. This study offers valuable insights into enhancingpublic health crisis management through integrating religious principles andmodern legislative measures, underscoring the importance of strengtheninglegislative and healthcare systems in controlling communicable diseases.
本研究探讨了高尚的伊斯兰教法对保护人类生命和安全的重视与国际公约和国家立法之间的一致性,特别是在阿拉伯联合酋长国(UAE)应对 COVID-19 大流行病的背景下。伊斯兰教法以保护灵魂为优先原则,本研究以伊斯兰教法为基础,以世界卫生组织的建议为指导,以《阿联酋宪法》和全球 COVID-19 统计数据为支持,对阿联酋针对该流行病的卫生政策和立法措施进行了定性分析。研究结果表明,阿联酋抗击大流行病的全面卫生和立法措施符合伊斯兰教法和国际卫生指导方针,突出了将宗教原则与现代卫生政策结合起来以应对大流行病的有效性。这项研究为通过整合宗教原则和现代立法措施来加强公共卫生危机管理提供了宝贵的见解,强调了加强立法和医疗保健系统在控制传染病方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Temporary Procedural Protection of Innovator Rights in UAE Legislation: A Comparative Study 阿联酋立法中对创新者权利的临时程序保护:比较研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.327.340
When an innovator's right is infringed, the length of time it takes to resortto the judiciary for a final ruling in the dispute leads to increased damage to therights of the innovator and the possibility of losing evidence to prove the right.This requires the innovator to resort to temporary measures to protect the rightsubject to infringement. Preventive protection of the rights of the innovator isembodied in measures that innovators are required to take, such as precautionaryseizure. It supports the protection of the rights of the innovator, provided that theappropriate security is deposited to compensate the person harmed by thosemeasures if it becomes clear that the person requesting the reservation does nothave the right to request temporary protection. This paper evaluates all aspects ofthe temporary procedural protection of innovator rights in Federal Law No. (11) of2021 regarding the organization and protection of industrial property rights andcomparative laws.
当创新者的权利受到侵犯时,诉诸司法机构对纠纷做出最终裁决所需的时间会导致创新者的权利受到更大的损害,并有可能失去证明权利的证据。对创新者权利的预防性保护体现在创新者必须采取的措施中,如预防性扣押。它支持对创新者权利的保护,但条件是,如果要求保留的人显然无权要求临时保护,则必须交存适当的担保,以补偿受到这些措施损害的人。本文对关于工业产权组织和保护的 2021 年第 (11) 号联邦法中对创新者权利的临时程序性保护的各个方面以及类似法律进行了评估。
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引用次数: 0
Virtual Police: Guardians of Security and Consumer Protection in the Era of Electronic Information and Transactions 虚拟警察:电子信息和交易时代的安全和消费者保护卫士
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1061.1080
In the digital era, cybersecurity is an important issue that requires acomprehensive and multi-dimensional approach. Virtual Police, as an initiative ofPOLRI, plays a vital role in combating cybercrime and maintaining digital securityin Indonesia. However, challenges and obstacles related to human rights, privacy,and consumer protection must be considered. The results of this study relate to theimplementation of Virtual Police must be carried out by considering the values ofPancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, as well asregulations such as the ITE Law and the Consumer Protection Law. In addition,increasing public awareness and education about cybersecurity is essential.Cooperation between the government, the private sector, and the community is vitalin achieving a safe and inclusive digital environment. By doing so, we can ensurethat everyone can enjoy the benefits of digital technology without fear ofcybersecurity threats. Despite progress, Indonesia must continue strengtheningcybersecurity by improving technology, public education, and cybersecurity.Despite this progress, Indonesia needs to continue to strengthen cybersecurity byupdating technology and public education and always respecting and protecting therights and privacy of internet users.
在数字时代,网络安全是一个重要问题,需要采取全面和多维的方法。虚拟警察作为印尼警察部队的一项举措,在打击网络犯罪和维护数字安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。但是,必须考虑到与人权、隐私和消费者保护相关的挑战和障碍。本研究的结果表明,虚拟警察的实施必须考虑到潘查希拉(Pancasila)的价值观、1945 年《印度尼西亚共和国宪法》以及《信息技术教育法》和《消费者保护法》等法规。此外,提高公众对网络安全的认识和教育也至关重要。政府、私营部门和社区之间的合作对于实现安全、包容的数字环境至关重要。通过这样做,我们可以确保每个人都能享受数字技术带来的好处,而不必担心网络安全威胁。尽管取得了进步,但印尼必须继续通过改进技术、公共教育和网络安全来加强网络安全。尽管取得了进步,但印尼需要继续通过更新技术和公共教育来加强网络安全,并始终尊重和保护互联网用户的权利和隐私。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Means of Military Diplomacy in Providing Information Security as a Peacebuilding Factor 利用军事外交手段提供信息安全作为建设和平的一个因素
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.309.326
The research aims to determine the role of military diplomacy inproviding information security as a key factor in building peace through theidentification of key measures to counter information threats in the digitalenvironment. The research employed the following methods: content analysis,rating analysis, and survey results processing. As a result of the conductedresearch, the place of digital diplomacy was determined concerning militarydiplomacy as a special form of its implementation to provide information security.The security of cyber-physical systems has been proven to be one of the mostimportant approaches to data protection in military diplomacy because, amongother things, the security of critical infrastructures depends on it. The researchfindings can be used by diplomatic service officers to increase the effectiveness ofmilitary diplomacy in the digital environment by implementing the proposedmeasures and directions in their activities.
研究旨在通过确定应对数字环境中信息威胁的关键措施,确定军事外交在提供信息安全这一建设和平的关键因素中的作用。研究采用了以下方法:内容分析、评级分析和调查结果处理。研究结果确定了数字外交在军事外交中的地位,将其作为提供信息安全的一种特殊实施形式。事实证明,网络物理系统的安全是军事外交中保护数据的最重要方法之一,因为关键基础设施的安全也取决于此。外交事务官员可利用研究结果,通过在其活动中实施建议的措施和方向,提高数字环境中军事外交的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of the Medical and Health Liability Law under Jordanian Legislation 约旦立法中《医疗与健康责任法》的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.515.526
This research aims to thoroughly explore the impact and practicalapplication of Jordan's Medical and Health Liability Law No. 25 of 2018,critically analyzing its compatibility with existing criminal and civil laws and itseffectiveness in addressing medical error cases. Through an analyticalmethodology, this study delves into the legal texts concerning medical liability,establishing criteria for liability and fault in medical acts. The findings underscoresignificant insights into the legislative nuances that govern medical practiceswithin Jordan, offering a nuanced understanding of the law's implications for bothmedical professionals and patients. By avoiding complex terminology andmaintaining a formal register, the research elucidates the intricate balance betweenlegal requirements and medical ethics, providing a comprehensive overview of thelegal landscape surrounding medical liability. The study's outcomes aim tocontribute valuable perspectives to the ongoing discourse on legal reforms in themedical sector, highlighting the necessity for laws that support both patient safetyand medical professionals' rights.
本研究旨在深入探讨约旦2018年第25号《医疗与健康责任法》的影响和实际应用,批判性地分析其与现行刑法和民法的兼容性以及在处理医疗事故案件中的有效性。通过分析方法,本研究深入探讨了有关医疗责任的法律文本,确立了医疗行为责任和过错的标准。研究结果强调了对约旦医疗行为立法细微差别的重要见解,为医疗专业人员和患者提供了对法律影响的细致理解。通过避免使用复杂的术语和保持正式的登记册,研究阐明了法律要求和医学伦理之间错综复杂的平衡,为围绕医疗责任的法律状况提供了一个全面的概览。本研究的成果旨在为医疗领域正在进行的法律改革讨论提供有价值的观点,强调法律必须同时支持患者安全和医疗专业人员的权利。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Regulation of the Legislation on the Protection of the Suspects’ Rights during Criminal Investigation 关于在刑事调查期间保护嫌疑人权利立法的法律规定
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.857.872
The issue of protecting the suspects’ rights during criminal investigations isan important aspect of the functioning of the legal systems of modern democraticstates. The effectiveness of European mechanisms plays a leading role instrengthening the rule of law, promoting the transparency of justice, andguaranteeing the rights and freedoms of every person. The article aims to study theeffectiveness of the legislative and procedural frameworks for protecting thesuspects’ rights in criminal cases in the European space using the case of Sweden.The paper examines the judicial system’s activity, focusing on practical and legalaspects, and highlights European mechanisms for protecting suspects’ rights.Special attention is paid to the Swedish model, which is an example of effectiveprotection of the rights of suspects due to the developed system of socialisation andrehabilitation. The analysis revealed the need to strengthen internationalcooperation and harmonise the legislative framework at the EU level. The practicalsignificance of the article is the identified basic advantages of the Swedish judicialsystem in protecting suspects’ rights, as well as the developed recommendations forimproving the criminal process in European countries and in Ukraine.
在刑事调查期间保护嫌疑人的权利是现代民主国家法律制度运作的一个重要方面。欧洲机制的有效性在加强法治、提高司法透明度以及保障每个人的权利和自由方面发挥着主导作用。本文旨在以瑞典为例,研究欧洲地区刑事案件中保护嫌疑人权利的立法和程序框架的有效性。本文审查了司法系统的活动,重点关注实践和法律方面,并强调了欧洲保护嫌疑人权利的机制。本文特别关注瑞典模式,该模式因其发达的社会化和康复系统而成为有效保护嫌疑人权利的典范。分析表明,有必要加强国际合作并协调欧盟层面的立法框架。文章的实际意义在于确定了瑞典司法系统在保护嫌疑人权利方面的基本优势,以及为改进欧洲国家和乌克兰的刑事诉讼程序而提出的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Regulation of Insurance against Cyber-Attack Risks 对网络攻击风险保险的法律监管
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.585.600
The Internet has recently witnessed significant growth to become animportant part of our daily lives, as it has grown to become the main part of ourbusiness as well. Nowadays, anything we do on smart devices can be seen byothers, either with our knowledge or consent or without, it may seem obvious, aswe can share our work on social networking sites. At first glance, however, itappears to represent a serious threat, including privacy breaches and data theft,and threats become even more important when these breaches directly affectbusinesses, customers, and the general public. It became necessary to protect therequirements of this development from those cyber risks to minimize the negativeeffects that these attacks and intrusions can have on facilities and infrastructure.The world has witnessed a technical development in the use of Internet devicesand electronic networks, and this use has exposed these networks and devices tothe risks of cyberattacks, data breaches, obtaining personal, financial, andcommercial infor
最近,互联网有了长足的发展,成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分,同时也成为我们业务的主要部分。如今,我们在智能设备上做的任何事情都会被其他人看到,无论是在我们知情或同意的情况下,还是在未经我们同意的情况下,这似乎很明显,因为我们可以在社交网站上分享我们的工作。然而,乍一看,这似乎意味着严重的威胁,包括隐私泄露和数据盗窃,而当这些泄露直接影响到企业、客户和公众时,威胁就变得更加重要了。因此,有必要保护这一发展的需求免受这些网络风险的影响,以最大限度地减少这些攻击和入侵对设施和基础设施造成的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Information Policy in Shaping Public Opinion on Corruption in the Visegrad Group Countries 信息政策在影响维舍格勒集团国家公众对腐败问题的看法方面的作用
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.189.204
The state’s information policy that limits press freedom and concealsincidents of corruption is a significant threat to democracy. The work aimed toidentify the relationship between corruption and information policy in theVisegrad Group countries. The research employed statistical analysis, correlationanalysis, multiple regression, and thematic analysis. The research establishedworsening trends in Poland and Hungary regarding the corruption rate. At thesame time, there is an improvement in the positions of the Czech Republic andSlovakia, which may indicate an effective anti-corruption policy. Press freedomindicators show similar trends, decreasing for Poland and Hungary and increasingfor the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The correlation analysis revealed a closerelationship between corruption indicators and press freedom in Poland andHungary. The multiple regression analysis revealed the influence of the PressFreedom Index on the corruption rate. These results indicate the dependence of thecorruption rate in Poland and Hungary on the information policy of the countriesregarding the restriction of media freedom. The obtained conclusions can beuseful for civil servants in the course of developing an information policy thattakes into account anti-corruption trends.
限制新闻自由和掩盖腐败事件的国家信息政策是对民主的重大威胁。这项工作旨在确定维舍格勒集团国家的腐败与信息政策之间的关系。研究采用了统计分析、相关分析、多元回归和专题分析等方法。研究发现,波兰和匈牙利的腐败率呈恶化趋势。与此同时,捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的情况有所改善,这可能表明反腐败政策行之有效。新闻自由指标显示出类似的趋势,波兰和匈牙利有所下降,捷克共和国和斯洛伐克有所上升。相关分析表明,波兰和匈牙利的腐败指标与新闻自由之间存在密切联系。多元回归分析显示了新闻自由指数对腐败率的影响。这些结果表明,波兰和匈牙利的腐败率与两国限制媒体自由的信息政策有关。所得出的结论对于公务员在制定考虑到反腐败趋势的信息政策时可能会有所帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Regulation of Embryo and Sperm Preservation Centers in Jordanian Law 约旦法律对胚胎和精子保存中心的法律监管
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.687.702
A new category of banks called embryo and sperm preservation facilities hasemerged as a result of the considerable improvements that have been made in thisera across many centers, particularly the medical field. Yet, this development raisedseveral legal issues because the Jordanian government did not adequately regulate it.The agreement reached between the centers for the preservation of sperm andembryos is considered to be special, deriving its specificity from the place and thepurpose that the patient desired, and that delivery is not a requirement of theagreement, but rather an obligation that falls on the shoulders of the preservationcenters. Accordingly, we hope that the Jordanian legislator will establish a legalsystem for these centers by adding a provision within the Jordanian MedicalLiability Law No. (25) of 2018.
由于许多中心,特别是医疗领域,在胚胎和精子保存领域取得了巨大进步,因此出现了一类新的银行,即胚胎和精子保存机构。然而,由于约旦政府对其监管不力,这一发展引发了诸多法律问题。各中心之间达成的精子和胚胎保存协议被认为是特殊的,其特殊性来自于患者所希望的地点和目的,而交付并不是协议的要求,而是保存中心应尽的义务。因此,我们希望约旦立法者在《约旦医疗责任法》(2018 年第 25 号)中增加一项条款,为这些中心建立法律制度。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Blockchain Technologies in Combating Corruption within the Virtual Assets Realm 区块链技术在打击虚拟资产领域腐败中的作用
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.483.500
The utilisation of blockchain technology can greatly hinder theperpetration of corrupt deeds owing to its data immutability and transparency. Thepurpose of the study is to assess the impact of blockchain integration on reducingcorruption risks in the realm of virtual assets. It was found that since theintroduction of blockchain, Estonia has almost doubled the ranking of countries inanti-corruption. According to the study, the volume of illegal cryptocurrencytransactions continues to grow, requiring financial systems to adapt to newchallenges. The prospect of further research should be based on strengtheningfinancial security. The scientific novelty lies in the recognition of blockchaintechnologies’ potential as a tool for ensuring transparency and informationinviolability within the virtual assets realm. The practical value of the study lies indeveloping recommendations for integrating blockchain technologies into virtualassets’ control and audit, which will contribute to enhancing the effectiveness ofanti-corruption measures
由于区块链技术的数据不变性和透明度,利用区块链技术可以极大地阻碍腐败行为的实施。本研究的目的是评估区块链整合对减少虚拟资产领域腐败风险的影响。研究发现,自引入区块链以来,爱沙尼亚在反腐败国家中的排名几乎翻了一番。根据这项研究,非法加密货币交易量持续增长,要求金融系统适应新的挑战。进一步研究的前景应以加强金融安全为基础。科学新颖性在于认识到区块链技术作为确保虚拟资产领域透明度和信息不可侵犯性工具的潜力。研究的实用价值在于为将区块链技术纳入虚拟资产控制和审计提出建议,这将有助于提高反腐败措施的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Pakistan Journal of Criminology
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