Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.827.841
The study examines the critical relationship between cyber security as a component of national security and its provision in local government administration. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the international experience of ensuring cyber security in the management of local self-governments in Germany, Poland and Ukraine. In research were used visual and graphic methods, a set of methods of processing, comprehension and interpretation of information. This highlights the level of trust in local authorities in Poland, Germany and Ukraine, as well as a comparison of the systems of local self-government entities in the selected countries. It was established that there is a need to create and develop an adequate cybersecurity system. The result of the study is an analysis of the cyber security strategies of Germany, Poland and Ukraine. Prospects for further research are the analysis of the possibility of consolidation and differentiation of powers by subjects of local self-government in ensuring cyber security. An analysis of the real need for the powers related to providing cyber security and the ability to perform them is appropriate.
{"title":"International Experience in Ensuring Cybersecurity in Local Self Government Management as a Component of the National Security of Ukraine","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.827.841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.827.841","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the critical relationship between cyber security as a\u0000component of national security and its provision in local government\u0000administration. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the international experience\u0000of ensuring cyber security in the management of local self-governments in\u0000Germany, Poland and Ukraine. In research were used visual and graphic methods,\u0000a set of methods of processing, comprehension and interpretation of information.\u0000This highlights the level of trust in local authorities in Poland, Germany and\u0000Ukraine, as well as a comparison of the systems of local self-government entities\u0000in the selected countries. It was established that there is a need to create and\u0000develop an adequate cybersecurity system. The result of the study is an analysis of\u0000the cyber security strategies of Germany, Poland and Ukraine. Prospects for\u0000further research are the analysis of the possibility of consolidation and\u0000differentiation of powers by subjects of local self-government in ensuring cyber\u0000security. An analysis of the real need for the powers related to providing cyber\u0000security and the ability to perform them is appropriate.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"164 S346","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigating international transport crimes is a challenging issue for current global security, law and order, as well as economic stability. The aim of the article is a detailed analysis of international measures to combat illegal transportation, the crime rate, and security at customs. The data on the number of open violations at the European Union (EU) customs are provided, and the use of advanced technologies and international cooperation is described based on statistical analysis and a graphical method. As a result, the relationship between the effectiveness of customs control and the reduction of illegal transportation is established. The results indicate a low level of violations of the organisation of illegal transportation at a minimum level of 82 and a maximum of 106 cases in Europe. There is a need for an integrated approach that includes legal, technological, and international measures to combat this problem. The research opens up new opportunities for understanding the effectiveness of various strategies to combat illegal transportation. Prospects for further research in this area include the development of new international legal initiatives, improvements in monitoring technologies and a deepening understanding of the relationship between law and order, the economy, and global security.
{"title":"Investigation of International Transport Crimes","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Investigating international transport crimes is a challenging issue for\u0000current global security, law and order, as well as economic stability. The aim\u0000of the article is a detailed analysis of international measures to combat illegal\u0000transportation, the crime rate, and security at customs. The data on the\u0000number of open violations at the European Union (EU) customs are provided,\u0000and the use of advanced technologies and international cooperation is\u0000described based on statistical analysis and a graphical method. As a result,\u0000the relationship between the effectiveness of customs control and the\u0000reduction of illegal transportation is established. The results indicate a low\u0000level of violations of the organisation of illegal transportation at a minimum\u0000level of 82 and a maximum of 106 cases in Europe. There is a need for an\u0000integrated approach that includes legal, technological, and international\u0000measures to combat this problem. The research opens up new opportunities\u0000for understanding the effectiveness of various strategies to combat illegal\u0000transportation. Prospects for further research in this area include the\u0000development of new international legal initiatives, improvements in\u0000monitoring technologies and a deepening understanding of the relationship\u0000between law and order, the economy, and global security.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"27 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1177.1184
This paper explores the importance and impact of DNA databases in forensic investigations. It responds to a recent publication by Kostiuchenko, Vynohradova, Sereda, Svoboda, and Polunina (2024), highlighting challenges in setting up and using DNA databases. These challenges include logistical, staffing, legal, security, growth, public interest, and international cooperation issues. By examining South Africa's successful NFDD implementation, the authors stress the need for thorough planning and implementing a comprehensive value chain. Drawing insights from South Africa's successful NFDD implementation, the authors emphasise the importance of meticulous planning and implementing a value chain. This value chain should cover DNA evidence collection, follow-up investigations, and presenting evidence in court.
本文探讨了DNA数据库在法医调查中的重要性和影响。它是对科斯秋琴科、维诺赫拉多娃、塞雷达、斯沃博达和波鲁尼娜（2024 年）最近发表的一篇文章的回应，该文章强调了建立和使用 DNA 数据库所面临的挑战。这些挑战包括后勤、人员配备、法律、安全、增长、公共利益和国际合作等问题。通过考察南非成功实施 NFDD 的经验，作者强调了周密规划和实施全面价值链的必要性。该价值链应涵盖 DNA 证据收集、后续调查和法庭举证。
{"title":"The Value of Forensic DNA Database","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1177.1184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1177.1184","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the importance and impact of DNA databases in\u0000forensic investigations. It responds to a recent publication by Kostiuchenko,\u0000Vynohradova, Sereda, Svoboda, and Polunina (2024), highlighting challenges in\u0000setting up and using DNA databases. These challenges include logistical, staffing,\u0000legal, security, growth, public interest, and international cooperation issues. By\u0000examining South Africa's successful NFDD implementation, the authors stress the\u0000need for thorough planning and implementing a comprehensive value chain.\u0000Drawing insights from South Africa's successful NFDD implementation, the\u0000authors emphasise the importance of meticulous planning and implementing a value\u0000chain. This value chain should cover DNA evidence collection, follow-up\u0000investigations, and presenting evidence in court.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"135 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1019.1030
This study explores the penal proportionality in the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Law. It is argued that the severity of criminal sanction must correspond to the offense's seriousness. Using doctrinal legal research, this study employed a statute and conceptual approach with the literature study to collect the data. The finding of this study shows that the PLP2B Law violates the penal proportionality principle when it determines the threat of a criminal consequence. Even though they are considered minor infractions, several of them carry relatively significant criminal penalties that even outweigh the possibility of punishment for more serious acts. The objective of matching the seriousness of the offense to the severity of the criminal sanction has not been fully achieved. The determination of such threats of criminal sanctions does not, on a large scale, reflect the importance of social justice for all Indonesians. By taking into account the rank of offenses in the environmental harm-based criminalization model, Article 73 of the PLP2B Law must be proportionate to the magnitude of the offense. The determination of criminal sanction threats in the Law needs to be considered and compared to the determination of criminal sanction threats in other environmental laws.
{"title":"Penal Proportionality in the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Law","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1019.1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1019.1030","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the penal proportionality in the Protection of\u0000Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Law. It is argued that the severity of criminal\u0000sanction must correspond to the offense's seriousness. Using doctrinal legal\u0000research, this study employed a statute and conceptual approach with the literature\u0000study to collect the data. The finding of this study shows that the PLP2B Law\u0000violates the penal proportionality principle when it determines the threat of a\u0000criminal consequence. Even though they are considered minor infractions, several\u0000of them carry relatively significant criminal penalties that even outweigh the\u0000possibility of punishment for more serious acts. The objective of matching the\u0000seriousness of the offense to the severity of the criminal sanction has not been fully\u0000achieved. The determination of such threats of criminal sanctions does not, on a\u0000large scale, reflect the importance of social justice for all Indonesians. By taking\u0000into account the rank of offenses in the environmental harm-based criminalization\u0000model, Article 73 of the PLP2B Law must be proportionate to the magnitude of the\u0000offense. The determination of criminal sanction threats in the Law needs to be\u0000considered and compared to the determination of criminal sanction threats in other\u0000environmental laws.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"110 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1151.1162
Most countries tend to confront economic crimes through their own economic laws. The study focused on showing the specificity of the mental element of economic crimes, which has extraordinary rules that are outside the general rules of offences established in the Penal Code. Most economic legislation treats wrongdoing offences as intentional. Here, the weakness of the mental element of economic crimes appears, being presumed. So that the legislator merely finds a mistake to inflict punishment. Derogating from the general rules, where punishment is imposed for acts of wrongdoing in economic crimes. The study also examines civil liability for damages and financial compensation. The mere fact that the offender has achieved the criminal result is punishable regardless of whether the offender's will exists or not. Because of the nature of the error in economic offences, the unintended economic offence is not subject to the provisions of the general provisions of the Penal Code. Economic offences are characterized by the imposition of severe and deterrent penalties. To achieve public and private deterrence and maintain security and the national economy
{"title":"Criminal and civil liability of the wrongdoer in economic offences under Jordanian legislation","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1151.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1151.1162","url":null,"abstract":"Most countries tend to confront economic crimes through their own\u0000economic laws. The study focused on showing the specificity of the mental element\u0000of economic crimes, which has extraordinary rules that are outside the general rules\u0000of offences established in the Penal Code. Most economic legislation treats\u0000wrongdoing offences as intentional. Here, the weakness of the mental element of\u0000economic crimes appears, being presumed. So that the legislator merely finds a\u0000mistake to inflict punishment. Derogating from the general rules, where punishment\u0000is imposed for acts of wrongdoing in economic crimes. The study also examines\u0000civil liability for damages and financial compensation. The mere fact that the\u0000offender has achieved the criminal result is punishable regardless of whether the\u0000offender's will exists or not. Because of the nature of the error in economic\u0000offences, the unintended economic offence is not subject to the provisions of the\u0000general provisions of the Penal Code. Economic offences are characterized by the\u0000imposition of severe and deterrent penalties. To achieve public and private\u0000deterrence and maintain security and the national economy","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.1.447.465
Criminality is one of the most pressing issues, and it requires solving and developing a democratic state governed by the rule of law. At the same time, the reform implementation process, which could positively influence criminality rate reduction, is complex and long-lasting. The study aims to determine the main trends and principles of reforming criminal-procedure legislation in Moldova and determine its influence on the criminality rate. The study used a legalistic method, statistical method, and descriptive method. Based on the study’s results, the key tendencies and principles of reforming criminal-procedure legislation in Moldova were characterised. The main ones are the harmonisation of legislation with the norms of the European Union and humanisation. Statistical analysis of the criminality rate in Moldova was conducted, and some positive tendencies were outlined. In particular 2023, 7.7 thousand fewer crimes were registered compared to 2019. At the same time, evaluation of the dynamics of the criminality rate indicates the preservation of the high criminality rate. Based on the study’s results, analytical conclusions were presented, and some recommendations concerning further trends in reforming criminal-procedure legislation were formed.
{"title":"The Influence of Reform of Criminal-Procedure Legislation on the Criminality Rate in Moldova","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.1.447.465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.1.447.465","url":null,"abstract":"Criminality is one of the most pressing issues, and it requires solving and\u0000developing a democratic state governed by the rule of law. At the same time, the\u0000reform implementation process, which could positively influence criminality rate\u0000reduction, is complex and long-lasting. The study aims to determine the main\u0000trends and principles of reforming criminal-procedure legislation in Moldova and\u0000determine its influence on the criminality rate. The study used a legalistic method,\u0000statistical method, and descriptive method. Based on the study’s results, the key\u0000tendencies and principles of reforming criminal-procedure legislation in Moldova\u0000were characterised. The main ones are the harmonisation of legislation with the\u0000norms of the European Union and humanisation. Statistical analysis of the\u0000criminality rate in Moldova was conducted, and some positive tendencies were\u0000outlined. In particular 2023, 7.7 thousand fewer crimes were registered compared\u0000to 2019. At the same time, evaluation of the dynamics of the criminality rate\u0000indicates the preservation of the high criminality rate. Based on the study’s results,\u0000analytical conclusions were presented, and some recommendations concerning\u0000further trends in reforming criminal-procedure legislation were formed.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"253 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140730578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.743.760
This empirical paper investigates the regulatory challenges and strategies for enhancing media content production in Islamic societies. The Introduction outlines the importance of media regulation within cultural and religious contexts, emphasizing the need for balanced approaches that uphold freedom of expression while respecting societal values. The Method section discusses the methodologies employed to analyze current regulatory frameworks, including legal reviews, stakeholder interviews, and comparative analysis. Results indicate various challenges, including legal restrictions, technological disruptions, and cultural sensitivities, necessitating collaborative approaches and innovative solutions. The Discussion explores recommendations for future regulatory initiatives, such as embracing digital transformation, strengthening legal protections, promoting media literacy, and fostering cross-cultural dialogue. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of media regulation in Islamic societies and underscores the importance of adaptive and inclusive approaches to address evolving challenges while upholding ethical and cultural values.
{"title":"Navigating Media Regulation in Islamic Societies: Challenges, and Ethical Considerations","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.743.760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.743.760","url":null,"abstract":"This empirical paper investigates the regulatory challenges and strategies\u0000for enhancing media content production in Islamic societies. The Introduction\u0000outlines the importance of media regulation within cultural and religious contexts,\u0000emphasizing the need for balanced approaches that uphold freedom of expression\u0000while respecting societal values. The Method section discusses the methodologies\u0000employed to analyze current regulatory frameworks, including legal reviews,\u0000stakeholder interviews, and comparative analysis. Results indicate various\u0000challenges, including legal restrictions, technological disruptions, and cultural\u0000sensitivities, necessitating collaborative approaches and innovative solutions. The\u0000Discussion explores recommendations for future regulatory initiatives, such as\u0000embracing digital transformation, strengthening legal protections, promoting\u0000media literacy, and fostering cross-cultural dialogue. Overall, this study highlights\u0000the complexity of media regulation in Islamic societies and underscores the\u0000importance of adaptive and inclusive approaches to address evolving challenges\u0000while upholding ethical and cultural values.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"82 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.145.156
Criminal liability is the cornerstone of criminal policy, grounded on the principles of personal accountability and punishment. Individuals are not held accountable or punished for crimes committed by others. However, in light of significant economic and industrial transformations witnessed globally, including the emergence of economic projects affecting the state's economic center, and the rise of serious economic crimes constituting an assault on public funds, there arises a necessity to expand the criminal responsibility system. This expansion, rooted in the principle of personal accountability, encompasses other individuals to align with these evolving circumstances and reduce economic crimes. The primary question addressed in this research is to establish the legal foundation for penalizing an individual who did not commit the crime themselves. The study concludes the necessity of holding establishment owners accountable for the actions of their subordinates, given their supervisory responsibilities. This concept, known as criminal liability for the acts of others in economic crimes, diverges from the principle of personal criminal responsibility delineated in most criminal laws, including Jordanian law.
{"title":"Criminal Liability for the Act of others in Economic Crimes under Jordanian Legislation","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.145.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.145.156","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal liability is the cornerstone of criminal policy, grounded on the\u0000principles of personal accountability and punishment. Individuals are not held\u0000accountable or punished for crimes committed by others. However, in light of\u0000significant economic and industrial transformations witnessed globally, including\u0000the emergence of economic projects affecting the state's economic center, and the\u0000rise of serious economic crimes constituting an assault on public funds, there\u0000arises a necessity to expand the criminal responsibility system. This expansion,\u0000rooted in the principle of personal accountability, encompasses other individuals\u0000to align with these evolving circumstances and reduce economic crimes. The\u0000primary question addressed in this research is to establish the legal foundation for\u0000penalizing an individual who did not commit the crime themselves. The study\u0000concludes the necessity of holding establishment owners accountable for the\u0000actions of their subordinates, given their supervisory responsibilities. This\u0000concept, known as criminal liability for the acts of others in economic crimes,\u0000diverges from the principle of personal criminal responsibility delineated in most\u0000criminal laws, including Jordanian law.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.733.741
In response to the mounting threat of terrorism in Indonesia, especially evident through alarming bombing incidents since 2002, the Indonesian National Police assumes a pivotal and multifaceted role. This research, employing a sociolegal research approach with a qualitative design, intricately explores the dynamics of terrorism, scrutinising legal frameworks, preventive strategies, and law enforcement tactics. The Police’s role in counterterrorism unfolds through a comprehensive framework encompassing preventive, preemptive, repressive, and curative measures. The analytical-descriptive methodology provides detailed insights into the social and legal aspects, underlining the significance of understanding and adapting to the evolving threat landscape. Preventive efforts involve proactive community engagement, public education on terrorism risks, and awareness promotion. Simultaneously, preemptive measures focus on community development, intelligence operations, and community policing, addressing potential threats before escalation. Repressive actions post-crime involve the Criminal Investigation Unit leading investigations, apprehensions, and legal proceedings, ensuring legal consequences for perpetrators and contributing to deterrence and justice. Curative measures, framed as rehabilitation, involve closely monitoring individuals suspected of terrorist activities, even without concrete evidence, adding a layer of prevention to uphold national security.
{"title":"Counterterrorism in Indonesia: The Police Role in Ensuring Security","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.733.741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.733.741","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the mounting threat of terrorism in Indonesia, especially\u0000evident through alarming bombing incidents since 2002, the Indonesian National\u0000Police assumes a pivotal and multifaceted role. This research, employing a sociolegal research approach with a qualitative design, intricately explores the dynamics\u0000of terrorism, scrutinising legal frameworks, preventive strategies, and law\u0000enforcement tactics. The Police’s role in counterterrorism unfolds through a\u0000comprehensive framework encompassing preventive, preemptive, repressive, and\u0000curative measures. The analytical-descriptive methodology provides detailed insights\u0000into the social and legal aspects, underlining the significance of understanding and\u0000adapting to the evolving threat landscape. Preventive efforts involve proactive\u0000community engagement, public education on terrorism risks, and awareness\u0000promotion. Simultaneously, preemptive measures focus on community development,\u0000intelligence operations, and community policing, addressing potential threats before\u0000escalation. Repressive actions post-crime involve the Criminal Investigation Unit\u0000leading investigations, apprehensions, and legal proceedings, ensuring legal\u0000consequences for perpetrators and contributing to deterrence and justice. Curative\u0000measures, framed as rehabilitation, involve closely monitoring individuals suspected\u0000of terrorist activities, even without concrete evidence, adding a layer of prevention to\u0000uphold national security.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"42 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.99.118
The study examines the role of political entities and volunteer organisations in shaping political identity amidst the Russian military aggression towards Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of political parties and volunteer organisations on the processes of political identity formation and human rights protection during martial law. Sociological, graphical, and comparative methods were used during the study. The findings indicate the increasing significance of Ukrainian citizenship, the strengthening of national identity and the consolidation of civil society in Ukraine amidst Russian military aggression. It was established that there are certain disagreements regarding the support of existing and new political parties. At the same time, a significant number of citizens has an uncertain position on the support of specific political parties or the involvement of volunteer organisations in the activities. The substantial consolidation and expansion of volunteer organisations, coupled with increased confidence in their operations, indicates the culmination of the civil nation-building process in Ukraine.
{"title":"The Role of Political Parties and Volunteer Organizations in the Process of Shaping Political Identity and Human Rights Protection during Military Aggression","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.99.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.99.118","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the role of political entities and volunteer organisations\u0000in shaping political identity amidst the Russian military aggression towards\u0000Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of political parties\u0000and volunteer organisations on the processes of political identity formation and\u0000human rights protection during martial law. Sociological, graphical, and\u0000comparative methods were used during the study. The findings indicate the\u0000increasing significance of Ukrainian citizenship, the strengthening of national\u0000identity and the consolidation of civil society in Ukraine amidst Russian military\u0000aggression. It was established that there are certain disagreements regarding the\u0000support of existing and new political parties. At the same time, a significant number\u0000of citizens has an uncertain position on the support of specific political parties or\u0000the involvement of volunteer organisations in the activities. The substantial\u0000consolidation and expansion of volunteer organisations, coupled with increased\u0000confidence in their operations, indicates the culmination of the civil nation-building\u0000process in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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