Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-39-52
M. Zhemzhurov, G. M. Zhmura, I. Rubin, N. M. Dneprovskaya, N. A. Tetereva, I. V. Rudenkov, L. F. Babichev
The results of calculation studies of the amount of solid high-level, intermediate-level, low-level, very lowlevel radioactive waste (HLW, ILW, LLW, VLLW, respectively) generated during neutron activation of structural materials adjacent to the core of the VVER-1200 reactor plant, depending on the time after the final stopping it. An assessment of the volumes of radioactive waste (RAW) of activation origin generated over 60 years of operation of a VVER-1200 type reactor was carried out on the basis of computational studies of the induced activity of structural and protective materials using reactor and Monte Carlo program codes (SERPENT 2, TVS-M, DYN3D , MCU-PD). Specific activities for each isotope, total specific activities and activities, masses and volumes of activated structural and protective reactor materials for various categories of radioactive waste were calculated after the specified period of operation of VVER-1200 and over time after the final shutdown of the reactor. The obtained dependences of changes in the masses and volumes of activated materials over time after the final shutdown of the reactor make it possible to determine these parameters of materials separately for each category of radioactive waste and in total at any point in time. Thus, the masses of activated materials related to radioactive waste will decrease by 264 tons (from 713 to 449 tons) over 200 years of aging, and the volumes will decrease by 74.3 m3 (from 169 to 94.7 m3). Forecast quantitative data on the volumes and mass of activated reactor structures, depending on the duration of their exposure after the final shutdown of the power unit, will make it possible to develop technical proposals, forecast plans and schedules for organizing a radioactive waste management system during the decommissioning of the VVER-1200 reactor plant, as well as possible technological and design solutions for the disposal system for these radioactive waste.
{"title":"Determination of volume of radioactive waste in activated VVER-1200 reactor structures","authors":"M. Zhemzhurov, G. M. Zhmura, I. Rubin, N. M. Dneprovskaya, N. A. Tetereva, I. V. Rudenkov, L. F. Babichev","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-39-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-39-52","url":null,"abstract":"The results of calculation studies of the amount of solid high-level, intermediate-level, low-level, very lowlevel radioactive waste (HLW, ILW, LLW, VLLW, respectively) generated during neutron activation of structural materials adjacent to the core of the VVER-1200 reactor plant, depending on the time after the final stopping it. An assessment of the volumes of radioactive waste (RAW) of activation origin generated over 60 years of operation of a VVER-1200 type reactor was carried out on the basis of computational studies of the induced activity of structural and protective materials using reactor and Monte Carlo program codes (SERPENT 2, TVS-M, DYN3D , MCU-PD). Specific activities for each isotope, total specific activities and activities, masses and volumes of activated structural and protective reactor materials for various categories of radioactive waste were calculated after the specified period of operation of VVER-1200 and over time after the final shutdown of the reactor. The obtained dependences of changes in the masses and volumes of activated materials over time after the final shutdown of the reactor make it possible to determine these parameters of materials separately for each category of radioactive waste and in total at any point in time. Thus, the masses of activated materials related to radioactive waste will decrease by 264 tons (from 713 to 449 tons) over 200 years of aging, and the volumes will decrease by 74.3 m3 (from 169 to 94.7 m3). Forecast quantitative data on the volumes and mass of activated reactor structures, depending on the duration of their exposure after the final shutdown of the power unit, will make it possible to develop technical proposals, forecast plans and schedules for organizing a radioactive waste management system during the decommissioning of the VVER-1200 reactor plant, as well as possible technological and design solutions for the disposal system for these radioactive waste.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140746620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-7
A. I. Serokurova, S. Sharko, N. Novitskii
In the work monolithic structures of yttrium iron garnet (YIG, Y3Fe5O12) with a thickness of about 2 μm were obtained on ferroelectric ceramic substrates based on PbZr0.45Ti0.55O3 (PZT) and Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3 (BST). The Y3Fe5O12 layer was deposited by ion beam sputtering deposition on substrates 400 μm thick by sputtering a polycrystalline Y3Fe5O12 target with with argon ions. The heterostructures were crystallized by annealing in air at a temperature of 820 °C for 5 min. The results of the characteristic X-ray radiation method showed that the elemental composition of the monolithic heterostructure corresponds to the specified one. During X-ray studies, it was found that the YIG crystallization process is completed and the resulting structure is single-phase. The results of magnetic and ferromagnetic resonance studies indicate the possibility of using the obtained heterostructures in logic circuits based on spin waves with low scattering, in memory elements, as well as in electrically controlled microwave devices.
{"title":"Microwave heterostructures in the form of submicron Y3Fe5O12 films on non-oriented ferroelectric ceramic substrates: synthesis, properties, and prospects for applications","authors":"A. I. Serokurova, S. Sharko, N. Novitskii","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-7","url":null,"abstract":"In the work monolithic structures of yttrium iron garnet (YIG, Y3Fe5O12) with a thickness of about 2 μm were obtained on ferroelectric ceramic substrates based on PbZr0.45Ti0.55O3 (PZT) and Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3 (BST). The Y3Fe5O12 layer was deposited by ion beam sputtering deposition on substrates 400 μm thick by sputtering a polycrystalline Y3Fe5O12 target with with argon ions. The heterostructures were crystallized by annealing in air at a temperature of 820 °C for 5 min. The results of the characteristic X-ray radiation method showed that the elemental composition of the monolithic heterostructure corresponds to the specified one. During X-ray studies, it was found that the YIG crystallization process is completed and the resulting structure is single-phase. The results of magnetic and ferromagnetic resonance studies indicate the possibility of using the obtained heterostructures in logic circuits based on spin waves with low scattering, in memory elements, as well as in electrically controlled microwave devices.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140749050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-
A. Naumov, P. A. Khmarskiy, N. I. Byshnev, M. A. Piatrouski
We present the results of experimental studies of electron content in the ionosphere over the territory of the Republic of Belarus based on data from global navigation satellite systems. The results of measurements of the precise positioning system of the Republic of Belarus and navigation data of GPS satellites in RINEX format were used as input data. Expressions for calculation of the total electron content using the two-frequency method and a combination of measurements by phase and code delays are given. Algorithms for eliminating cycle slip and determining differential code biases are used. Examples of calculating the vertical electron content over the Republic of Belarus at different moments of time are demonstrated. The obtained results are reasonable to use in monitoring of the ionosphere in order to provide reliable operation of radio systems, detection of ionospheric anomalies of natural and artificial origin, as well as forecasting of natural phenomena on their basis.
{"title":"Determination of total electron content in the ionosphere over the territory of the Republic of Belarus based on global navigation satellite systems data","authors":"A. Naumov, P. A. Khmarskiy, N. I. Byshnev, M. A. Piatrouski","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of experimental studies of electron content in the ionosphere over the territory of the Republic of Belarus based on data from global navigation satellite systems. The results of measurements of the precise positioning system of the Republic of Belarus and navigation data of GPS satellites in RINEX format were used as input data. Expressions for calculation of the total electron content using the two-frequency method and a combination of measurements by phase and code delays are given. Algorithms for eliminating cycle slip and determining differential code biases are used. Examples of calculating the vertical electron content over the Republic of Belarus at different moments of time are demonstrated. The obtained results are reasonable to use in monitoring of the ionosphere in order to provide reliable operation of radio systems, detection of ionospheric anomalies of natural and artificial origin, as well as forecasting of natural phenomena on their basis.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140749820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-17-27
O. Boiprav, E. S. Belousova, N. V. Bogush, S. Savanovich, M. M. Kasperovich, A. Gusinsky, I. A. Zakharov
A new technology for manufacturing microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbers characterized by a geometrically inhomogeneous surface is presented. The novelty of the presented technology lies in the use of radiotransparent polymer forms with hemispherical depressions of the same volume, which are the component for the formation of the surface layer of absorbers. The technology consists in filling these molds with a mixture of powdered activated (birch) charcoal and the binder in the liquid phase and further drying it in the forms. Compared with analogues, the developed technology is characterized by low complexity of reproduction. Most of the time required to implement the presented technology is associated with the drying process of a mixture of powdered activated birch charcoal and a binder. The experimentally established patterns of changes in the values of electromagnetic radiation reflection and absorption coefficients in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of the absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology are provided, depending on the type of binder contained in them (polyvinyl acetate aqueous solution, gypsum aqueous solution, polyurethane mastic). It was determined that the most effective of the EMR absorbers studied in the course of establishing the indicated patterns are those ones that contain an aqueous solution of polyvinyl acetate. Electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient values in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of such absorbers vary from 0.75 to 0.99. In addition, the mass per unit area of such absorbers is 1.5–2.0 times less than the mass per unit area of absorbers containing an gypsum aqueous solution or polyurethane mastic. Microwave EMR absorbers manufactured using the presented technology are characterized by higher mechanical strength, as well as lower cost compared to analogues and are recommended for use in the creation of anechoic chambers.
{"title":"Charcoal-containing microwave electromagnetic radiation absorbers with relief surface","authors":"O. Boiprav, E. S. Belousova, N. V. Bogush, S. Savanovich, M. M. Kasperovich, A. Gusinsky, I. A. Zakharov","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-17-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-1-17-27","url":null,"abstract":"A new technology for manufacturing microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbers characterized by a geometrically inhomogeneous surface is presented. The novelty of the presented technology lies in the use of radiotransparent polymer forms with hemispherical depressions of the same volume, which are the component for the formation of the surface layer of absorbers. The technology consists in filling these molds with a mixture of powdered activated (birch) charcoal and the binder in the liquid phase and further drying it in the forms. Compared with analogues, the developed technology is characterized by low complexity of reproduction. Most of the time required to implement the presented technology is associated with the drying process of a mixture of powdered activated birch charcoal and a binder. The experimentally established patterns of changes in the values of electromagnetic radiation reflection and absorption coefficients in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of the absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology are provided, depending on the type of binder contained in them (polyvinyl acetate aqueous solution, gypsum aqueous solution, polyurethane mastic). It was determined that the most effective of the EMR absorbers studied in the course of establishing the indicated patterns are those ones that contain an aqueous solution of polyvinyl acetate. Electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient values in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of such absorbers vary from 0.75 to 0.99. In addition, the mass per unit area of such absorbers is 1.5–2.0 times less than the mass per unit area of absorbers containing an gypsum aqueous solution or polyurethane mastic. Microwave EMR absorbers manufactured using the presented technology are characterized by higher mechanical strength, as well as lower cost compared to analogues and are recommended for use in the creation of anechoic chambers.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-280-292
D. V. Solovei, P. Grinchuk, M. Kiyashko, A. V. Akulich
The results of studies on the production of a porous ceramic-matrix composite material C–N/SiC from silicon carbide and nitrogen-doped nanostructured carbon for subsequent use as supercapacitor electrodes are presented. The material is formed by pressing silicon carbide micropowder (1 µm) and impregnating with a solution of carbamide (nitrogen source) in phenol-formaldehyde varnish (carbon source), curing and pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The maximum concentration of carbamide was obtained in the solution (16 wt.%) at 50 ºС with a viscosity of 134.3 mPa⋅s. Thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen of the cured solution revealed multistage decomposition with a residual mass of C–N of 48 % at 1000 ºС. Studies of the elemental composition showed a nitrogen content of 1.4 wt.% in C–N/SiC composite (up to 7 % of C–N active mass). In the composite structure, the C–N carbon-nitrogen layer (up to 12 wt.%) distributed inside the matrix pores and covering the SiC grains is X-ray amorphous has a complex nanoscale relief with an average pore size of 1.0–1.5 nm. According to electrochemical studies, the specific capacitance of the C–N/SiC material and the C–N active layer is 16.84 and 153.2 F/g respectively, and the equivalent resistance of the test supercapacitor cell with C–N/SiC electrodes is 0.567 Ohm for samples with maximum doping. The electrodes operate according to the sorption-desorption mechanism of charge accumulation and release, which is typical for a classic supercapacitor based on a double electric layer without the presence of redox reactions on the electrodes. The influence of technological regimes of pyrolysis on the electrophysical parameters of the cell is revealed: lower values of the pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen pressure in the chamber lead to an increase of the material specific capacitance and reduction of the cell equivalent resistance. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of utilizing C–N/SiC material for the manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes.
{"title":"Ceramic matrix composite based on silicon carbide and nanostructured nitrogen-doped carbon for supercapacitor electrodes","authors":"D. V. Solovei, P. Grinchuk, M. Kiyashko, A. V. Akulich","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-280-292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-280-292","url":null,"abstract":"The results of studies on the production of a porous ceramic-matrix composite material C–N/SiC from silicon carbide and nitrogen-doped nanostructured carbon for subsequent use as supercapacitor electrodes are presented. The material is formed by pressing silicon carbide micropowder (1 µm) and impregnating with a solution of carbamide (nitrogen source) in phenol-formaldehyde varnish (carbon source), curing and pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The maximum concentration of carbamide was obtained in the solution (16 wt.%) at 50 ºС with a viscosity of 134.3 mPa⋅s. Thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen of the cured solution revealed multistage decomposition with a residual mass of C–N of 48 % at 1000 ºС. Studies of the elemental composition showed a nitrogen content of 1.4 wt.% in C–N/SiC composite (up to 7 % of C–N active mass). In the composite structure, the C–N carbon-nitrogen layer (up to 12 wt.%) distributed inside the matrix pores and covering the SiC grains is X-ray amorphous has a complex nanoscale relief with an average pore size of 1.0–1.5 nm. According to electrochemical studies, the specific capacitance of the C–N/SiC material and the C–N active layer is 16.84 and 153.2 F/g respectively, and the equivalent resistance of the test supercapacitor cell with C–N/SiC electrodes is 0.567 Ohm for samples with maximum doping. The electrodes operate according to the sorption-desorption mechanism of charge accumulation and release, which is typical for a classic supercapacitor based on a double electric layer without the presence of redox reactions on the electrodes. The influence of technological regimes of pyrolysis on the electrophysical parameters of the cell is revealed: lower values of the pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen pressure in the chamber lead to an increase of the material specific capacitance and reduction of the cell equivalent resistance. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of utilizing C–N/SiC material for the manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140512538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-318-330
A. V. Verameichyk, B. G. Kholodar
Using the method of applying instantaneous point sources, a solution was obtained to the problem of heat conduction during surface heating of a body in the form of a half-space by a uniformly distributed highly concentrated heat flux moving at a constant speed along a rectilinear trajectory with a different shape of the heating spot at constant thermophysical characteristics of the material. The effect of temperature loading modes and the shape of the heating spot on thermal processes in the heat-affected zone is studied. The surfaces and lines of the temperature level are constructed for different moments of time and speed loading modes in different planes of the heating zone. Time dependences of temperatures, heating and cooling rates for body points are given. The shortcomings of the methods used for linear thermal conductivity, the lack of direct consideration in the design scheme of the surface melt zone of the material do not allow one to reliably assess the effect of heat treatment modes on changes in material properties, focusing only on the level of the maximum design temperature. In this regard, the structure formation of metal in the zone of thermal action is proposed to be associated with a thermal impulse, i.e. the total thermal energy perceived by the material at a given point of the body, as well as with the effective structurization impulse introduced into consideration, which characterizes the energy spent on the process of structural transformations of the material, and the structurization time at a point and some volume of the body. The dependencies of these values on the speed of movement and the shape of the heating spot are presented. The considered approaches can be applied to various metals and alloys. The research results can be used to develop more effective methods for determining the optimal modes of surface hardening of metal products with a high-energy source.
{"title":"Simulation of thermal processes in a half-space under heating by a moving source with a uniformly distributed heat flow","authors":"A. V. Verameichyk, B. G. Kholodar","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-318-330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-318-330","url":null,"abstract":"Using the method of applying instantaneous point sources, a solution was obtained to the problem of heat conduction during surface heating of a body in the form of a half-space by a uniformly distributed highly concentrated heat flux moving at a constant speed along a rectilinear trajectory with a different shape of the heating spot at constant thermophysical characteristics of the material. The effect of temperature loading modes and the shape of the heating spot on thermal processes in the heat-affected zone is studied. The surfaces and lines of the temperature level are constructed for different moments of time and speed loading modes in different planes of the heating zone. Time dependences of temperatures, heating and cooling rates for body points are given. The shortcomings of the methods used for linear thermal conductivity, the lack of direct consideration in the design scheme of the surface melt zone of the material do not allow one to reliably assess the effect of heat treatment modes on changes in material properties, focusing only on the level of the maximum design temperature. In this regard, the structure formation of metal in the zone of thermal action is proposed to be associated with a thermal impulse, i.e. the total thermal energy perceived by the material at a given point of the body, as well as with the effective structurization impulse introduced into consideration, which characterizes the energy spent on the process of structural transformations of the material, and the structurization time at a point and some volume of the body. The dependencies of these values on the speed of movement and the shape of the heating spot are presented. The considered approaches can be applied to various metals and alloys. The research results can be used to develop more effective methods for determining the optimal modes of surface hardening of metal products with a high-energy source.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140512409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-271-279
V. Lapitskaya, T. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik, A. Rogachev
The results of a study of the structure and physical and mechanical properties of diamond-like coatings (DLC) on sublayers of different hardness are presented. The coatings have high hardness, but at the same time they are prone to delamination and destruction due to high residual internal stresses. The fracture toughness was determined by the nanoindentation method and the energy calculation method using approach-retraction curves. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the surface structure and deformation region after nanoindentation. A change in the surface structure and roughness of DLC was established depending on the sublayer. Low roughness is characteristic of DLC on a copper sublayer. Applying а titanium sublayer leads to an increase in the elastic modulus of the DLC. The microhardness of both coatings is practically the same. AFM studies have shown two different types of DLC deformation after nanoindentation with a Berkovich pyramid. A crack on coatings with a copper sublayer propagates around the indentation print, and on an DLC with a titanium sublayer, it propagates along the edges of the indentation. It was found that the fracture toughness of DLC on a Ti sublayer is 33 % lower compared to DLC on a Cu sublayer due to a decrease in stress relaxation inside the coating. The considered coatings can be used in microelectronics for protection against mechanical damage on contacting and rubbing surfaces.
{"title":"Determination of fracture toughness of the thin diamond-like coatings by nanoindentation","authors":"V. Lapitskaya, T. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik, A. Rogachev","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-271-279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-271-279","url":null,"abstract":"The results of a study of the structure and physical and mechanical properties of diamond-like coatings (DLC) on sublayers of different hardness are presented. The coatings have high hardness, but at the same time they are prone to delamination and destruction due to high residual internal stresses. The fracture toughness was determined by the nanoindentation method and the energy calculation method using approach-retraction curves. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the surface structure and deformation region after nanoindentation. A change in the surface structure and roughness of DLC was established depending on the sublayer. Low roughness is characteristic of DLC on a copper sublayer. Applying а titanium sublayer leads to an increase in the elastic modulus of the DLC. The microhardness of both coatings is practically the same. AFM studies have shown two different types of DLC deformation after nanoindentation with a Berkovich pyramid. A crack on coatings with a copper sublayer propagates around the indentation print, and on an DLC with a titanium sublayer, it propagates along the edges of the indentation. It was found that the fracture toughness of DLC on a Ti sublayer is 33 % lower compared to DLC on a Cu sublayer due to a decrease in stress relaxation inside the coating. The considered coatings can be used in microelectronics for protection against mechanical damage on contacting and rubbing surfaces.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140512496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-293-302
O. M. Volchek, V. Y. Prushak
The assessment of existing technological solutions in the field of preparation of feedstock for potassium chloride granulation plants of silvinite processing plants of JSC “Belaruskali”, compliance of these solutions with the developed theoretical concepts and recommendations was carried out. It has been established that in the granulation departments of factories with the flotation method of enrichment at the stage of homogenization of the charge by granulation composition and humidity, and the improvement of its crystal structure, the process of particle agglomeration is not efficient enough due to the technical imperfection of the used agglomerators. At the same time, there is a significant overspending of the structure-forming reagent compared to the amount calculated in accordance with the stoichiometry of calcium and magnesium ions, which leads to excessive contamination of the finished product with sodium carbonate. To eliminate the identified drawback, it is proposed to use as an agglomeration device a turbo-blade agglomerator mixer of the TLA-080 brand manufactured by the JSC “Soligorsk Institute of Resources Saving Problems with Pilot Production”, specially designed for agglomeration of potassium chloride. It has been established that an increase in the physico-mechanical and physico-chemical characteristics of granulated potassium chloride of a processing plant with a halurgic enrichment method can be achieved by introducing the developed technology of structural agglomeration of the charge entering the granulation plants in turbo-bladе agglomeration mixers of the TLA-080 brand without the use of structure-forming reagents.
{"title":"Preparation of feedstock for potassium chloride granulation plants","authors":"O. M. Volchek, V. Y. Prushak","doi":"10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-293-302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-293-302","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of existing technological solutions in the field of preparation of feedstock for potassium chloride granulation plants of silvinite processing plants of JSC “Belaruskali”, compliance of these solutions with the developed theoretical concepts and recommendations was carried out. It has been established that in the granulation departments of factories with the flotation method of enrichment at the stage of homogenization of the charge by granulation composition and humidity, and the improvement of its crystal structure, the process of particle agglomeration is not efficient enough due to the technical imperfection of the used agglomerators. At the same time, there is a significant overspending of the structure-forming reagent compared to the amount calculated in accordance with the stoichiometry of calcium and magnesium ions, which leads to excessive contamination of the finished product with sodium carbonate. To eliminate the identified drawback, it is proposed to use as an agglomeration device a turbo-blade agglomerator mixer of the TLA-080 brand manufactured by the JSC “Soligorsk Institute of Resources Saving Problems with Pilot Production”, specially designed for agglomeration of potassium chloride. It has been established that an increase in the physico-mechanical and physico-chemical characteristics of granulated potassium chloride of a processing plant with a halurgic enrichment method can be achieved by introducing the developed technology of structural agglomeration of the charge entering the granulation plants in turbo-bladе agglomeration mixers of the TLA-080 brand without the use of structure-forming reagents.","PeriodicalId":516810,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140512515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-303-317
A. P. Akhramovich, I. Voitov, V. Kolos
The factors that have led to the creation of the scientific direction “hydraulics of variable mass” to study the fluid movement laws in channels with permeable walls are indicated. The results of applying of the dynamics of a variable mass point for describing the flow in such pipelines are presented. It is noted unjustifiability of the second Newton’s law generalization to the case of motion of a variable mass point for hydrodynamics problems. The functionality of one-dimensional and multidimensional models of fluid motion in permeable channels based on the classical equations of fluid and gas mechanics is characterized. It is substantiated the dominance of one-dimensional models in engineering computational practice, and a number of contradictions in the description of fluid dynamics are shown (with the flow visualization). On the base of the new kinematic image (instead of the generally accepted “solid jet”, when fluid particles are separated or joined), it has been obtained a one-dimensional equation of fluid motion in a permeable channel in which the friction coefficient is an indicator of the relative magnitude of the energy dissipation of the flow. The dependence of the Coriolis coefficient on the flow regime is constructed. The structure of the friction drag coefficient of a permeable channel has been studied using the vector dimension of length. It is shown that the dissipation of the flow energy in a permeable channel is higher both during outflow and inflow of liquid than in channels with solid walls at the same flow rates. The results are in demand in the development of chemical technology devices, nuclear reactors with microfuel elements, filters and heat exchangers containing channels with permeable walls.
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Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.29235/1561-8358-2023-68-4-344-352
I. Gulakov, A. Zenevich, O. Kochergina
The influence of supply voltage on the photosignal value and signal-to-noise ratio has been studied while changing the incidence angle of optical radiation on the photosensitive surface of Ketek PM 3325, ON Semi FC 30035, and KOF5-1035 silicon photomultipliers. A scheme of the installation and a research technique are given. An installation scheme and a research technique have been given.The magnitude of the photosignal of the studied photodetectors was measured as a function of the magnitude of the overvoltage, and the signal-to-noise ratios were determined. The photosignal values of the studied photodetectors have been conducted as a function of overvoltage value, and the signal-to-noise ratios have been determined.It has been established that a flat vision angle of silicon photomultipliers depends on the photodetector supply voltage. Diagrams of changing the photosignal values from the incidence angles of optical radiation on the photosensitive surface of photodetectors have been given.It has been found that at supply voltages exceeding the breakdown voltage by no more than 1 V, the maximum deviation of the incidence angle of optical radiation on the photosensitive surface of silicon photomultipliers within a flat vision angle leads to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio to at least 60 % of the maximum value for KOF5-1035 and not more thant 80 % for Ketek PM 3325 and ON Semi FC 30035.The dependences of the signal-to-noise ratio on incidence angle of optical radiation on a photosensitive surface for various overvoltages have been given. The results of this article can be applied in the development and design of instruments and devices for detecting optical radiation based on silicon photomultipliers.
在改变 Ketek PM 3325、ON Semi FC 30035 和 KOF5-1035 硅光电倍增管光敏表面的入射角时，研究了电源电压对光信号值和信噪比的影响。文中给出了安装方案和研究技术。给出了安装方案和研究技术。所研究的光电探测器的光信号大小是过电压大小的函数，并确定了信噪比。已确定硅光电倍增管的平视角取决于光电倍增管的电源电压。还给出了光辐射在光电探测器光敏表面的入射角改变光信号值的示意图。研究发现，当电源电压超过击穿电压不超过 1 V 时，硅光电倍增管光敏表面上的光辐射入射角在平视角度内的最大偏差会导致信噪比下降，KOF5-1035 的信噪比至少为最大值的 60%，而 Ketek PM 3325 和 ON Semi FC 30035 的信噪比则不超过 80%。文中给出了在不同过电压下，信噪比与光辐射在光敏表面上的入射角的关系。本文的研究结果可用于开发和设计基于硅光电倍增管的光辐射检测仪器和装置。
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