The provincial gap in human capital at the time of Italy’s unification is a plausible explanation for the North–South divide of the following decades. We show that the roots of the literacy gap that existed in 1861 can be traced back to Napoleonic educational reforms enacted between 1801 and 1814. We use exogenous variation in provincial distance to Paris to quantify effects, linking the duration of Napoleonic control to human capital. If the south had experienced the same Napoleonic impact as the north, southern literacy rates would have been up to 70 percent higher than they were in 1861.
{"title":"Institutions and literacy rates: the legacy of Napoleonic reforms in Italy","authors":"M. Postigliola, M. Rota","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The provincial gap in human capital at the time of Italy’s unification is a plausible explanation for the North–South divide of the following decades. We show that the roots of the literacy gap that existed in 1861 can be traced back to Napoleonic educational reforms enacted between 1801 and 1814. We use exogenous variation in provincial distance to Paris to quantify effects, linking the duration of Napoleonic control to human capital. If the south had experienced the same Napoleonic impact as the north, southern literacy rates would have been up to 70 percent higher than they were in 1861.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46490650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between its Unifi cation and WWI, Italy’s changing export composition echoed its economic transformation. In this paper I decompose Italian export growth in its margins, and then analyse the determinants of Italian exports and product market entry (and exit). To do so, I use two different databases (aggregate and product-level bilateral trade data) and methodologies (gravity and logit models). Besides confi rming some well-known empirical and historical facts for the Italian case (gravity variables hold; trade follows a HeckscherOlhin pattern), the regression results offer a new perspective on two distinctive features of its history: trade policy and emigration. These two factors are positively associated with Italian exports and product market entry. These fi ndings also have additional implications for the role of emigration on the course of the Italian economy: accounting for the trade channel, its overall effect may be larger than previously thought.
{"title":"The drivers of Italian exports and product market entry: 1862–1913","authors":"Jacopo Timini","doi":"10.1093/EREH/HEAA019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/EREH/HEAA019","url":null,"abstract":"Between its Unifi cation and WWI, Italy’s changing export composition echoed its economic transformation. In this paper I decompose Italian export growth in its margins, and then analyse the determinants of Italian exports and product market entry (and exit). To do so, I use two different databases (aggregate and product-level bilateral trade data) and methodologies (gravity and logit models). Besides confi rming some well-known empirical and historical facts for the Italian case (gravity variables hold; trade follows a HeckscherOlhin pattern), the regression results offer a new perspective on two distinctive features of its history: trade policy and emigration. These two factors are positively associated with Italian exports and product market entry. These fi ndings also have additional implications for the role of emigration on the course of the Italian economy: accounting for the trade channel, its overall effect may be larger than previously thought.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/EREH/HEAA019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42917122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rulers of modern states consolidated control over territories that were previously complicated mosaics of private political jurisdictions. Systematic information about this process is sparse. This article analyzes village-level transition paths between jurisdictions—royal, seigneurial, and ecclesiastical—in northern Castile in the period 1352–1787. It quantifies how much power different types of lords preserved or lost to the Crown in the long run and also offers conjectural estimates showing that exposure to opportunities for trade led to more resilient and larger royal domains—at the expense of secular lords, but not of the Catholic Church.
{"title":"The consolidation of royal control: evidence from northern Castile, 1352–1787","authors":"Valentín Figueroa","doi":"10.1093/EREHJ/HEAA018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/EREHJ/HEAA018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Rulers of modern states consolidated control over territories that were previously complicated mosaics of private political jurisdictions. Systematic information about this process is sparse. This article analyzes village-level transition paths between jurisdictions—royal, seigneurial, and ecclesiastical—in northern Castile in the period 1352–1787. It quantifies how much power different types of lords preserved or lost to the Crown in the long run and also offers conjectural estimates showing that exposure to opportunities for trade led to more resilient and larger royal domains—at the expense of secular lords, but not of the Catholic Church.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/EREHJ/HEAA018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45584153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco J. Medina-Albaladejo, Dolores Añón Higón, Alfonso Díez-Minguela, José-Miguel Lana-Berasain
Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role.
{"title":"Old wine in new wineskins? Understanding the cooperative movement: Catalonia, 1860–1939","authors":"Francisco J. Medina-Albaladejo, Dolores Añón Higón, Alfonso Díez-Minguela, José-Miguel Lana-Berasain","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48556011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper revisits the macro-level relationship between human genetic variation (genetic distance and diversity) and economic development. If other continents were biogeographically more similar to Eurasia, their populations’ capacities to ward off the adverse effects of European colonization would have been much higher and, thus, their economies considerably more prosperous today. At the continental scale, genetic differences between people do not matter for comparative development.
{"title":"Animals and the prehistoric origins of economic development","authors":"Ideen A. Riahi","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper revisits the macro-level relationship between human genetic variation (genetic distance and diversity) and economic development. If other continents were biogeographically more similar to Eurasia, their populations’ capacities to ward off the adverse effects of European colonization would have been much higher and, thus, their economies considerably more prosperous today. At the continental scale, genetic differences between people do not matter for comparative development.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47041875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fuelwood was the main domestic fuel in the Mediterranean Basin during the early modern age, although the consumption level was lower than in other latitudes. The calculation of annual real prices and per capita household consumption figures in Seville from 1518 to 1775 reveals a complex evolution connected to a European-wide scenario. As expected, low levels of domestic fuelwood use were maintained in accordance with climate and heating requirements, but contrary to prior assumptions, a substantial increase is evidenced as of 1630. The growing supply of firewood from tree-crops, leading to a decrease in real prices, ran parallel to an early diet shift to pulses and the corresponding extension of cooking times.
{"title":"The domestic consumption of firewood in preindustrial Seville, 1518–1775. An intensive bias driven by the Mediterranean diet","authors":"Isabel Bartolomé Rodríguez, M. González-Mariscal","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fuelwood was the main domestic fuel in the Mediterranean Basin during the early modern age, although the consumption level was lower than in other latitudes. The calculation of annual real prices and per capita household consumption figures in Seville from 1518 to 1775 reveals a complex evolution connected to a European-wide scenario. As expected, low levels of domestic fuelwood use were maintained in accordance with climate and heating requirements, but contrary to prior assumptions, a substantial increase is evidenced as of 1630. The growing supply of firewood from tree-crops, leading to a decrease in real prices, ran parallel to an early diet shift to pulses and the corresponding extension of cooking times.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41808935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines whether the influx of Japanese establishments in colonial Korea during the 1930s suppressed the entry of Korean establishments. We construct new subsector–county-level panel data to exploit variations across counties within subsectors. We find that Korean entry rates were higher in counties with a higher presence of Japanese establishments. However, the spillover effects do vary across subsectors, and we find suggestive evidence of negative impacts of Japanese presence in subsectors with more large-scaled establishments. Taken together, Japanese establishments did seem to raise entry barriers in some subsectors but also functioned as a catalyst for Korean entry in other subsectors.
{"title":"Domestic industrialization under colonization: evidence from Korea, 1932–1940","authors":"Y. Arimoto, Changmin Lee","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines whether the influx of Japanese establishments in colonial Korea during the 1930s suppressed the entry of Korean establishments. We construct new subsector–county-level panel data to exploit variations across counties within subsectors. We find that Korean entry rates were higher in counties with a higher presence of Japanese establishments. However, the spillover effects do vary across subsectors, and we find suggestive evidence of negative impacts of Japanese presence in subsectors with more large-scaled establishments. Taken together, Japanese establishments did seem to raise entry barriers in some subsectors but also functioned as a catalyst for Korean entry in other subsectors.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42177659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum to: Without coal in the age of steam and dams in the age of electricity: an explanation for the failure of Portugal to industrialize before the Second World War","authors":"SofiaTeives Henriques, P. Sharp","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43599250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article develops theoretical and practical motivations for studying the functional distribution of income in the past. Italy is adopted as a case study, because of the availability of long-run estimates on personal inequality and of the long-lasting incidence of self-employment. New labor shares for 1895–1970 show Italian workers accruing a low share of income until 1945; by the end of the 1950s, they rapidly converged to the European average. Italian history shows that functional income distribution deepens our understanding of long- and short-run distributional trends and makes a compelling case for approaching inequality by combining diverse sources and methodologies.
{"title":"Labor shares and inequality: insights from Italian economic history, 1895–19701","authors":"Giacomo Gabbuti","doi":"10.1093/ereh/heaa010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article develops theoretical and practical motivations for studying the functional distribution of income in the past. Italy is adopted as a case study, because of the availability of long-run estimates on personal inequality and of the long-lasting incidence of self-employment. New labor shares for 1895–1970 show Italian workers accruing a low share of income until 1945; by the end of the 1950s, they rapidly converged to the European average. Italian history shows that functional income distribution deepens our understanding of long- and short-run distributional trends and makes a compelling case for approaching inequality by combining diverse sources and methodologies.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/heaa010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49052029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel information on land rent is used to estimate the income side of German net national product (NNP) in 1851–1913 without recourse to output side aggregates. The new series shows higher values during the initial part of the period of observation, which narrows the wedge that opens up between existing estimates of NNP before the 1880s. The results support a modified Crafts–Harley view of the first phase of German industrialization: despite rapid catch-up growth of industrial leading sectors from the 1840s to the 1870s, the pace of aggregate growth accelerated only gradually. The initially small size of the modern sector and the simultaneity of the first phase of industrialization and the first wave of globalization account for this paradox. The labor share remained largely constant; the decline of the land share in NNP was compensated by a rise of the capital share.
{"title":"The Crafts–Harley view of German industrialization: an independent estimate of the income side of net national product, 1851–1913","authors":"U. Pfister","doi":"10.1093/ereh/hez009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Novel information on land rent is used to estimate the income side of German net national product (NNP) in 1851–1913 without recourse to output side aggregates. The new series shows higher values during the initial part of the period of observation, which narrows the wedge that opens up between existing estimates of NNP before the 1880s. The results support a modified Crafts–Harley view of the first phase of German industrialization: despite rapid catch-up growth of industrial leading sectors from the 1840s to the 1870s, the pace of aggregate growth accelerated only gradually. The initially small size of the modern sector and the simultaneity of the first phase of industrialization and the first wave of globalization account for this paradox. The labor share remained largely constant; the decline of the land share in NNP was compensated by a rise of the capital share.","PeriodicalId":51703,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Economic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ereh/hez009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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