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Editorial: Special Issue Sport, Ethics and Philosophy: ‘Sport and Psychoanalysis’ 社论:体育、伦理与哲学》特刊:"体育与精神分析
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2295776
Sandra Meeuwsen
Published in Sport, Ethics and Philosophy (Ahead of Print, 2023)
发表于《体育、伦理与哲学》(2023 年提前出版)
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引用次数: 0
Human Rights and Inclusion Policies for Transgender Women in Elite Sport: The Case of Australia ‘Rules’ Football (AFL) 精英体育运动中变性女性的人权与包容政策:澳大利亚 "规则 "足球(AFL)案例
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2275585
Catherine Ordway, Matt Nichol, Damien Parry, Joanna Wall Tweedie
The discourse inside and outside of sport in Australia and abroad on the participation of transgender women in female sport focuses on the principles of fairness, equity and the safety of competito...
澳大利亚国内外体育界内外关于变性女性参与女性体育运动的讨论主要集中在公平、公正和竞技安全等原则上。
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引用次数: 0
Book Symposium on Return of the Grasshopper: Games, Leisure and the Good Life in the Third Millennium “蚱蜢的回归:第三个千年的游戏、休闲和美好生活”图书研讨会
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2277280
Francisco Javier López Frías, Christopher C. Yorke
Bernard Suits’ groundbreaking work, The Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia, has profoundly shaped the philosophy of sport. Its sequel, Return of the Grasshopper: Games, Leisure, and the Good Life...
Bernard Suits的开创性著作《Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia》深刻地塑造了体育哲学。它的续作《蚱蜢的回归:游戏、休闲和美好生活》……
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引用次数: 0
Sport Structured Brain Trauma is Child Abuse 体育结构性脑创伤是儿童虐待
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2284923
Eric Anderson, Gary Turner, Jack Hardwicke, Keith D. Parry
This article first summarizes research regarding the relationship between sports that intentionally structure multiple types of brain trauma into their practice, such as rugby and boxing, and the r...
这篇文章首先总结了关于故意将多种类型的脑损伤结构到他们的练习中的运动之间的关系的研究,如橄榄球和拳击。
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引用次数: 0
Destiny of Drives and the Triangular Method: Starting Points for a Psychoanalytic Philosophy of Sport 驱力的命运与三角方法:体育精神分析哲学的起点
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2281531
Odilon José Roble
This text argues that psychoanalytic philosophy is a valuable tool for the Philosophy of Sport. To situate it within the philosophical tradition, I place Freud’s ideas as an heir to the Philosophy ...
本文认为精神分析哲学是体育哲学的宝贵工具。为了将其置于哲学传统之中,我将弗洛伊德的思想视为哲学的继承人……
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引用次数: 0
Anti-Doping Policy, Health, and Harm 反兴奋剂政策、健康和危害
IF 1.3 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2286284
Jo Morrison
The anti-doping policies of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) aim to promote a level playing field and protect the health of the athlete. Anti-doping policy discourages research using performance...
世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)的反兴奋剂政策旨在促进公平竞争环境,保护运动员的健康。反兴奋剂政策不鼓励利用成绩进行研究……
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引用次数: 0
Scaffolding athletes’ choices and performance in risky and uncertain circumstances 脚手架运动员的选择和表现在危险和不确定的情况下
Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2280201
Thomas Schramme
In this paper, I discuss the risks of brain injuries in collision and contact sports and make a proposal to address them without limiting the autonomy of athletes. I aim to analyse the circumstances of profound uncertainty that athletes are facing in terms of the long-term impact of brain injuries. My strategy is to circumvent drastic measures in dealing with such risks, such as banning certain sports or changing their nature by introducing constitutive rule changes, and to scaffold individual autonomy instead. I will focus on two aspects. First, I address the choice whether to take up or continue to play a risky sport given the mentioned profound level of ignorance. I argue that we can scaffold autonomy to make rational choices, particularly by enabling the application of heuristics. Second, I discuss performative skills that can help to prevent brain injuries. It is important to consider collision and contact sports as instances of joint action. The performance of others is an important factor in determining the level of risk in such sports. Hence, supporting athlete’s skills to prevent collisions can reduce the risk of brain injury. I conjecture ways to scaffold players’ skills and performance with this aim in mind.
在本文中,我讨论了碰撞和接触运动中的脑损伤风险,并提出了在不限制运动员自主权的情况下解决这些风险的建议。我的目的是分析运动员在脑损伤的长期影响方面所面临的深刻不确定性的情况。我的策略是,避免在应对此类风险时采取激烈措施,比如禁止某些体育项目,或者通过引入宪法规则的改变来改变它们的性质,而是支持个人自治。我将侧重于两个方面。首先,考虑到上文提到的严重无知程度,我提出了选择是从事还是继续从事一项有风险的运动。我认为,我们可以支撑自主做出理性选择,特别是通过启发式的应用。其次,我讨论了有助于防止脑损伤的表演技巧。将碰撞和身体接触运动视为联合动作的实例是很重要的。他人的表现是决定此类运动风险水平的一个重要因素。因此,支持运动员的技能,以防止碰撞可以减少脑损伤的风险。我猜测玩家的技能和表现都是基于这一目标。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Psychoanalysis on Merleau-Ponty’s Philosophy and the Pulsional Body in the Gaming Experience 精神分析对梅洛-庞蒂哲学的影响及游戏体验中的脉动体
Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2279153
Terezinha Petrúcia da Nóbrega, Judson Cavalcante Bezerra
ABSTRACTIn this essay, we address the influence of psychoanalysis on Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of the esthesiological body. Our analyses are about the relation of senses and meanings established among the notions of game, sport and ludic, dialoguing with esthesiology and with the pulsional body, based on Freud's psychoanalytic referential, also approached by Merleau-Ponty. Our interlocutor considers that the expression of play in language seeks to situate the body, perception, and desire as primordial sources in the process of signification, presenting a different way of conceiving the problem of ambiguity of the word game, based on a lacunar, indirect, and nascent conception of language. Merleau-Ponty's philosophy beckons to an alternative and possible path in the movement of re-reading the game and the ludic, including the dialogue with Psychoanalysis concerning the relations of the pulsional body with the game and the play in shaping the feeling of existence, and broadening the horizons of the philosophy of sport.KEYWORDS: Playludiclanguagepulsionbody Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Winnicot (Citation1975) distinguishes the transitional object from the internal object in Melanie Klein because the former is not a mental concept, but a possession. ‘The transitional object is never like the internal object, under magical control nor, like the real mother, out of control’ (Winnicot Citation1975, 42).2. Reference to the internalization of object relations in the infant psyche. The good breast becomes a source of security, goodness, gratitude, while the bad breast intensifies anguish, hatred and envy. Melanie Klein in her analytical technique understands that psychic health and the ability to love and repair depend on the integration of these objects, elaborating the ambivalence between love and hate and thus allowing a decrease in anguish and an increase in frustration tolerance and the ability to love, be loved and create bonds (Cintra and Figueiredo Citation2010).
摘要本文探讨了精神分析对梅洛-庞蒂身体美学哲学的影响。我们的分析是关于在游戏、运动和娱乐的概念之间建立的感官和意义的关系,与美学和脉动的身体对话,基于弗洛伊德的精神分析指称,梅洛-庞蒂也接近了。我们的对话者认为,语言中的游戏表达寻求将身体、感知和欲望作为意义过程中的原始来源,基于一种空间的、间接的、新生的语言概念,呈现出一种不同的方式来理解文字游戏的模糊性问题。梅洛-庞蒂的哲学在重新阅读游戏和嬉笑的运动中呼唤着另一种可能的路径,包括与精神分析的对话,关于脉动的身体与游戏和游戏在塑造存在感方面的关系,拓宽了体育哲学的视野。关键词:playludiclanguagulsionbody披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。Winnicot (Citation1975)区分了Melanie Klein的过渡客体和内部客体,因为前者不是一个心理概念,而是一种占有。“过渡的客体既不像内在的客体那样受到魔法的控制,也不像真正的母亲那样失去控制”(Winnicot citation1975,42)。参照婴儿心理中客体关系的内化。好的乳房成为安全、善良和感激的源泉,而坏的乳房则加剧痛苦、仇恨和嫉妒。梅兰妮·克莱因(Melanie Klein)在她的分析技巧中了解到,心理健康以及爱和修复的能力取决于这些对象的整合,她阐述了爱与恨之间的矛盾心理,从而减少了痛苦,增加了对挫折的容忍,以及爱、被爱和创造纽带的能力(Cintra和Figueiredo Citation2010)。
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引用次数: 0
Freud’s Psychoanalysis and the Genealogy of Sport 弗洛伊德的精神分析与体育谱系
Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2279151
Jernej Pisk
ABSTRACTFreudian psychoanalysis offers us often neglected but unique and very fruitful possibilities for an original interpretation of sport. In this article we first look at some basic Freudian concepts, such as the role of sexuality, the unconscious and dreams. In doing so, it becomes clear that sport can and should be interpreted in a similar way to Freud’s interpretation of dreams. Just as dreams need to be decoded and interpreted, sport needs to be decoded and interpreted in order to understand it. On this basis, we then build a system for understanding sport that also incorporates the other important concepts of Freud’s psychoanalysis. The concepts of repression, symptom formation and the role of symbols prove to be particularly relevant for understanding sport. Decoding symbols in sport (e.g. scoring a goal) shows us that sport is a derivative of the libido and has an unconscious sexual structure. Unveiling the hidden unconscious sexuality of sport shows us that (male) sport was created for the sake of women, so that men (as winners) could gain a privileged status in female desire. Sport turns out to be a symbolic substitute for the satisfaction of human sexual needs. However, to better understand the competitive nature of sport, one must include the Oedipus and castration complex. It is castration anxiety that drives sporting competition. Victory is symbolically linked to the castration of the opponent. Next we turn to Freud’s concept of transference. It helps us to understand the complexity of the relationship between the athlete and the coach. This has a strong influence on athletic success. When things do not go as planned for an athlete and unexpected injuries occur, Freud’s concept of ‘advantage through illness’ can help us understand the athlete’s ‘escape into injury’.KEYWORDS: Sportdreamssymbolspleasuretransference AcknowledgmentsI am grateful to Sandra Meeuwsen for her encouragement to participate and for her comments on early versions of the paper. I am also deeply indebted to Roman Vodeb for his help and suggestions. Finally, I am very grateful to the reviewers for their careful reading, as their comments helped me a lot to improve the paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Our second reference is the Slovenian philosopher and psychoanalyst Roman Vodeb and his psychoanalytic interpretation of sport. Vodeb is known for trying to follow the original Freud faithfully, so he is often considered a radical thinker (Kreft Citation2015, 222).2. The link between sexual repression and the rise of sport was recognised as early as the mid-nineteenth century in Victorian England. Organised sport (especially football) went hand in hand with the repression of sexuality, which had an important educational moment (Winner Citation2013, 9). Similarly, Collins wrote in his book How Football Began (Collins Citation2019, 18): ‘Healthy minds were those seen as free of sin and moral weakness, a
佛洛伊德精神分析为我们提供了一种经常被忽视但独特而富有成效的对体育的原创性解释的可能性。在这篇文章中,我们首先看一些基本的弗洛伊德的概念,如性的作用,无意识和梦。在这样做的过程中,很明显,体育可以而且应该用弗洛伊德对梦的解释类似的方式来解释。就像梦需要解码和解释一样,体育运动也需要解码和解释才能理解它。在此基础上,我们建立了一个理解体育的系统,该系统还结合了弗洛伊德精神分析的其他重要概念。压抑、症状形成和符号作用的概念被证明与理解体育特别相关。解码运动中的符号(例如进球)向我们表明,运动是性欲的衍生物,具有无意识的性结构。揭示体育运动中隐藏的无意识性向我们展示了(男性)体育是为了女性而创造的,这样男性(作为胜利者)就可以在女性欲望中获得特权地位。事实证明,体育是满足人类性需求的象征性替代品。然而,为了更好地理解体育的竞争本质,我们必须包括俄狄浦斯和阉割情结。正是阉割焦虑驱使着体育竞赛。胜利象征着对对手的阉割。接下来我们转向弗洛伊德的移情概念。这有助于我们理解运动员和教练之间关系的复杂性。这对运动员的成功有很大的影响。当事情没有按照运动员的计划进行,意外受伤发生时,弗洛伊德的“通过疾病获得优势”的概念可以帮助我们理解运动员“逃避受伤”的原因。感谢Sandra Meeuwsen鼓励我参与并对论文早期版本提出的意见。我也非常感谢Roman Vodeb的帮助和建议。最后,我非常感谢审稿人的认真阅读,他们的意见对我的论文有很大的帮助。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。我们的第二个参考文献是斯洛文尼亚哲学家和精神分析学家罗曼·沃德布和他对体育的精神分析解释。Vodeb以忠实地遵循弗洛伊德的原型而闻名,所以他经常被认为是一个激进的思想家(Kreft Citation2015, 222)。早在19世纪中期维多利亚时代的英国,人们就认识到了性压抑与体育运动兴起之间的联系。有组织的体育运动(尤其是足球)与性压抑密切相关,这有一个重要的教育时刻(Winner Citation2013, 9)。同样,柯林斯在他的书《足球是如何开始的》(Collins Citation2019, 18)中写道:“健康的思想是那些被视为没有罪恶和道德弱点的人,而充满活力的足球被宣传为一种可靠的解药,可以解决维多利亚时代公立学校的巨大三角恐惧:手淫、柔弱和同性恋。”弗洛伊德慢慢地接受了一种完全独立于性的本能(Storr Citation1989, 65)。除了爱欲或性本能之外,还有死亡本能或死亡本能,一种“重建被生命出现所干扰的事物状态”的自然欲望(弗洛伊德引文1923,25;弗洛伊德引文(1920b)。在本文中,我们将重点讨论性本能。关于thanatos在体育运动中的可能含义,见Meeuwsen (Citation2020, 122-129)。值得注意的是,体育运动从一开始就是人类的一种(体育)文化活动。早在1926年,弗洛伊德的学生Helene Deutsch就把体育理解为人类的一种安全阀(Deutsch citation1992.152)。弗洛伊德自己也认识到,“看似偶然的、没有任何目的的小动作——玩耍或摆弄东西的习惯,等等——[被]揭示出来……作为“症状性行为”,与隐藏的意义联系在一起,并试图给予它不引人注意的表达”(Freud Citation1906, 105)。在他对足球的精神分析解释中,Oakley (Citation2007)也将运动与梦想联系起来,但以某种不同的方式。精神分析和足球是一个梦的空间。足球是梦想的生活,是现代罗马斗兽场,角斗士在其中撕碎对手。足球和分析一样,是一种通过困难的情绪和冲动来实现梦想、表达和思考的能力。在精神分析学中,超我是一种能力,它试图控制它认为不可接受的欲望;它代表了所有的道德约束”(Felluga Citation2015, 301-302)。 “超我保留了父亲的性格,而俄狄浦斯情结越强烈,它屈服于压抑的速度越快(在纪律、宗教教义、学校教育和阅读的影响下),后来超我对自我的统治就越严格——以良心的形式,或者可能是一种无意识的内疚感”(弗洛伊德引文1923,34)。从历史上看,体育最初是一项男性活动——男性出于自己的欲望发明了体育运动。在古希腊就已经有一些女子比赛了。然而,他们并没有在更广泛意义上的体育发展中发挥重要作用。然而,正如我们将在下面展示的,弗洛伊德的精神分析也可以解释当代女性的运动,这在许多方面不同于男性的运动。因此,比赛前的性行为会对运动员在比赛中的表现产生负面影响。一名运动员如果在比赛前一晚“赢了”,即在性方面征服了一名女性,就不需要在比赛中进一步证明自己。性欲的能量和攻击性也因此减少。另一方面,性节制或性隔离本质上增加了欲望和兴奋,这与游戏中增加的乐趣有关,但也会增加与对手战斗时的攻击性,从而提高表现。在这方面,我们可以说有更接近女性天性的运动。这些都是审美和优雅的运动,如艺术体操、花样滑冰、舞蹈等。根据弗洛伊德的说法,索福克勒斯的戏剧《俄狄浦斯王》说明了每个人性心理发展的形成阶段。在这个阶段,这个孩子,这个男孩,把他的性欲指向他的母亲,相应地对他的父亲产生一种嫉妒的仇恨,同时又倾向于认同他。作为对这种倾向的回应,孩子产生了阉割焦虑,一种失去阴茎作为对他父亲的攻击倾向的惩罚的幻想。根据弗洛伊德的理论,这种恐惧驱使性欲进一步发展:男孩对父亲的攻击倾向转化为对父母权威的接受;俄狄浦斯情结的性欲丧失了许多性特征,被“升华”,转化为温柔的感情。实际上,超我的出现代表了父亲和他的禁令的内化,因此表现为良心和内疚。对体育伦理的精神分析解释是建立在超我的基础之上的。在古典希腊戏剧中,伊莱克特拉让她的哥哥俄瑞斯忒斯让儿子谋杀了他们的母亲克吕泰涅斯特拉,克吕泰涅斯特拉谋杀了她的丈夫和他们的父亲阿伽门农国王。精神分析中的移情意味着病人将他过去的性心理冲突(导致症状的冲突)转移到分析师和病人(被分析者)之间的关系上。移情的本质是“将情感转移到医生身上”(Freud Citation1920a, 382)。例如,仍在努力克服俄狄浦斯情结的人可能会将他或她对父亲的感情(如仇恨)转移到被分析者身上,从而在谈话治疗中表现出来。一旦早期的冲突以这种方式表现出来,分析师就努力使患者意识到他正在将自己的感受传递给分析师(试图使患者意识到之前在无意识中被压抑的东西);精神分析师还试图引导病人找到一种替代的、更健康的方法来解决最初的冲突,从而消除症状。斯洛文尼亚有两个非常著名的例子:最好的高山滑雪运动员蒂娜·梅兹坠入爱河并嫁给了她的教练安德里亚·马西。此外,最好的越野滑雪运动员佩特拉·马吉迪涅也坠入爱河,并嫁给了她的教练伊万·胡达尼科。有关许多其他案例,请参阅Wertheim (Citation2001)。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Special Issue of SEP: Sport and Species SEP特刊导言:运动与物种
Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2023.2272443
S.P. Morris, Gabriela Tymowski-Gionet
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引用次数: 0
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Sport Ethics and Philosophy
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