Yasaman Madanikia, K. Bartholomew, Joshua Benjamin Cytrynbaum
Although masturbation is one of the most common sexual behaviours, ambivalent cultural attitudes toward this behaviour persist. We examined how masturbation is portrayed in popular North American movies as a means of documenting current social norms regarding masturbation. The sample consisted of 44 movies from 2005 to 2010 in which a target character was shown masturbating. Coders assessed several aspects of these portrayals, including the positivity of the scene, initiating factors (e.g., watching pornography, boredom), and the outcome of the masturbation (e.g., interruption, sexual relief). As well, we explored potential gender differences in these portrayals. Masturbation was generally shown in a somewhat negative light, especially when engaged in by male characters. It was portrayed as a substitute for preferred partnered sex and as often leading to negative outcomes such as being caught or interrupted. The results suggest that movie portrayals of masturbation may reinforce misconceptions about masturbation and its outcomes.
{"title":"Depiction of masturbation in North American movies","authors":"Yasaman Madanikia, K. Bartholomew, Joshua Benjamin Cytrynbaum","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2013.2052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2052","url":null,"abstract":"Although masturbation is one of the most common sexual behaviours, ambivalent cultural attitudes toward this behaviour persist. We examined how masturbation is portrayed in popular North American movies as a means of documenting current social norms regarding masturbation. The sample consisted of 44 movies from 2005 to 2010 in which a target character was shown masturbating. Coders assessed several aspects of these portrayals, including the positivity of the scene, initiating factors (e.g., watching pornography, boredom), and the outcome of the masturbation (e.g., interruption, sexual relief). As well, we explored potential gender differences in these portrayals. Masturbation was generally shown in a somewhat negative light, especially when engaged in by male characters. It was portrayed as a substitute for preferred partnered sex and as often leading to negative outcomes such as being caught or interrupted. The results suggest that movie portrayals of masturbation may reinforce misconceptions about masturbation and its outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This commentary provides selected observations drawn from 30 years of experience teaching university sexology courses and as a sex therapist. Over the past three decades, there have been social changes in our perceptions of sexuality, even if on the personal level, little has shifted. The changes include the dramatic impact of the Internet in shaping sexual knowledge and defining restrictive norms as well as the increasing use of drugs that affect sexuality. Evolving attitudes towards sexual assault and LGBTQ issues are among the most significant of these changes. It is noteworthy that the field of sexology is thriving in Canada.
{"title":"Three decades of sex: Reflections on sexuality and sexology","authors":"Peggy J. Kleinplatz","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.937","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary provides selected observations drawn from 30 years of experience teaching university sexology courses and as a sex therapist. Over the past three decades, there have been social changes in our perceptions of sexuality, even if on the personal level, little has shifted. The changes include the dramatic impact of the Internet in shaping sexual knowledge and defining restrictive norms as well as the increasing use of drugs that affect sexuality. Evolving attitudes towards sexual assault and LGBTQ issues are among the most significant of these changes. It is noteworthy that the field of sexology is thriving in Canada.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a critical discussion on how teachers teach sexuality education in South African schools. Using data collected from classroom observations and in-depth interviews with Life Orientation teachers, it focuses on how values and comfort play out in the teaching of sexuality education. I argue that teachers teach sexuality while inserting their values in ways that undermine the key points of a comprehensive sexuality education curriculum. Also posited is the distinction between comfort and values and the overlap of each in relation to whether and how different aspects of sexuality education are taught. The article concludes this with a brief description of the future directions that teacher education and classroom practices in sexuality education might take.
{"title":"Sexuality education in South Africa: Whose values are we teaching?","authors":"D. Francis","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2013.2199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2199","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a critical discussion on how teachers teach sexuality education in South African schools. Using data collected from classroom observations and in-depth interviews with Life Orientation teachers, it focuses on how values and comfort play out in the teaching of sexuality education. I argue that teachers teach sexuality while inserting their values in ways that undermine the key points of a comprehensive sexuality education curriculum. Also posited is the distinction between comfort and values and the overlap of each in relation to whether and how different aspects of sexuality education are taught. The article concludes this with a brief description of the future directions that teacher education and classroom practices in sexuality education might take.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angela D. Weaver, M. Claybourn, Kelly L. MacKeigan
More than half of university students report having had a friends-with-benefits relationship (FWBR), i.e., recurring sexual activity between friends who do not define their relationship as romantic, yet little is known about how people in FWBRs are judged by others. For instance, is there a sexual double standard whereby women are judged more negatively than men? In the present study, 404 university students read one of four randomly assigned scenarios describing an FWBR (scenarios varied on character gender and FWBR experience) and then completed measures of their judgment of the main character, their predictions about the relationship depicted, their beliefs about whether the character should keep the relationship secret, and their perception of how the character would be judged by peers. Two respondent-level variables (respondent gender; respondent FWBR experience) were also examined as predictors. Half of the participants (52.5%) had themselves experienced an FWBR, with a majority evaluating these exp...
{"title":"Evaluations of friends-with-benefits relationship scenarios: Is there evidence of a sexual double standard?","authors":"Angela D. Weaver, M. Claybourn, Kelly L. MacKeigan","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2128","url":null,"abstract":"More than half of university students report having had a friends-with-benefits relationship (FWBR), i.e., recurring sexual activity between friends who do not define their relationship as romantic, yet little is known about how people in FWBRs are judged by others. For instance, is there a sexual double standard whereby women are judged more negatively than men? In the present study, 404 university students read one of four randomly assigned scenarios describing an FWBR (scenarios varied on character gender and FWBR experience) and then completed measures of their judgment of the main character, their predictions about the relationship depicted, their beliefs about whether the character should keep the relationship secret, and their perception of how the character would be judged by peers. Two respondent-level variables (respondent gender; respondent FWBR experience) were also examined as predictors. Half of the participants (52.5%) had themselves experienced an FWBR, with a majority evaluating these exp...","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This qualitative study sought to understand the meaning that women ascribe to living with HIV and symptomatic HSV-2 infections in relationship to their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). HIV affected overall physical and mental HRQoL whereas HSV-2 was an immediate concern experienced on an episodic basis. HSV-2/HIV co-infection was framed as a gendered issue affecting women's abilities to navigate social and sexual relationships and assume social roles. Participants outlined several approaches to overcome their diagnoses and described several social and structural barriers that prevented achieving good HRQoL. HSV-2 is an important medical and psychosocial issue for women living with HIV. Implications for practice and pedagogy are discussed.
{"title":"HSV-2/HIV Co-Infection, Health-Related Quality of Life and Identity in Women","authors":"A. Ion, S. Greene, H. MacMillan, M. Smieja","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2131","url":null,"abstract":"This qualitative study sought to understand the meaning that women ascribe to living with HIV and symptomatic HSV-2 infections in relationship to their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). HIV affected overall physical and mental HRQoL whereas HSV-2 was an immediate concern experienced on an episodic basis. HSV-2/HIV co-infection was framed as a gendered issue affecting women's abilities to navigate social and sexual relationships and assume social roles. Participants outlined several approaches to overcome their diagnoses and described several social and structural barriers that prevented achieving good HRQoL. HSV-2 is an important medical and psychosocial issue for women living with HIV. Implications for practice and pedagogy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Quinn-Nilas, D. J. Kennett, Terry P. Humphreys
This study sought to determine whether the variables of the Sexual Self-control Model that predict sexual resourcefulness and consenting to unwanted sexual advances in undergraduate women also apply to undergraduate men. A sample of 124 males completed the Self-Control Schedule that assesses general learned resourcefulness and also the Sexual Resourcefulness Inventory, Sexual Self-Efficacy Scale, Reasons for Consenting to Unwanted Sexual Advances Scale, and Sexual Giving-in Experiences Survey. As hypothesized and paralleling the results for women, higher levels of general learned resourcefulness and sexual self-efficacy, and fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances predicted higher levels of sexual resourcefulness in men. Contrary to the previous findings in women, lower sexual resourcefulness was not a unique predictor of consenting to unwanted advances in men. Instead, a mediation model was supported, whereby males having more reasons for consenting to an unwanted sexual activity were more likely to comply despite having higher levels of sexual resourcefulness skills. In addition, men’s consenting experiences and sexual resourcefulness skills were observed to be significantly lower than women’s. Study limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
{"title":"Does the sexual self-control model for women apply to undergraduate men?","authors":"Christopher Quinn-Nilas, D. J. Kennett, Terry P. Humphreys","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2169","url":null,"abstract":"This study sought to determine whether the variables of the Sexual Self-control Model that predict sexual resourcefulness and consenting to unwanted sexual advances in undergraduate women also apply to undergraduate men. A sample of 124 males completed the Self-Control Schedule that assesses general learned resourcefulness and also the Sexual Resourcefulness Inventory, Sexual Self-Efficacy Scale, Reasons for Consenting to Unwanted Sexual Advances Scale, and Sexual Giving-in Experiences Survey. As hypothesized and paralleling the results for women, higher levels of general learned resourcefulness and sexual self-efficacy, and fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances predicted higher levels of sexual resourcefulness in men. Contrary to the previous findings in women, lower sexual resourcefulness was not a unique predictor of consenting to unwanted advances in men. Instead, a mediation model was supported, whereby males having more reasons for consenting to an unwanted sexual activity were more likely to comply despite having higher levels of sexual resourcefulness skills. In addition, men’s consenting experiences and sexual resourcefulness skills were observed to be significantly lower than women’s. Study limitations and implications for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Lee Smith, Leslee A. Smith, E. B. McNeill, K. Wilson
This study examined the association of demographic and other factors with acceptance of sex before marriage among 262 male and female freshmen attending Missouri high schools who reported they had never experienced sexual intercourse. The students completed the 7-item Acceptance of Sex Before Marriage Scale. Just under half (48.5%) of the students strongly agreed or agreed that “People should have sex only if they are married,” 22.5% were unsure, and 29% strongly disagreed or disagreed. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors significantly associated with acceptance of sex before marriage by tertile (higher scores on the 7-item scale indicate more acceptance of sex before marriage). Results indicate freshmen who were female (OR=0.39), satisfied with their sexually activity status (OR=0.18), and received parent support when needed (OR=0.16) were significantly less likely to have high acceptance of sex before marriage. Conversely, those who reported strict household rules (OR=7.05)...
{"title":"Factors associated with acceptance of sex before marriage among high school freshmen who have not experienced sexual intercourse","authors":"Matthew Lee Smith, Leslee A. Smith, E. B. McNeill, K. Wilson","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2063","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the association of demographic and other factors with acceptance of sex before marriage among 262 male and female freshmen attending Missouri high schools who reported they had never experienced sexual intercourse. The students completed the 7-item Acceptance of Sex Before Marriage Scale. Just under half (48.5%) of the students strongly agreed or agreed that “People should have sex only if they are married,” 22.5% were unsure, and 29% strongly disagreed or disagreed. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors significantly associated with acceptance of sex before marriage by tertile (higher scores on the 7-item scale indicate more acceptance of sex before marriage). Results indicate freshmen who were female (OR=0.39), satisfied with their sexually activity status (OR=0.18), and received parent support when needed (OR=0.16) were significantly less likely to have high acceptance of sex before marriage. Conversely, those who reported strict household rules (OR=7.05)...","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research suggests that women make judgments about a man’s value as a potential romantic partner based on cues associated with facial masculinity. Such studies have often relied on electronically-manipulated facial images that may not fully capture natural stimuli. The present study used un-manipulated stimuli to examine the relationships between facial masculinity, attractiveness, and partner value and it also employed a more complex assessment of partner value than in earlier studies. Our findings indicated that women judged men with high facial masculinity to have had more previous romantic partners and to take longer to fall in love. These un-manipulated male stimuli were also rated as more desirable short-term and long-term partners compared to men with low facial masculinity. The differences between our findings and those from prior research are discussed in terms of the implications for attraction research.
{"title":"The relationship between men's facial masculinity and women's judgments of value as a potential romantic partner","authors":"A. E. Thompson, L. O’Sullivan","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.929","url":null,"abstract":"Research suggests that women make judgments about a man’s value as a potential romantic partner based on cues associated with facial masculinity. Such studies have often relied on electronically-manipulated facial images that may not fully capture natural stimuli. The present study used un-manipulated stimuli to examine the relationships between facial masculinity, attractiveness, and partner value and it also employed a more complex assessment of partner value than in earlier studies. Our findings indicated that women judged men with high facial masculinity to have had more previous romantic partners and to take longer to fall in love. These un-manipulated male stimuli were also rated as more desirable short-term and long-term partners compared to men with low facial masculinity. The differences between our findings and those from prior research are discussed in terms of the implications for attraction research.","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.929","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Poon, J. Wong, Noulmook Sutdhibhasilp, P. Ho, Bernarda Wong
This study explored sexual practices and sex-seeking behaviours in a sample of 222 East and Southeast Asian men recruited through two gay venues. Over half of the respondents reported having a current regular partner; the rate of unprotected anal sex with their regular partner was high (45.1%). Among all respondents, 74.8% (166) reported having casual sex with an average of 16 partners in the previous six months; 26.5% of these 166 respondents reported unprotected anal sex with their casual partners. Respondents used multiple venues to seek sex, but bathhouses and the internet were most commonly cited. Bivariate analysis demonstrated that respondents who sought men for sex via both bathhouses and the internet in the past six months were most likely to have had a casual partner, to have had unprotected anal sex with a casual partner, and to have had prior HIV and STI testing. In comparison to respondents who used only bathhouses to seek sex, respondents who used only the internet had fewer casual partners ...
{"title":"Sexual practices and sex-seeking behaviours among East and Southeast Asian men who have sex with men in Toronto: Implications for HIV prevention","authors":"M. Poon, J. Wong, Noulmook Sutdhibhasilp, P. Ho, Bernarda Wong","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.2013.2200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2200","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored sexual practices and sex-seeking behaviours in a sample of 222 East and Southeast Asian men recruited through two gay venues. Over half of the respondents reported having a current regular partner; the rate of unprotected anal sex with their regular partner was high (45.1%). Among all respondents, 74.8% (166) reported having casual sex with an average of 16 partners in the previous six months; 26.5% of these 166 respondents reported unprotected anal sex with their casual partners. Respondents used multiple venues to seek sex, but bathhouses and the internet were most commonly cited. Bivariate analysis demonstrated that respondents who sought men for sex via both bathhouses and the internet in the past six months were most likely to have had a casual partner, to have had unprotected anal sex with a casual partner, and to have had prior HIV and STI testing. In comparison to respondents who used only bathhouses to seek sex, respondents who used only the internet had fewer casual partners ...","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.2013.2200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. J. Kennett, Terry P. Humphreys, Janette E. Bramley
The present study investigated the relationship between gender norms and relationship satisfaction on sexual self-control. A sample of 246 heterosexual female undergraduates who had been in an intimate relationship recently or at the time of this study completed measures of general and sexual resourcefulness, sexual self-efficacy, reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances, endorsement of traditional gender norms, relationship satisfaction, and frequency of consenting to unwanted sexual activities. Higher general resourcefulness and sexual self-efficacy scores and fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances were direct predictors of higher sexual resourcefulness scores. Women who were more sexually resourceful, had fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual activity, and were happier in their relationship were more likely to report a lower frequency of sexual compliance. Endorsement of traditional gender norms and sexual resourcefulness, however, moderated the relationship betwee...
{"title":"Sexual resourcefulness and gender roles as moderators of relationship satisfaction and consenting to unwanted sex in undergraduate women","authors":"D. J. Kennett, Terry P. Humphreys, Janette E. Bramley","doi":"10.3138/CJHS.933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.933","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the relationship between gender norms and relationship satisfaction on sexual self-control. A sample of 246 heterosexual female undergraduates who had been in an intimate relationship recently or at the time of this study completed measures of general and sexual resourcefulness, sexual self-efficacy, reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances, endorsement of traditional gender norms, relationship satisfaction, and frequency of consenting to unwanted sexual activities. Higher general resourcefulness and sexual self-efficacy scores and fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances were direct predictors of higher sexual resourcefulness scores. Women who were more sexually resourceful, had fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual activity, and were happier in their relationship were more likely to report a lower frequency of sexual compliance. Endorsement of traditional gender norms and sexual resourcefulness, however, moderated the relationship betwee...","PeriodicalId":51789,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/CJHS.933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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