Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1177/10575677211038617
Anke Erdmann
Despite the substantive evidence on the victim-offender overlap from various national contexts, comprehensive examinations for Germany are lacking. This article provides insights into peer group-related correlates of the victim-offender overlap by specifically differentiating the roles of victims, offenders, and victim-offenders. The analysis examines risk factors for involvement in violence using a sample of 3,519 14- and 16-year-old students from a large crime study conducted in Germany. Applying multinomial logistic regression, the risk of being a victim-only, offender-only, or victim-offender is predicted by peer group characteristics such as frequency of meeting, group composition, delinquent norms, and routine activities with friends. The results show that proximity to friends and delinquent norms of peers significantly influence victimization, offending, and the victim-offender overlap. Regarding group composition, violent offending and being a victim-offender occurred more often in male-dominated mixed-gender friend groups, whereas victimization risk is not affected by group composition. Frequent alcohol consumption within the group is associated with victimization risk and the victim-offender overlap, whereas going out is associated with offending and the overlap. The findings underline that the peer context is not only of importance for explaining delinquency but also for unraveling victimization and the victim-offender overlap.
{"title":"The Impact of Peer Groups and Routine Activities on the Victim-Offender Overlap: Evidence From a German Study on Youth Crime","authors":"Anke Erdmann","doi":"10.1177/10575677211038617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211038617","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the substantive evidence on the victim-offender overlap from various national contexts, comprehensive examinations for Germany are lacking. This article provides insights into peer group-related correlates of the victim-offender overlap by specifically differentiating the roles of victims, offenders, and victim-offenders. The analysis examines risk factors for involvement in violence using a sample of 3,519 14- and 16-year-old students from a large crime study conducted in Germany. Applying multinomial logistic regression, the risk of being a victim-only, offender-only, or victim-offender is predicted by peer group characteristics such as frequency of meeting, group composition, delinquent norms, and routine activities with friends. The results show that proximity to friends and delinquent norms of peers significantly influence victimization, offending, and the victim-offender overlap. Regarding group composition, violent offending and being a victim-offender occurred more often in male-dominated mixed-gender friend groups, whereas victimization risk is not affected by group composition. Frequent alcohol consumption within the group is associated with victimization risk and the victim-offender overlap, whereas going out is associated with offending and the overlap. The findings underline that the peer context is not only of importance for explaining delinquency but also for unraveling victimization and the victim-offender overlap.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"178 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49372494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.1177/10575677211036498
Daniel Reinhard
Panhandling income has not been well reviewed, though doing so would be beneficial for several reasons. Understanding beggar income may aid in addressing misconceptions about the activity, clarify the financial motivation for organized or forced begging, and allow for clearer comparisons to other kinds of shadow work like prostitution, binning, or selling drugs. This study presents a systematic review of panhandling income by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and PROSPERO guidelines to aid in identifying, screening, assessing, and including research that provides quantitative income information about panhandling. Income is adjusted for inflation, and international studies are converted to USD via standard exchange rate and via purchasing power parity values. Ultimately, 38 studies are included for final analysis. The 38 studies are divided into United States specific (n = 15) and all other countries (n = 23). In adjusted 2020 USD, the economic yield from panhandling is most often $2–$16 per hour, $20–$60 per day, and $200–$500 per month, substantial variation exists. Economic comparisons to other forms of shadow work and future research directions are provided.
{"title":"How Much Do They Make? A Systematic Review of Income Generated From Begging","authors":"Daniel Reinhard","doi":"10.1177/10575677211036498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211036498","url":null,"abstract":"Panhandling income has not been well reviewed, though doing so would be beneficial for several reasons. Understanding beggar income may aid in addressing misconceptions about the activity, clarify the financial motivation for organized or forced begging, and allow for clearer comparisons to other kinds of shadow work like prostitution, binning, or selling drugs. This study presents a systematic review of panhandling income by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and PROSPERO guidelines to aid in identifying, screening, assessing, and including research that provides quantitative income information about panhandling. Income is adjusted for inflation, and international studies are converted to USD via standard exchange rate and via purchasing power parity values. Ultimately, 38 studies are included for final analysis. The 38 studies are divided into United States specific (n = 15) and all other countries (n = 23). In adjusted 2020 USD, the economic yield from panhandling is most often $2–$16 per hour, $20–$60 per day, and $200–$500 per month, substantial variation exists. Economic comparisons to other forms of shadow work and future research directions are provided.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"66 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1177/10575677211034228
P. Bleakley
The use of the internet as a medium for public discourse is a well-covered subject, including the role social media platforms play in facilitating and shaping that discourse. More generally, the proliferation of communication technologies in postindustrial society has functioned to blur the boundaries between the physical and online worlds. Like politicians such as former President Donald Trump, several precipitating factors have played an instrumental role in legitimizing social media as a platform for “robust” discourse. However, this type of discourse is not limited to the political sphere, with the internet serving as a place where—under the guise of accountability—a collective (often anonymous) engages in digital vigilantism or digilantism. It is this digilantism that is the central focus of Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov, and Qian Huang’s Introducing Vigilant Audiences (2020), an edited collection that examines the current state of research on digital vigilantism. Trottier et al. assembled a diverse cross-section of contributors in Introducing Vigilant Audiences, allowing for a truly holistic and interdisciplinary approach to a subject matter that demands it. The collection is generally divided into two sets of chapters: first, examining the nexus between entertainment and digilantism and, later, a subsequent set of chapters looking at issues such as citizenship, nationalism, and far-right populism. This second category of chapters covers, in part, terrain that has been extensively covered in existing research on the faror alt-right. However, in the context of Introducing Vigilant Audiences, the chapters from authors like Tanner, Crosset and Campana (pp. 129–160) and Milbrandt (pp. 215–258) take on new dimensions, understood in the context and from the perspective of vigilantism more broadly and reflecting enduring patterns of behavior that have been transformed by the internet but—importantly—not invented on the Internet. The contributors in Introducing Vigilant Audiences focus on examples of digilantism from various parts of the world, reflecting the geographically diverse nature of contributors. Furthermore, this collection goes beyond locale, as the contributors come from varying academic disciplines like computer ethics (Douglas) and media and communication (Driessen) to sociology (Milbrandt) and criminology (Plesnicar). The interdisciplinary tenor of the contributors shines through, making Introducing Vigilant Audiences a book that is not constrained by intradisciplinary myopia. This seems to have been a purposeful decision on Trottier et al.’s part, noting early in their introduction, “vigilant audiences entail a range of phenomena, span geographic area and vary in their motivations as well as their affiliations” (p. 1). From a criminal justice perspective, there are a number of valuable contributions in Introducing Vigilant Audiences, particularly toward the end of the collection. Early chapters, like Driessen’s work on digilan
{"title":"Book Review: Introducing vigilant audiences. Open Book Publishers by D. Trottier, R. Gabdulhakov and Q. Huang","authors":"P. Bleakley","doi":"10.1177/10575677211034228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211034228","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the internet as a medium for public discourse is a well-covered subject, including the role social media platforms play in facilitating and shaping that discourse. More generally, the proliferation of communication technologies in postindustrial society has functioned to blur the boundaries between the physical and online worlds. Like politicians such as former President Donald Trump, several precipitating factors have played an instrumental role in legitimizing social media as a platform for “robust” discourse. However, this type of discourse is not limited to the political sphere, with the internet serving as a place where—under the guise of accountability—a collective (often anonymous) engages in digital vigilantism or digilantism. It is this digilantism that is the central focus of Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov, and Qian Huang’s Introducing Vigilant Audiences (2020), an edited collection that examines the current state of research on digital vigilantism. Trottier et al. assembled a diverse cross-section of contributors in Introducing Vigilant Audiences, allowing for a truly holistic and interdisciplinary approach to a subject matter that demands it. The collection is generally divided into two sets of chapters: first, examining the nexus between entertainment and digilantism and, later, a subsequent set of chapters looking at issues such as citizenship, nationalism, and far-right populism. This second category of chapters covers, in part, terrain that has been extensively covered in existing research on the faror alt-right. However, in the context of Introducing Vigilant Audiences, the chapters from authors like Tanner, Crosset and Campana (pp. 129–160) and Milbrandt (pp. 215–258) take on new dimensions, understood in the context and from the perspective of vigilantism more broadly and reflecting enduring patterns of behavior that have been transformed by the internet but—importantly—not invented on the Internet. The contributors in Introducing Vigilant Audiences focus on examples of digilantism from various parts of the world, reflecting the geographically diverse nature of contributors. Furthermore, this collection goes beyond locale, as the contributors come from varying academic disciplines like computer ethics (Douglas) and media and communication (Driessen) to sociology (Milbrandt) and criminology (Plesnicar). The interdisciplinary tenor of the contributors shines through, making Introducing Vigilant Audiences a book that is not constrained by intradisciplinary myopia. This seems to have been a purposeful decision on Trottier et al.’s part, noting early in their introduction, “vigilant audiences entail a range of phenomena, span geographic area and vary in their motivations as well as their affiliations” (p. 1). From a criminal justice perspective, there are a number of valuable contributions in Introducing Vigilant Audiences, particularly toward the end of the collection. Early chapters, like Driessen’s work on digilan","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"469 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10575677211034228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49180091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1177/10575677211020813
C. Backman, C. Löfstrand
In this article, we analyze scholarly publications on body-worn cameras (BWCs) to shed light on scholars’ grounding assumptions about BWC technology and the policing problems assumed to be amended by it. We conducted a systematic search and a double-blind review, including 90 peer-reviewed journal articles, and analyzed how scholars warrant their studies, their findings and their recommendations. We found that BWC research largely investigates the effectiveness of BWCs worn by police officers in the United States and build upon a set of dominant policing problem representations: the police crisis in the United States and the police use of force, lack of oversight and control of police officers, citizen dissatisfaction and lack of police legitimacy, and police officer resistance toward BWC use. Assumptions underlying all four problem representations is that BWC technology will amend these problems and is legitimate and useful if the public supports it. Taken together, this enhances the representation of BWC technology as a self-evident means of improving community relations and police legitimacy in the United States. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research on BWCs, particularly the need for research departing from altogether different problem representations.
{"title":"Representations of Policing Problems and Body-Worn Cameras in Existing Research","authors":"C. Backman, C. Löfstrand","doi":"10.1177/10575677211020813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211020813","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analyze scholarly publications on body-worn cameras (BWCs) to shed light on scholars’ grounding assumptions about BWC technology and the policing problems assumed to be amended by it. We conducted a systematic search and a double-blind review, including 90 peer-reviewed journal articles, and analyzed how scholars warrant their studies, their findings and their recommendations. We found that BWC research largely investigates the effectiveness of BWCs worn by police officers in the United States and build upon a set of dominant policing problem representations: the police crisis in the United States and the police use of force, lack of oversight and control of police officers, citizen dissatisfaction and lack of police legitimacy, and police officer resistance toward BWC use. Assumptions underlying all four problem representations is that BWC technology will amend these problems and is legitimate and useful if the public supports it. Taken together, this enhances the representation of BWC technology as a self-evident means of improving community relations and police legitimacy in the United States. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research on BWCs, particularly the need for research departing from altogether different problem representations.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"270 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10575677211020813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44056615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.1177/10575677211020812
A. Castaldo, A. R. Germani, Antonio Pergolizzi
This article investigates the role of education on environmental crime in Italy using a panel of 110 Italian provinces over the period 2010–2015. We employ a system-GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) dynamic panel data approach to tackle the endogeneity that might arise in the estimations from the environmental crime dynamic path and to consider time-invariant effects on provinces. Our empirical results, even after controlling for socioeconomic and judicial efficiency characteristics, support the existence of a U-inverted relationship between education and environmental crime, which depicts an unconventional finding: At the margin, a higher level of education endowment offsets the propensity to commit environmental crimes, which are confirmed to be white-collar type of crimes. The results are robust to model specifications and endogeneity. Furthermore, to check the robustness of nonmonotonicity in the relationship between environmental crime and education and to control for unobserved provincial heterogeneity, we also exploit a semiparametric fixed effects model. There is wide room for efficiency gains that could arise from policy interventions aiming to put environmental crimes into perspective.
{"title":"Does Education Affect Environmental Crime? A Dynamic Panel Data Approach at Provincial Level in Italy","authors":"A. Castaldo, A. R. Germani, Antonio Pergolizzi","doi":"10.1177/10575677211020812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211020812","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the role of education on environmental crime in Italy using a panel of 110 Italian provinces over the period 2010–2015. We employ a system-GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) dynamic panel data approach to tackle the endogeneity that might arise in the estimations from the environmental crime dynamic path and to consider time-invariant effects on provinces. Our empirical results, even after controlling for socioeconomic and judicial efficiency characteristics, support the existence of a U-inverted relationship between education and environmental crime, which depicts an unconventional finding: At the margin, a higher level of education endowment offsets the propensity to commit environmental crimes, which are confirmed to be white-collar type of crimes. The results are robust to model specifications and endogeneity. Furthermore, to check the robustness of nonmonotonicity in the relationship between environmental crime and education and to control for unobserved provincial heterogeneity, we also exploit a semiparametric fixed effects model. There is wide room for efficiency gains that could arise from policy interventions aiming to put environmental crimes into perspective.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"129 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10575677211020812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49038337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-17DOI: 10.1177/10575677211015729
Florence Smith, T. Ellis, D. Denney
related case precedents, many of their concerns and allegations might have been assuaged. Discussion of environmental justice in relation to energy development would be better served within the context of its effects on all Americans, as its impacts and legal ramifications extend throughout rural, impoverished, and underrepresented communities regardless of race. Despite the shortcomings of this book, it would be useful for scholars and students who seek to understand the historical contexts of disenchantment some tribal members feel about energy development and natural resource accessibility on Indian lands.
{"title":"Book Review: Human rights in child protection: Implications for professional practice and policy by A. Falch-Eriksen and E. Backe-Hansen","authors":"Florence Smith, T. Ellis, D. Denney","doi":"10.1177/10575677211015729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211015729","url":null,"abstract":"related case precedents, many of their concerns and allegations might have been assuaged. Discussion of environmental justice in relation to energy development would be better served within the context of its effects on all Americans, as its impacts and legal ramifications extend throughout rural, impoverished, and underrepresented communities regardless of race. Despite the shortcomings of this book, it would be useful for scholars and students who seek to understand the historical contexts of disenchantment some tribal members feel about energy development and natural resource accessibility on Indian lands.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"349 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10575677211015729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48922473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-28DOI: 10.1177/10575677211012807
Jon Maskály, S. Ivković, P. Neyroud
The COVID-19 pandemic upended major facets of global society, including policing. This study describes three types of changes that police agencies in counties worldwide made. First, how have various domains of policing changed and how much did they change? Second, were these changes regulated by the official policy? Third, what are the potential consequences of the changes made during the pandemic? Taking a mixed-methods approach, our quantitative survey data from 27 countries, buttressed by qualitative responses, enable us to examine changes in these three areas. Our results suggest there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the degree of change, the use of policy to make the changes, and the perceived effects of the changes. Some changes (i.e., the use of personal protective equipment) are relatively ubiquitous and common sense based on the pandemic. Other organizational changes show a great deal more variation, especially when considering the valence of the change. Finally, the police executives from these countries express a highly optimistic—and potentially overly rosy—view of the potential longer term consequences of the pandemic or the operational changes made because of it. Overall, the results paint a more complicated picture of the responses to the pandemic made by the police organizations included in our sample. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for future research, police practice, and the development of policy.
{"title":"Policing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploratory Study of the Types of Organizational Changes and Police Activities Across the Globe","authors":"Jon Maskály, S. Ivković, P. Neyroud","doi":"10.1177/10575677211012807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211012807","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic upended major facets of global society, including policing. This study describes three types of changes that police agencies in counties worldwide made. First, how have various domains of policing changed and how much did they change? Second, were these changes regulated by the official policy? Third, what are the potential consequences of the changes made during the pandemic? Taking a mixed-methods approach, our quantitative survey data from 27 countries, buttressed by qualitative responses, enable us to examine changes in these three areas. Our results suggest there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the degree of change, the use of policy to make the changes, and the perceived effects of the changes. Some changes (i.e., the use of personal protective equipment) are relatively ubiquitous and common sense based on the pandemic. Other organizational changes show a great deal more variation, especially when considering the valence of the change. Finally, the police executives from these countries express a highly optimistic—and potentially overly rosy—view of the potential longer term consequences of the pandemic or the operational changes made because of it. Overall, the results paint a more complicated picture of the responses to the pandemic made by the police organizations included in our sample. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for future research, police practice, and the development of policy.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"31 1","pages":"266 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10575677211012807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45862310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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