Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.1177/10575677221126951
A. Hesselink, J. Prinsloo
Explanations regarding the involvement of females in crime, justice, and punishment in South Africa are primarily based on the experiences of male offenders with little knowledge about the criminogenic offender assessment of female offenders. The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) is an actuarial measure designed for the identification of offenders’ static and dynamic risk factors and criminogenic needs that may increase or diminish their risk upon release. This study involves a sample of 284 female offenders incarcerated in three inter-provincial correctional centers in South Africa. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the SAQ in relation to its reliability, validity, and potential use as part of the criminogenic assessment of female offenders, within the multicultural South African context. Research results indicated that the SAQ is reliable and valid to use with South African offenders.
{"title":"Demonstrating the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire for Assessing Violent and Nonviolent Recidivism with Female Offenders in South Africa","authors":"A. Hesselink, J. Prinsloo","doi":"10.1177/10575677221126951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221126951","url":null,"abstract":"Explanations regarding the involvement of females in crime, justice, and punishment in South Africa are primarily based on the experiences of male offenders with little knowledge about the criminogenic offender assessment of female offenders. The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) is an actuarial measure designed for the identification of offenders’ static and dynamic risk factors and criminogenic needs that may increase or diminish their risk upon release. This study involves a sample of 284 female offenders incarcerated in three inter-provincial correctional centers in South Africa. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the SAQ in relation to its reliability, validity, and potential use as part of the criminogenic assessment of female offenders, within the multicultural South African context. Research results indicated that the SAQ is reliable and valid to use with South African offenders.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"302 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42543136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1177/10575677221125550
Ann-Marie Helou
In 2000, the United Nations and its member countries sought to address the problem of transnational human trafficking (THT). This led to the Palermo Protocol to “Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children” (2). For the public, our understanding of THT comes from the media and its portrayal of the crime, policy, and impact of THT. The media, therefore, plays a significant role in shaping public discourse and opinion on THT, the victims, and the perpetrators. In this edited volume, Gregoriou seeks to explore how various forms of media shape this dialogue. To do this, Gregoriou calls on experts in the field of language, culture, and communication to explore different forms of media and how they contribute to the public consciousness of THT. There are two critical arguments made throughout the book. First, the authors argue that the media does not engage nearly enough with global institutions and wealth inequalities that lead to THT. In particular, the media lacks a critical awareness in tying trafficking to issues of local instability, war, and poverty, often caused by the West. Circumstances that prompt individuals to leave their country, opening a market for traffickers. Second, the authors consistently discuss the role that gender plays in how the media chooses to define human trafficking and victims. For example, men are more likely to be trafficked for labor, so they are treated as illegal labor migrants rather than victims. Nuance is lost, and there is a lack of consideration for how men are controlled and abused by their traffickers. This ties into their argument about global inequality structures that lead men to seek out employment opportunities and fall victim to THT. The book has five chapters, all using data from after the Palermo Protocol. The first chapter is an introductory chapter and conceptualizes the multilayered issues surrounding human trafficking and how media narratives overlook them. The authors argue that media can play an important role in framing THT to encourage structural changes. The chapter does a wonderful job setting up the subsequent chapters to discuss the major issues of the media, THT, and how they interact. Chapters two and three both look at newspapers. The second chapter by Gregoriou and Ras (who also wrote chapter one) studies linguistic characteristics of daily and Sunday newspapers in the United Kingdom (UK). The importance of this chapter lies in how the authors clearly demonstrate that newspapers rely on specific words, turns of phrases, and tropes to describe the problem of THT. In doing so, the reader is shown just how one-dimensional news reporting is and how they obfuscate the structural issues leading to trafficking by describing trafficking as an imported problem. Chapter three builds on chapter two by comparing the same UK newspapers with Serbian ones. However, this chapter uses media and narrative theory to explore how newspapers Book Review
{"title":"Book Review: Representations of Transnational Human Trafficking: Present-Day News Media, True Crime, and Fiction by Christiana Gregoriou","authors":"Ann-Marie Helou","doi":"10.1177/10575677221125550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221125550","url":null,"abstract":"In 2000, the United Nations and its member countries sought to address the problem of transnational human trafficking (THT). This led to the Palermo Protocol to “Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children” (2). For the public, our understanding of THT comes from the media and its portrayal of the crime, policy, and impact of THT. The media, therefore, plays a significant role in shaping public discourse and opinion on THT, the victims, and the perpetrators. In this edited volume, Gregoriou seeks to explore how various forms of media shape this dialogue. To do this, Gregoriou calls on experts in the field of language, culture, and communication to explore different forms of media and how they contribute to the public consciousness of THT. There are two critical arguments made throughout the book. First, the authors argue that the media does not engage nearly enough with global institutions and wealth inequalities that lead to THT. In particular, the media lacks a critical awareness in tying trafficking to issues of local instability, war, and poverty, often caused by the West. Circumstances that prompt individuals to leave their country, opening a market for traffickers. Second, the authors consistently discuss the role that gender plays in how the media chooses to define human trafficking and victims. For example, men are more likely to be trafficked for labor, so they are treated as illegal labor migrants rather than victims. Nuance is lost, and there is a lack of consideration for how men are controlled and abused by their traffickers. This ties into their argument about global inequality structures that lead men to seek out employment opportunities and fall victim to THT. The book has five chapters, all using data from after the Palermo Protocol. The first chapter is an introductory chapter and conceptualizes the multilayered issues surrounding human trafficking and how media narratives overlook them. The authors argue that media can play an important role in framing THT to encourage structural changes. The chapter does a wonderful job setting up the subsequent chapters to discuss the major issues of the media, THT, and how they interact. Chapters two and three both look at newspapers. The second chapter by Gregoriou and Ras (who also wrote chapter one) studies linguistic characteristics of daily and Sunday newspapers in the United Kingdom (UK). The importance of this chapter lies in how the authors clearly demonstrate that newspapers rely on specific words, turns of phrases, and tropes to describe the problem of THT. In doing so, the reader is shown just how one-dimensional news reporting is and how they obfuscate the structural issues leading to trafficking by describing trafficking as an imported problem. Chapter three builds on chapter two by comparing the same UK newspapers with Serbian ones. However, this chapter uses media and narrative theory to explore how newspapers Book Review","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"102 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46511973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1177/10575677221124486
Kayla R. Freemon, Hyunjung Cheon, C. Katz, Lidia E. Nuño
Incarcerated youth across the English-speaking Caribbean engage in high levels of offending before their detention. However, we know little about whether youth detained in juvenile justice systems in the region are those with the highest offending levels. As in nations beyond the region, some groups of youth in the Caribbean may be disproportionately overrepresented in the system despite their offending levels, such as by race or gender. Using samples of secondary school students and incarcerated youth, the present study examines: (1) do incarcerated youth self-report engaging in more delinquency prior to being detained than those not incarcerated and (2) are there demographic or risk/protective factors differences between incarcerated and nonincarcerated youth? We find that, compared to nonincarcerated youth, incarcerated youth self-report higher levels of delinquency, in general, and across violent offending, property offending, and drug involvement. When we used propensity score matching to match youth by their involvement in delinquency, disparities in multiple demographic and risk/protective factors emerge between incarcerated and nonincarcerated youth. Our findings point toward racial disparities in the use of incarceration, with African descent youth more likely to be incarcerated. We contextualize our results for youth justice in the Caribbean.
{"title":"Differences Between Incarcerated and Nonincarcerated Youth in the English-Speaking Caribbean","authors":"Kayla R. Freemon, Hyunjung Cheon, C. Katz, Lidia E. Nuño","doi":"10.1177/10575677221124486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221124486","url":null,"abstract":"Incarcerated youth across the English-speaking Caribbean engage in high levels of offending before their detention. However, we know little about whether youth detained in juvenile justice systems in the region are those with the highest offending levels. As in nations beyond the region, some groups of youth in the Caribbean may be disproportionately overrepresented in the system despite their offending levels, such as by race or gender. Using samples of secondary school students and incarcerated youth, the present study examines: (1) do incarcerated youth self-report engaging in more delinquency prior to being detained than those not incarcerated and (2) are there demographic or risk/protective factors differences between incarcerated and nonincarcerated youth? We find that, compared to nonincarcerated youth, incarcerated youth self-report higher levels of delinquency, in general, and across violent offending, property offending, and drug involvement. When we used propensity score matching to match youth by their involvement in delinquency, disparities in multiple demographic and risk/protective factors emerge between incarcerated and nonincarcerated youth. Our findings point toward racial disparities in the use of incarceration, with African descent youth more likely to be incarcerated. We contextualize our results for youth justice in the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"281 - 301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1177/10575677221125848
Claudia Sabine, Tarah Hodgkinson
Research on fear of crime (FOC) is well established in urban contexts. However, few studies explore how common predictors of FOC operate within nonurban environments. This study examines typical predictors of FOC within the nonurban context of Roma, Queensland, and specifically explores mental health as a predictor in this context. Using survey data, key findings indicate that a number of individual and ecological level predictors, such as gender, prior victimization, social cohesion, and social disorder, remain consistent with previous literature on urban contexts. However, these results counter recent findings indicating that gender does not predict FOC in the nonurban context. Interestingly, the results also indicate that mental health is not a predictor of FOC. These findings present implications for fear reduction strategies and future research in nonurban contexts.
{"title":"Night After Night, My Heartbeat Shows the Fear: Examining Predictors of Fear of Crime in the Nonurban Australian Context","authors":"Claudia Sabine, Tarah Hodgkinson","doi":"10.1177/10575677221125848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221125848","url":null,"abstract":"Research on fear of crime (FOC) is well established in urban contexts. However, few studies explore how common predictors of FOC operate within nonurban environments. This study examines typical predictors of FOC within the nonurban context of Roma, Queensland, and specifically explores mental health as a predictor in this context. Using survey data, key findings indicate that a number of individual and ecological level predictors, such as gender, prior victimization, social cohesion, and social disorder, remain consistent with previous literature on urban contexts. However, these results counter recent findings indicating that gender does not predict FOC in the nonurban context. Interestingly, the results also indicate that mental health is not a predictor of FOC. These findings present implications for fear reduction strategies and future research in nonurban contexts.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49192225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1177/10575677221123249
S. J. Jang, Byron R. Johnson, M. Anderson, K. Booyens
This paper examines whether and how religion contributes to prisoner rehabilitation—conceptualized as a prosocial change in self-identity, existential belief, and character based on identity theories of criminal desistance, the “Good Lives Model” of offender rehabilitation, and the concept of human flourishing. For this study, we conducted a quasi-experimental study assessing a faith-based program, “The Prisoner's Journey” (TPJ). We hypothesized that participation in TPJ increased religiosity, which in turn contributed to rehabilitation, measured by identity transformation, a new sense of meaning and purpose in life, and virtue development. It was also hypothesized that prisoner rehabilitation enhanced emotional well-being and reduced the risk of interpersonal aggression. To test our hypotheses, we applied structural equation modeling to analyze data from 506 prisoners in Colombia and South Africa, who participated in pretest and posttest surveys. As hypothesized, we found that completion of TPJ increased religiosity, which in turn fostered motivation for identity change, the perception of meaning and purpose in life, and the virtues of forgiveness, accountability, and self-control. In addition, the increased perception of meaning and purpose in life and two virtues (forgiveness and self-control) decreased negative emotions and the risk of interpersonal aggression. The implications and limitations of our study are discussed.
{"title":"Religion and Rehabilitation in Colombian and South African Prisons: A Human Flourishing Approach","authors":"S. J. Jang, Byron R. Johnson, M. Anderson, K. Booyens","doi":"10.1177/10575677221123249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221123249","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines whether and how religion contributes to prisoner rehabilitation—conceptualized as a prosocial change in self-identity, existential belief, and character based on identity theories of criminal desistance, the “Good Lives Model” of offender rehabilitation, and the concept of human flourishing. For this study, we conducted a quasi-experimental study assessing a faith-based program, “The Prisoner's Journey” (TPJ). We hypothesized that participation in TPJ increased religiosity, which in turn contributed to rehabilitation, measured by identity transformation, a new sense of meaning and purpose in life, and virtue development. It was also hypothesized that prisoner rehabilitation enhanced emotional well-being and reduced the risk of interpersonal aggression. To test our hypotheses, we applied structural equation modeling to analyze data from 506 prisoners in Colombia and South Africa, who participated in pretest and posttest surveys. As hypothesized, we found that completion of TPJ increased religiosity, which in turn fostered motivation for identity change, the perception of meaning and purpose in life, and the virtues of forgiveness, accountability, and self-control. In addition, the increased perception of meaning and purpose in life and two virtues (forgiveness and self-control) decreased negative emotions and the risk of interpersonal aggression. The implications and limitations of our study are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"225 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43951930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/10575677211050427
Richard C Helfers, Johnny Nhan
In the spring of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe prompting stay-at-home orders for all but the most essential workers in society. Policing was one of the professions that is essential for community safety, regardless of the circumstances. Officers were on the front-line of the COVID-19 public health crisis and their preparedness was crucial for officer and community health. During the onset of the pandemic little was known about how officers perceived the virus and how police agencies prepared officers to work in a highly contagious environment. This study used semistructured interviews of police officers in two states in the United States that had elevated cases of the virus. The authors explored the lived experiences of police officers to explore officers' perceptions, concerns, implications the pandemic had on patrol activity, and agency preparedness during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed structural and cultural forces that resulted in officers and their agency leadership not taking the pandemic seriously, ill-preparation and ill-equipping, and disincentives in reporting exposure. Moreover, officers' fears were largely not based on their own well-being, but on the risk of spreading the disease to their family members.
{"title":"A Qualitative Study: An Examination of Police Officers' Lived Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Richard C Helfers, Johnny Nhan","doi":"10.1177/10575677211050427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211050427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the spring of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe prompting stay-at-home orders for all but the most essential workers in society. Policing was one of the professions that is essential for community safety, regardless of the circumstances. Officers were on the front-line of the COVID-19 public health crisis and their preparedness was crucial for officer and community health. During the onset of the pandemic little was known about how officers perceived the virus and how police agencies prepared officers to work in a highly contagious environment. This study used semistructured interviews of police officers in two states in the United States that had elevated cases of the virus. The authors explored the lived experiences of police officers to explore officers' perceptions, concerns, implications the pandemic had on patrol activity, and agency preparedness during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed structural and cultural forces that resulted in officers and their agency leadership not taking the pandemic seriously, ill-preparation and ill-equipping, and disincentives in reporting exposure. Moreover, officers' fears were largely not based on their own well-being, but on the risk of spreading the disease to their family members.</p>","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 3","pages":"308-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9247632/pdf/10.1177_10575677211050427.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40353246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1177/10575677221104993
Ella Klahr Bunnell
Policing institutions throughout the world face a legitimacy crisis. This crisis’ immediacy necessitates the exploration of theories that provide answers regarding effective reforms. The representation theory of policing offers one such answer; it holds that accountability mechanisms are an avenue for public input that increases confidence in police and affords them democratic legitimacy. This article applies and evaluates representation theory by examining one such reform attempt: post-Troubles policing restructuring and its impact on relations between police and the militant nationalist community within West Belfast. It assesses print media coverage of accountability reforms throughout the peace negotiation period and the early years of reform implementation and ultimately affirms the association between police legitimacy and accountability; however, it also suggests that this association is more complex than a simple positive correlation. Rather, legitimacy is correlated with public debate regarding accountability that encompasses both positive and negative evaluations of policing. This indicates that the predominance of police accountability as a subject of public discourse may serve as an essential component of efforts to instill policing with democratic legitimacy. The article presents an original model of representation theory that more accurately reflects the dynamics of legitimacy-building efforts in West Belfast and proposes applications of this advancement to the contemporary, global movement advocating for police reform.
{"title":"Advancing Representation Theory to Reflect the Police Reform Process in Post-Troubles West Belfast","authors":"Ella Klahr Bunnell","doi":"10.1177/10575677221104993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221104993","url":null,"abstract":"Policing institutions throughout the world face a legitimacy crisis. This crisis’ immediacy necessitates the exploration of theories that provide answers regarding effective reforms. The representation theory of policing offers one such answer; it holds that accountability mechanisms are an avenue for public input that increases confidence in police and affords them democratic legitimacy. This article applies and evaluates representation theory by examining one such reform attempt: post-Troubles policing restructuring and its impact on relations between police and the militant nationalist community within West Belfast. It assesses print media coverage of accountability reforms throughout the peace negotiation period and the early years of reform implementation and ultimately affirms the association between police legitimacy and accountability; however, it also suggests that this association is more complex than a simple positive correlation. Rather, legitimacy is correlated with public debate regarding accountability that encompasses both positive and negative evaluations of policing. This indicates that the predominance of police accountability as a subject of public discourse may serve as an essential component of efforts to instill policing with democratic legitimacy. The article presents an original model of representation theory that more accurately reflects the dynamics of legitimacy-building efforts in West Belfast and proposes applications of this advancement to the contemporary, global movement advocating for police reform.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44755646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/10575677211042070
Inqilab Shahbazov, Goshgar Maharramov, Orkhan Farajli, E. Rustamova
Drawing on in-depth interviews with psychologists, criminologists, and sociologists (n = 27), as well as five adolescents (aged between 15 and 17 years) with a history of knife-carrying in Azerbaijan, this study attempts to explore the motives for knife-carrying among the male youth. Using a phenomenological approach, the interviews found a set of mixed and interrelated factors as the key motivators of carrying a knife among male youth. The answers provided by members of both samples generally overlap, but each provides some unique insights as well. Experts argue that young men tend to suffer from poor socialization and fail academically, which forces them to seek companionship, status, and identity elsewhere. In such circumstances, adolescents become likely to fall under the influence of their peers, as well as the criminal world whose figures are widely popular in the country. Since knife-carrying provides a sense of power and self-esteem, as well as constitutes a core attribute of notorious criminal figures, it becomes attractive to the youth. Male interviewees with a history of knife-carrying, all with irregular class attendance and part of “circles” (deviant peer groups), were attracted to sharp objects (a) by their ability to project power to others around them, such as so-called “predators” and (b) rule of the circles. The desire to exercise informal control over an area (school or neighborhood) and emulate thieves-in-law was particularly critical in shaping adolescents’ decision to carry knives and five-knuckle. The findings not only largely confirm the results reported by the Western studies, but also advance our understanding of youth's inclination towards knife-carrying in a nonwestern society.
{"title":"Motives of Knife-Carrying among the Youth in Azerbaijan: In-Depth Interviews Among 27 Experts and 5 Knife-Carriers","authors":"Inqilab Shahbazov, Goshgar Maharramov, Orkhan Farajli, E. Rustamova","doi":"10.1177/10575677211042070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677211042070","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on in-depth interviews with psychologists, criminologists, and sociologists (n = 27), as well as five adolescents (aged between 15 and 17 years) with a history of knife-carrying in Azerbaijan, this study attempts to explore the motives for knife-carrying among the male youth. Using a phenomenological approach, the interviews found a set of mixed and interrelated factors as the key motivators of carrying a knife among male youth. The answers provided by members of both samples generally overlap, but each provides some unique insights as well. Experts argue that young men tend to suffer from poor socialization and fail academically, which forces them to seek companionship, status, and identity elsewhere. In such circumstances, adolescents become likely to fall under the influence of their peers, as well as the criminal world whose figures are widely popular in the country. Since knife-carrying provides a sense of power and self-esteem, as well as constitutes a core attribute of notorious criminal figures, it becomes attractive to the youth. Male interviewees with a history of knife-carrying, all with irregular class attendance and part of “circles” (deviant peer groups), were attracted to sharp objects (a) by their ability to project power to others around them, such as so-called “predators” and (b) rule of the circles. The desire to exercise informal control over an area (school or neighborhood) and emulate thieves-in-law was particularly critical in shaping adolescents’ decision to carry knives and five-knuckle. The findings not only largely confirm the results reported by the Western studies, but also advance our understanding of youth's inclination towards knife-carrying in a nonwestern society.","PeriodicalId":51797,"journal":{"name":"International Criminal Justice Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"199 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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