Pub Date : 2019-12-05DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084
A. Alipour
Purpose In spite of the common label, uncertainty avoidance (UA) across Hofstede and GLOBE models has been found to be negatively correlated and capture distinct concepts. Nevertheless, the empirical research focusing on the impact of UA on a variety of constructs has strongly neglected this conceptual difference, assuming them equivalent constructs and using one as an alternative for the other, or merely applying one for reasons other than conceptual relevance. Challenging this taken-for-granted assumption, the purpose of this paper is to show that their conceptual difference matters by showing that their causal impact on a given construct is not consistent given their conceptual difference. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are tested using hierarchical linear modeling analyses on firms from Compustat Global Database across 44 countries within the time span of 1990–2017. Findings The findings show that the causal effects of Hofstede UA index (UAI) and GLOBE UA society practices on the risk-taking behavior of firms are not consistent. Unlike Hofstede UAI, GLOBE UA (society practices) does not reduce the risk-taking behavior of firms. Originality/value This study is valuable in that it raises awareness on the conceptual differences between UA dimensions across Hofstede vs GLOBE and challenges one of the taken-for-granted assumptions in the empirical literature that the two are equivalent by empirically showing that their impacts on a given construct (i.e. the risk-taking behavior of firms) are not consistent.
{"title":"The conceptual difference really matters","authors":"A. Alipour","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000In spite of the common label, uncertainty avoidance (UA) across Hofstede and GLOBE models has been found to be negatively correlated and capture distinct concepts. Nevertheless, the empirical research focusing on the impact of UA on a variety of constructs has strongly neglected this conceptual difference, assuming them equivalent constructs and using one as an alternative for the other, or merely applying one for reasons other than conceptual relevance. Challenging this taken-for-granted assumption, the purpose of this paper is to show that their conceptual difference matters by showing that their causal impact on a given construct is not consistent given their conceptual difference.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Hypotheses are tested using hierarchical linear modeling analyses on firms from Compustat Global Database across 44 countries within the time span of 1990–2017.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings show that the causal effects of Hofstede UA index (UAI) and GLOBE UA society practices on the risk-taking behavior of firms are not consistent. Unlike Hofstede UAI, GLOBE UA (society practices) does not reduce the risk-taking behavior of firms.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study is valuable in that it raises awareness on the conceptual differences between UA dimensions across Hofstede vs GLOBE and challenges one of the taken-for-granted assumptions in the empirical literature that the two are equivalent by empirically showing that their impacts on a given construct (i.e. the risk-taking behavior of firms) are not consistent.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41545207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-05DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-01-2019-0017
J. Tsalikis, Michelle van Solt, B. Seaton
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine consumer perceptions across various countries, and uses content analysis in order to compare individual countries’ perceptions of ethicality over three business domains: price, product and service. Design/methodology/approach The data encompasses measurements from 18 countries including the USA and countries in Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the gross national income purchasing power parity were explored to explain the differences in focus between countries. Findings The results indicate that Mexico and Argentina place a higher focus on price, while Russia, China and India place a greater focus on the product element. In terms of ethical perceptions of service, only Brazil places high focus on this domain. The results indicated that uncertainty avoidance was significant for five of the six countries focusing on price, suggesting that price provides a level of certainty and therefore less ambiguity. Originality/value The importance of this study is based on the idea that consumer trust is vital to the efficient running of economic activity.
{"title":"Measuring consumers’ perceptions of business ethicality on price, product, and service domains","authors":"J. Tsalikis, Michelle van Solt, B. Seaton","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-01-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-01-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to examine consumer perceptions across various countries, and uses content analysis in order to compare individual countries’ perceptions of ethicality over three business domains: price, product and service.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The data encompasses measurements from 18 countries including the USA and countries in Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the gross national income purchasing power parity were explored to explain the differences in focus between countries.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results indicate that Mexico and Argentina place a higher focus on price, while Russia, China and India place a greater focus on the product element. In terms of ethical perceptions of service, only Brazil places high focus on this domain. The results indicated that uncertainty avoidance was significant for five of the six countries focusing on price, suggesting that price provides a level of certainty and therefore less ambiguity.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The importance of this study is based on the idea that consumer trust is vital to the efficient running of economic activity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-01-2019-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44659953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-13DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0130
S. Gundlach, André Sammartino
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of individual traits and attributes on the entrepreneurial and internationalization actions of Australian businesswomen, many of whom run small businesses. Design/methodology/approach This study is exploratory and quantitative, based on a questionnaire survey of 323 Australian businesswomen. Drawing upon the extant literature on internationalization, gender and entrepreneurship, the study explores two micro-foundational relationships of interest – personality and capability assessment differences between female business owners and their employed counterparts, and the impact of such traits and assessments on their internationalization. A further question is explored in terms of any differentials in perceptions of barriers in internationalization. Findings The findings show key personality dimensions do not differ dramatically between Australian businesswomen working in their own businesses (i.e. entrepreneurs) or as employees in organizations, while there are surprisingly few differences between women who are engaged internationally and those yet to do so. When comparing the female entrepreneurs and employees, in particular, the findings around tolerance for ambiguity and management efficacy are notably counterintuitive. This leads to the development of testable propositions to refine the causal claims in this domain. Practical implications The study calls into question the distinctiveness of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial endeavors, at least for female businesswomen. Originality/value By including entrepreneurs and employees, women who have engaged internationally and those that are yet to do so, the study avoids some of the potential self-selection and confirmation biases inherent in studies of only entrepreneurs or small business owners. The investigation of individual traits, attributes and experiences as micro-foundations for internationalization motivations challenges existing theories of small business expansion.
{"title":"Are international small business owners really that different?","authors":"S. Gundlach, André Sammartino","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of individual traits and attributes on the entrepreneurial and internationalization actions of Australian businesswomen, many of whom run small businesses.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study is exploratory and quantitative, based on a questionnaire survey of 323 Australian businesswomen. Drawing upon the extant literature on internationalization, gender and entrepreneurship, the study explores two micro-foundational relationships of interest – personality and capability assessment differences between female business owners and their employed counterparts, and the impact of such traits and assessments on their internationalization. A further question is explored in terms of any differentials in perceptions of barriers in internationalization.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings show key personality dimensions do not differ dramatically between Australian businesswomen working in their own businesses (i.e. entrepreneurs) or as employees in organizations, while there are surprisingly few differences between women who are engaged internationally and those yet to do so. When comparing the female entrepreneurs and employees, in particular, the findings around tolerance for ambiguity and management efficacy are notably counterintuitive. This leads to the development of testable propositions to refine the causal claims in this domain.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The study calls into question the distinctiveness of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial endeavors, at least for female businesswomen.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000By including entrepreneurs and employees, women who have engaged internationally and those that are yet to do so, the study avoids some of the potential self-selection and confirmation biases inherent in studies of only entrepreneurs or small business owners. The investigation of individual traits, attributes and experiences as micro-foundations for internationalization motivations challenges existing theories of small business expansion.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42631063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-23DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-12-2018-0217
T. Anning-Dorson
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how service firms across two different cultural contexts use their customer involvement capabilities to create competitive advantage. The study further assesses the possible complementarity effect of innovation and involvement capabilities in enhancing firm competitiveness. Lastly, the study draws on the complementarity of capabilities and social institutions to examine whether different cultural contexts explain the use of involvement capability among service firms. Design/methodology/approach The study sampled service firms from an emerging economy (India) and high-income economy (The UK), which have different cultural contexts (collectivism/individualist) to assess the hypothesized relationship. Data collection processes were adapted to the contexts to optimize reliability and relevance. Multi-group structural equation modeling was used in analyzing the data. Findings The study finds that cultural contexts explain the positive relationship between customer involvement capability and firm competitiveness such that in collectivist cultures, involvement capability is more positively related to competitiveness but negative in individualistic contexts. However, in both contexts, service firms can through capability bundling increase firm competitiveness. The study found that the complementarity effects of innovation and involvement capabilities were found to be positive in both contexts. Originality/value This study departs from previous studies by arguing that customer involvement is a complementary capability that helps exploit the potential of innovation capability of service firms. This study further demonstrates that cultural context defines the effectiveness of involvement capability in achieving firm competitiveness.
{"title":"Complementarity of capabilities across cultures","authors":"T. Anning-Dorson","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-12-2018-0217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-12-2018-0217","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to investigate how service firms across two different cultural contexts use their customer involvement capabilities to create competitive advantage. The study further assesses the possible complementarity effect of innovation and involvement capabilities in enhancing firm competitiveness. Lastly, the study draws on the complementarity of capabilities and social institutions to examine whether different cultural contexts explain the use of involvement capability among service firms.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The study sampled service firms from an emerging economy (India) and high-income economy (The UK), which have different cultural contexts (collectivism/individualist) to assess the hypothesized relationship. Data collection processes were adapted to the contexts to optimize reliability and relevance. Multi-group structural equation modeling was used in analyzing the data.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The study finds that cultural contexts explain the positive relationship between customer involvement capability and firm competitiveness such that in collectivist cultures, involvement capability is more positively related to competitiveness but negative in individualistic contexts. However, in both contexts, service firms can through capability bundling increase firm competitiveness. The study found that the complementarity effects of innovation and involvement capabilities were found to be positive in both contexts.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study departs from previous studies by arguing that customer involvement is a complementary capability that helps exploit the potential of innovation capability of service firms. This study further demonstrates that cultural context defines the effectiveness of involvement capability in achieving firm competitiveness.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-12-2018-0217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41341583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1108/CCSM-09-2017-0115
Gwyneth Edwards, Abdulrahman Chikhouni, R. Molz
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the relative institutional distance of the subsidiary from the multinational enterprise (MNE) headquarters influences job satisfaction in the subsidiary. The authors argue that job satisfaction in the MNE subsidiary will be influenced by the institutional distance between the firm’s home (headquarter) and host (subsidiary) countries, such that the greater the institutional distance, the less satisfied the subsidiary employees. The authors also argue that the degree of function interdependence (global vs local roles) will moderate this relationship, such that high interdependence will result in lower job satisfaction as distance increases. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a global high-tech Canadian MNE, consisting of over 15,000 employees located in 19 subsidiaries, the research undertakes an empirical investigation that identifies if and how job satisfaction varies between countries and tests the influence of subsidiary-level institutional distance from the headquarters on subsidiary-level job satisfaction, using a multilevel model. Findings The results demonstrate that subsidiary distance from the headquarters has a complex effect on subsidiary-level job satisfaction; in some distances, no effect is found, while in others, either some or all job satisfaction facets are affected (depending on the distance and facet) in both positive and negative ways. Unlike much of the past research on distance, which has treated distance as a barrier to be overcome or reduce (Stahl et al., 2016), the paper’s finding demonstrate that “negative” distance operates independently (and at varying strengths and significance) than “positive” distance, due to underlying mechanisms. Research limitations/implications There is a real opportunity to push ahead on linking international business strategy research with organizational theory and organizational behavior research. To do so, it requires not only a positive organizational scholarship approach (Stahl et al., 2016) but also methods that will allow researchers to study the influence of distance on mechanisms and processes, as opposed to stand-alone variables. The authors therefore suggest that future work in this area pursue qualitative methods as called for by Chapman et al. (2008). Practical implications Findings are surprising, in that results vary across job facets and distances. Practitioners need to therefore focus on the mechanisms that influence job satisfaction, not just differences and their potential negative impact. Originality/value The firm-level study provides a rich perspective on the complex way in which country-level differences influence subsidiary-level job satisfaction.
目的研究子公司与跨国企业总部的相对制度距离对子公司工作满意度的影响。作者认为，跨国公司子公司的工作满意度会受到公司母国（总部）和东道国（子公司）之间的制度距离的影响，因此制度距离越大，子公司员工的满意度越低。作者还认为，职能相互依赖的程度（全球与地方角色）将调节这种关系，因此，随着距离的增加，高度相互依赖将导致工作满意度降低。设计/方法/方法利用加拿大一家全球高科技跨国公司的数据，该公司由位于19个子公司的15000多名员工组成，该研究进行了一项实证调查，确定了工作满意度是否以及如何在不同国家之间变化，并测试了子公司级机构与总部的距离对子公司级工作满意度的影响，使用多级模型。研究结果表明，子公司与总部的距离对子公司层面的工作满意度有复杂的影响；在某些距离中，没有发现任何影响，而在另一些距离中，工作满意度的某些或所有方面都受到了积极和消极的影响（取决于距离和方面）。与过去许多关于距离的研究不同，后者将距离视为需要克服或减少的障碍（Stahl et al.，2016），该论文的发现表明，由于潜在的机制，“负”距离比“正”距离独立运作（强度和意义各不相同）。研究局限性/含义将国际商业战略研究与组织理论和组织行为研究联系起来是一个真正的机会。要做到这一点，不仅需要积极的组织学术方法（Stahl et al.，2016），还需要让研究人员研究距离对机制和过程的影响的方法，而不是独立的变量。因此，作者建议，这一领域的未来工作应遵循Chapman等人（2008）所呼吁的定性方法。实际意义研究结果令人惊讶，因为结果因工作方面和距离而异。因此，从业者需要关注影响工作满意度的机制，而不仅仅是差异及其潜在的负面影响。独创性/价值公司层面的研究为国家层面的差异影响子公司层面的工作满意度的复杂方式提供了丰富的视角。
{"title":"Job satisfaction in the global MNE: does distance matter?","authors":"Gwyneth Edwards, Abdulrahman Chikhouni, R. Molz","doi":"10.1108/CCSM-09-2017-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-09-2017-0115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the relative institutional distance of the subsidiary from the multinational enterprise (MNE) headquarters influences job satisfaction in the subsidiary. The authors argue that job satisfaction in the MNE subsidiary will be influenced by the institutional distance between the firm’s home (headquarter) and host (subsidiary) countries, such that the greater the institutional distance, the less satisfied the subsidiary employees. The authors also argue that the degree of function interdependence (global vs local roles) will moderate this relationship, such that high interdependence will result in lower job satisfaction as distance increases.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Using data from a global high-tech Canadian MNE, consisting of over 15,000 employees located in 19 subsidiaries, the research undertakes an empirical investigation that identifies if and how job satisfaction varies between countries and tests the influence of subsidiary-level institutional distance from the headquarters on subsidiary-level job satisfaction, using a multilevel model.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results demonstrate that subsidiary distance from the headquarters has a complex effect on subsidiary-level job satisfaction; in some distances, no effect is found, while in others, either some or all job satisfaction facets are affected (depending on the distance and facet) in both positive and negative ways. Unlike much of the past research on distance, which has treated distance as a barrier to be overcome or reduce (Stahl et al., 2016), the paper’s finding demonstrate that “negative” distance operates independently (and at varying strengths and significance) than “positive” distance, due to underlying mechanisms.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000There is a real opportunity to push ahead on linking international business strategy research with organizational theory and organizational behavior research. To do so, it requires not only a positive organizational scholarship approach (Stahl et al., 2016) but also methods that will allow researchers to study the influence of distance on mechanisms and processes, as opposed to stand-alone variables. The authors therefore suggest that future work in this area pursue qualitative methods as called for by Chapman et al. (2008).\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000Findings are surprising, in that results vary across job facets and distances. Practitioners need to therefore focus on the mechanisms that influence job satisfaction, not just differences and their potential negative impact.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The firm-level study provides a rich perspective on the complex way in which country-level differences influence subsidiary-level job satisfaction.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/CCSM-09-2017-0115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42024396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-06-2019-0110
Juan Velez-Ocampo, M. Gonzalez‐Perez
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on corporate reputation and internationalization to identify key research theories, contexts, characteristics, methodologies, applications, limitations and opportunities for future research on the interlinks between these two complex constructs. Design/methodology/approach Elements of systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis were used to analyze theories, contexts, characteristics, methodologies and opportunities for future research based on 90 articles published in 50 journals over 27 years. Findings The findings suggest that this is a contemporary yet expanding research field explored from a variety of theoretical, methodological and empirical standpoints, which hinders broad conclusions and warrants further research. More specifically, this paper identifies three broad research streams that link international expansion and corporate reputation and suggests avenues for future studies: cross-national institutions, strategic decisions and corporate reputation; international marketing, consumers and brand credibility; and corporate image, international trade and investment flows. Originality/value Reputation and internationalization are constructs with multiple applications and interpretations. The way companies build, maintain and extend their reputation and legitimacy, and the drivers, motives and difficulties faced by them when expanding operations internationally have been widely studied separately. This manuscript reviews the nascent and promising linkage between these two elements that have recently drawn the attention of business practitioners and scholars alike.
{"title":"Analyzing foreign expansion and corporate reputation: review and future research agenda","authors":"Juan Velez-Ocampo, M. Gonzalez‐Perez","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-06-2019-0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-06-2019-0110","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on corporate reputation and internationalization to identify key research theories, contexts, characteristics, methodologies, applications, limitations and opportunities for future research on the interlinks between these two complex constructs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Elements of systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis were used to analyze theories, contexts, characteristics, methodologies and opportunities for future research based on 90 articles published in 50 journals over 27 years.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings suggest that this is a contemporary yet expanding research field explored from a variety of theoretical, methodological and empirical standpoints, which hinders broad conclusions and warrants further research. More specifically, this paper identifies three broad research streams that link international expansion and corporate reputation and suggests avenues for future studies: cross-national institutions, strategic decisions and corporate reputation; international marketing, consumers and brand credibility; and corporate image, international trade and investment flows.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Reputation and internationalization are constructs with multiple applications and interpretations. The way companies build, maintain and extend their reputation and legitimacy, and the drivers, motives and difficulties faced by them when expanding operations internationally have been widely studied separately. This manuscript reviews the nascent and promising linkage between these two elements that have recently drawn the attention of business practitioners and scholars alike.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-06-2019-0110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48914377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-10-2018-0172
Chaoyang Zhou
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how multinationality affects multinational companies’ (MNCs) downside risk and the moderate effects of ownership structure in the setting of emerging markets based on Chinese publicly traded manufacturing MNCs. Design/methodology/approach The author derives hypotheses based on real options theory and agency theory, and tests hypotheses by using Tobit model and a unique data set of Chinese A-shared publicly traded manufacturing MNCs in the period of 2010–2016. Findings The empirical results suggest that multinationality is positively related to downside risk and this effect is subjected to ownership structure for firms in emerging markets. In particular, multinationality of MNCs with a high level of ownership concentration, managerial ownership and institutional ownership is more likely to reduce downside risk. Practical implications The main conclusion of this paper highlights the importance of ownership structure of MNCs in explaining the real options value of multinationality, and conveys to owners of MNCs in China and other emerging markets the need to strengthen firms’ governance if they want to maximize the benefits of multinational operations. Originality/value This study extends existing studies by taking ownership structure into consideration and highlighting the importance of agency problem in the examination of multinationality and downside risk, which provides a potential explanation for previous mixed evidence. This study also provides new evidence for the relationship between multinationality and downside risk by using a unique sample from China, an emerging market country.
{"title":"Effects of ownership structure on the relationship between multinationality and downside risk","authors":"Chaoyang Zhou","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-10-2018-0172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-10-2018-0172","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to explore how multinationality affects multinational companies’ (MNCs) downside risk and the moderate effects of ownership structure in the setting of emerging markets based on Chinese publicly traded manufacturing MNCs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The author derives hypotheses based on real options theory and agency theory, and tests hypotheses by using Tobit model and a unique data set of Chinese A-shared publicly traded manufacturing MNCs in the period of 2010–2016.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The empirical results suggest that multinationality is positively related to downside risk and this effect is subjected to ownership structure for firms in emerging markets. In particular, multinationality of MNCs with a high level of ownership concentration, managerial ownership and institutional ownership is more likely to reduce downside risk.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The main conclusion of this paper highlights the importance of ownership structure of MNCs in explaining the real options value of multinationality, and conveys to owners of MNCs in China and other emerging markets the need to strengthen firms’ governance if they want to maximize the benefits of multinational operations.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study extends existing studies by taking ownership structure into consideration and highlighting the importance of agency problem in the examination of multinationality and downside risk, which provides a potential explanation for previous mixed evidence. This study also provides new evidence for the relationship between multinationality and downside risk by using a unique sample from China, an emerging market country.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-10-2018-0172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48852455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1108/CCSM-03-2019-0057
S. Park, G. Ungson
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to uncover the underlying drivers of sustained high performing companies based on a field study of 127 companies in Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese (BRIC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) emerging markets. Understanding these companies provides a complementary way of appraising the growth, development and transformation of emerging markets. The authors synthesize the findings in an overarching framework that covers six strategies for building and sustaining legacy that leads to the succession of intergenerational wealth over time: overcoming institutional voids, inclusive markets, deepening localization, nurturing government support, building core competencies and harnessing human capital. The authors relate these strategies to different levels of development using Prahalad and Hart’s BOP framework. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the underlying drivers of sustained high-performance companies based on field studies from an initial set of 105,260 BRIC companies and close to 500 companies in ASEAN. The methods employed four screening tests to arrive at a selection of the highest-performing firms: 70 firms in the BRIC nations and 58 firms from ASEAN. Following the selection, the authors constructed cases using primary interviews and secondary data, with the assistance of Ernst & Young and with academic colleagues in Manila. These studies were originally conducted in two separate time periods and reported accordingly. This paper synthesizes the findings of these two studies to arrive at an extended integrative framework. Findings From the cases, the authors examine six strategies for building and sustaining legacy that lead to high performance over time: overcoming institutional voids, creating inclusive markets, deepening localization, nurturing government support, building core competencies and harnessing human capital. To address the evolving state of institutional voids in these countries, the authors employ similar methods to hypothesize the placement of these strategies in the context of the world economic pyramid, initially formulated as the “bottom of the pyramid” framework. Originality/value This paper synthesizes and extends the authors’ previous works by proposing the concept of legacy to describe the emergence and succession of local exemplary firms in emerging markets. This study aims to complement extant measures of nation-growth based primarily on GDP. The paper also extends the literature on institutional voids in shifting the focus from the mix of voids to their evolving state. Altogether, the paper provides a complementary narrative on assessing the market potential of emerging markets by adopting several categories of performance.
{"title":"Rough diamonds in emerging markets: legacy, competitiveness, and sustained high performance","authors":"S. Park, G. Ungson","doi":"10.1108/CCSM-03-2019-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-03-2019-0057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to uncover the underlying drivers of sustained high performing companies based on a field study of 127 companies in Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese (BRIC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) emerging markets. Understanding these companies provides a complementary way of appraising the growth, development and transformation of emerging markets. The authors synthesize the findings in an overarching framework that covers six strategies for building and sustaining legacy that leads to the succession of intergenerational wealth over time: overcoming institutional voids, inclusive markets, deepening localization, nurturing government support, building core competencies and harnessing human capital. The authors relate these strategies to different levels of development using Prahalad and Hart’s BOP framework.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study examines the underlying drivers of sustained high-performance companies based on field studies from an initial set of 105,260 BRIC companies and close to 500 companies in ASEAN. The methods employed four screening tests to arrive at a selection of the highest-performing firms: 70 firms in the BRIC nations and 58 firms from ASEAN. Following the selection, the authors constructed cases using primary interviews and secondary data, with the assistance of Ernst & Young and with academic colleagues in Manila. These studies were originally conducted in two separate time periods and reported accordingly. This paper synthesizes the findings of these two studies to arrive at an extended integrative framework.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000From the cases, the authors examine six strategies for building and sustaining legacy that lead to high performance over time: overcoming institutional voids, creating inclusive markets, deepening localization, nurturing government support, building core competencies and harnessing human capital. To address the evolving state of institutional voids in these countries, the authors employ similar methods to hypothesize the placement of these strategies in the context of the world economic pyramid, initially formulated as the “bottom of the pyramid” framework.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This paper synthesizes and extends the authors’ previous works by proposing the concept of legacy to describe the emergence and succession of local exemplary firms in emerging markets. This study aims to complement extant measures of nation-growth based primarily on GDP. The paper also extends the literature on institutional voids in shifting the focus from the mix of voids to their evolving state. Altogether, the paper provides a complementary narrative on assessing the market potential of emerging markets by adopting several categories of performance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/CCSM-03-2019-0057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46024031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-05-2018-0062
Tami France, L. Booysen, Carolynne E Baron
Purpose In this world of global interconnectedness, women continue to develop cross-cultural careers and their experiences impact global scholarship and practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships, resources and characteristics that support female expatriate success, with specific focus on the role of mentor/coach relationships. The sample included 102 women from the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK working or formerly working in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach This three phase sequential mixed-methods exploratory research study included 10 one-on-one semi-structured interviews, 102 survey respondents and 3 facilitated focus groups attended by nine professional women. Findings This research offers evidence that resiliency-based characteristics must be cultivated and developed to support expatriate cross-cultural success. These characteristics can be cultivated through relying on multiple relationships, such as mentors, coaches, host country liaisons, expatriate colleagues, friends and family as well as by supporting and mentoring others. These characteristics can also be developed through specific cultural experiences, knowledge and skill building resources, as well as developing an informed view of self and identity clarity through reflective activities. Originality/value Based on the overall findings, a cross-cultural professional success model was designed and implications for scholarship, organizational effectiveness and cross-cultural leadership practice are presented.
{"title":"Cross-cultural professional experiences of female expatriates","authors":"Tami France, L. Booysen, Carolynne E Baron","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-05-2018-0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2018-0062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000In this world of global interconnectedness, women continue to develop cross-cultural careers and their experiences impact global scholarship and practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships, resources and characteristics that support female expatriate success, with specific focus on the role of mentor/coach relationships. The sample included 102 women from the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK working or formerly working in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This three phase sequential mixed-methods exploratory research study included 10 one-on-one semi-structured interviews, 102 survey respondents and 3 facilitated focus groups attended by nine professional women.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This research offers evidence that resiliency-based characteristics must be cultivated and developed to support expatriate cross-cultural success. These characteristics can be cultivated through relying on multiple relationships, such as mentors, coaches, host country liaisons, expatriate colleagues, friends and family as well as by supporting and mentoring others. These characteristics can also be developed through specific cultural experiences, knowledge and skill building resources, as well as developing an informed view of self and identity clarity through reflective activities.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Based on the overall findings, a cross-cultural professional success model was designed and implications for scholarship, organizational effectiveness and cross-cultural leadership practice are presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-05-2018-0062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0131
Klavdia Evans, Veronika Ermilina, Ashley Salaiz
Purpose The paper enhances our understanding of how small businesses with a strong social mission undergo international expansion. Building on the theoretical arguments on social exchange theory (SET), specifically on the literature on reciprocity, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of the Uppsala Internationalization Model to the context of a social enterprise (SE). The propositions argue that the strong social orientation of SEs encourages a reciprocal exchange with the stakeholders of the host country that limits the number of obstacles they may face during the internationalizing process. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual development bridges SET with bodies of knowledge on SE, Uppsala Internationalization Model and organizational embeddedness. Findings The theoretical arguments provide evidence of how the socially oriented mission of a small business aids it with overcoming obstacles presented by internationalization. Specifically, the authors show that socially oriented enterprises are uniquely equipped to conquer the lack of adequate information about a foreign market and a lack of adequate public support in a host country. A social mission, which ignites positive reciprocity with the local stakeholders, serves as a valuable asset in the process of internationalization. Moreover, since the propositions recognize that the norms of reciprocity differ from one national culture to another, they unfold how reciprocal exchanges may be altered because of the nuances of national culture. Originality/value This work makes three important contributions. First, it extends our understanding of why SEs can potentially internationalize more rapidly than organizations without a strongly pronounced social mission. Second, the investigation on the applicability of the U-Model to the context of SE answers scholars’ recent call for continuous work on advancing the U-Model. Third, the authors equip practitioners with a thorough understanding of how they can capitalize on the social aspect of a SE in the unique setting of a specific national culture.
{"title":"The role of reciprocity in the internationalization of social enterprises","authors":"Klavdia Evans, Veronika Ermilina, Ashley Salaiz","doi":"10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0131","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The paper enhances our understanding of how small businesses with a strong social mission undergo international expansion. Building on the theoretical arguments on social exchange theory (SET), specifically on the literature on reciprocity, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of the Uppsala Internationalization Model to the context of a social enterprise (SE). The propositions argue that the strong social orientation of SEs encourages a reciprocal exchange with the stakeholders of the host country that limits the number of obstacles they may face during the internationalizing process.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The conceptual development bridges SET with bodies of knowledge on SE, Uppsala Internationalization Model and organizational embeddedness.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The theoretical arguments provide evidence of how the socially oriented mission of a small business aids it with overcoming obstacles presented by internationalization. Specifically, the authors show that socially oriented enterprises are uniquely equipped to conquer the lack of adequate information about a foreign market and a lack of adequate public support in a host country. A social mission, which ignites positive reciprocity with the local stakeholders, serves as a valuable asset in the process of internationalization. Moreover, since the propositions recognize that the norms of reciprocity differ from one national culture to another, they unfold how reciprocal exchanges may be altered because of the nuances of national culture.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This work makes three important contributions. First, it extends our understanding of why SEs can potentially internationalize more rapidly than organizations without a strongly pronounced social mission. Second, the investigation on the applicability of the U-Model to the context of SE answers scholars’ recent call for continuous work on advancing the U-Model. Third, the authors equip practitioners with a thorough understanding of how they can capitalize on the social aspect of a SE in the unique setting of a specific national culture.\u0000","PeriodicalId":51820,"journal":{"name":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43197323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：