Archaeological Research in Asia最新文献_第2页

Persistent livestock management practices from the late Neolithic to the Iron Age in southwestern Shandong, China: From the perspective of stable isotopes 中国山东西南部新石器时代晚期至铁器时代持续的牲畜管理实践：从稳定同位素的角度

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100680

Zhangchi Li , Quan Zhang , Yazheng Wang , Mingkui Gao , Xuexiang Chen , Jixi Gao , Yu Dong

Unlike the Central Plains, southwestern Shandong developed an unusual settlement morphology centered on artificially elevated mound habitats, adapting to cope with floods since the Neolithic. Studying how late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and early Iron Age people in southwestern Shandong utilized and managed fauna resources can not only shed light on the subsistence patterns of the region, but also provide crucial insight into how they interacted with the natural and cultural landscape. Here we carried out stable isotope analyses on 131 animal bones (including pig, dog, cattle, sheep/goat, horse, deer, hare, and pheasant) to examine their diets and how they were managed. The results suggest high consistency in their diets from the late Neolithic to the early Iron Age. The pigs, dogs, and cattle were fed with lots of C₄ foods, whereas sheep/goats had mixed C₃ and C₄ diets. The gradual adoption of wheat as feed during the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age was only reflected in pigs' carbon isotope values, but not obviously seen in other domestic species. Previous studies on the Central Plains suggest a slightly different pattern, where pigs, dogs, and cattle all shifted to a diet of more C₃ food (e.g., wheat), and the possible reasons are discussed. The current study situated livestock management strategies of southwestern Shandong within its historical and geographical context, and furthered our understanding of the ecosystem and subsistence scheme of mound settlements.

与中原不同，山东西南部自新石器时代起就形成了一种以人工抬高的土丘为中心的不同寻常的聚落形态，以适应洪水。研究鲁西南地区新石器时代晚期、青铜器时代和铁器时代早期人类如何利用和管理动物资源，不仅可以揭示该地区的生存模式，还可以为了解他们如何与自然和文化景观相互作用提供重要的见解。在这里，我们对131种动物骨骼（包括猪、狗、牛、绵羊/山羊、马、鹿、野兔和野鸡）进行了稳定同位素分析，以研究它们的饮食和管理方式。结果表明，从新石器时代晚期到铁器时代早期，他们的饮食高度一致。猪、狗和牛被喂食大量C4食物，而绵羊/山羊被喂食混合C3和C4食物。青铜器时代晚期和铁器时代早期小麦作为饲料的逐渐采用仅反映在猪的碳同位素值上，而在其他家养物种中没有明显的体现。先前对中原地区的研究表明了一个略有不同的模式，猪、狗和牛都转向了更多的C3食物（如小麦）的饮食，并讨论了可能的原因。本研究将鲁西南地区的畜牧经营策略置于鲁西南地区的历史地理背景中，进一步了解鲁西南地区土丘聚落的生态系统和生存模式。

{"title":"Persistent livestock management practices from the late Neolithic to the Iron Age in southwestern Shandong, China: From the perspective of stable isotopes","authors":"Zhangchi Li , Quan Zhang , Yazheng Wang , Mingkui Gao , Xuexiang Chen , Jixi Gao , Yu Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unlike the Central Plains, southwestern Shandong developed an unusual settlement morphology centered on artificially elevated mound habitats, adapting to cope with floods since the Neolithic. Studying how late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and early Iron Age people in southwestern Shandong utilized and managed fauna resources can not only shed light on the subsistence patterns of the region, but also provide crucial insight into how they interacted with the natural and cultural landscape. Here we carried out stable isotope analyses on 131 animal bones (including pig, dog, cattle, sheep/goat, horse, deer, hare, and pheasant) to examine their diets and how they were managed. The results suggest high consistency in their diets from the late Neolithic to the early Iron Age. The pigs, dogs, and cattle were fed with lots of C<sub>4</sub> foods, whereas sheep/goats had mixed C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> diets. The gradual adoption of wheat as feed during the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age was only reflected in pigs' carbon isotope values, but not obviously seen in other domestic species. Previous studies on the Central Plains suggest a slightly different pattern, where pigs, dogs, and cattle all shifted to a diet of more C<sub>3</sub> food (e.g., wheat), and the possible reasons are discussed. The current study situated livestock management strategies of southwestern Shandong within its historical and geographical context, and furthered our understanding of the ecosystem and subsistence scheme of mound settlements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Marine fishes for Nobiliary interment during the Eastern Zhou period: Zooarchaeological evidence from Jiwanggu Tomb No. 1, Shandong, China 东周时期用于贵族墓葬的海洋鱼类：来自山东冀王谷一号墓的动物考古证据

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100679

Xiaojun Qi , Daohua Hao , Yihao Geng

While fish remains are common in Chinese archaeological sites, their utilization during the Eastern Zhou Period remains poorly understood. In this study, we re-examined the fish bones unearthed from Jiwanggu Tomb No.1 and identified two types of large, uniform-sized marine fish originating from distant regions: brown croaker and snapper. These marine fishes were reserved for funerary ceremonies rather than daily consumption, which reveals a tribute system involving a complex chain of marine fish harvesting, processing, transportation, and interment. Compared with the nobiliary tombs of other regional states during the Eastern Zhou period, as well as tombs belonging to the Ju State's aristocracy, the marine fishes in this tomb are unique. The tomb owner held an unparalleled social prominence in the Ju State, acquiring valuable marine resources through social control over communities possessing fishery expertise along southeastern Shandong coastline.

虽然鱼的遗骸在中国考古遗址中很常见，但人们对东周时期鱼的使用情况知之甚少。本研究对吉王古1号墓出土的鱼骨进行了重新鉴定，鉴定出两种来自遥远地区的大小均匀的大型海鱼：黄花鱼和鲷鱼。这些海鱼被保留用于葬礼仪式，而不是日常消费，这揭示了一个涉及海鱼收获、加工、运输和埋葬的复杂链条的贡品系统。与东周时期其他地区国家的贵族墓葬以及居国贵族墓葬相比，该墓葬中的海鱼是独一无二的。墓主在莒国拥有无与伦比的社会地位，通过对山东东南沿海拥有渔业专业知识的社区的社会控制，获得了宝贵的海洋资源。

引用次数: 0

Environmental background of subsistence changes from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age in northern Shandong, China: Geoscientific evidence from the Dingjiazhuang profile 山东北部新石器时代中期至青铜时代生存变化的环境背景：来自丁家庄剖面的地球科学证据

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100678

Yaping Li , Qian Ma , Yuwei Li , Wenhao Zheng , Kai Su , Junna Zhang , Kai Ning , Zhenjing Yang , Guiyun Jin

The environmental background of subsistence economies is an important research topic in archaeology. However, this topic hasn't been sufficiently explored in northern Shandong between the Neolithic period and Bronze Age. This study reconstructed the local Holocene vegetation and sedimentary environment using sporopollen, grain size, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition and chromaticity from the Dingjiazhuang profile. Furthermore, this study reviews the regional paleoenvironment and subsistence evolution in northern Shandong between the Middle Neolithic period and the Bronze Age using previous research findings. Paleoclimate during the Middle and Late Neolithic periods (from Houli to early Dawenkou culture, 8300–5400 BP) was warm and humid. Many lakes and marshes provided with abundant wild plant and animal resources. Hunting and gathering were predominant, but agriculture contributed increasing proportion. During the late Neolithic period (from middle-late Dawenkou to Longshan culture, 5400–3800 BP), dwindling lakes, marshes, and forests led to reduced plant and animal resources. As the population grew, people migrated to low floodplains, cultivating expanded agricultural land. In the middle-late Dawenkou periods, agriculture became the dominant subsistence strategy. This was reinforced in the Longshan culture, with peaked rice farming in prehistoric time. Paleoclimate during the Bronze Age (from Yueshi culture to Shang and Zhou Dynasties, 3900–2206 BP) was warm and dry. Lakes and marshes gradually disappeared; paddy rice farming gave way to dryland farming. This study revealed the profound influence of environmental changes on subsistence patterns, demonstrating people's ability to shape and adjust the environment.

自给经济的环境背景是考古学的一个重要研究课题。然而，在新石器时代至青铜器时代之间的鲁北地区，这一主题尚未得到充分的探讨。利用丁家庄剖面的孢粉、粒度、磁化率、燃失率和色度等资料，重建了该区全新世植被和沉积环境。在此基础上，结合前人的研究成果，回顾了新石器时代中期至青铜器时代鲁北地区的古环境和生存演变。新石器时代中晚期（后历至大汶口文化早期，8300-5400 BP）气候温暖湿润。许多湖泊和沼泽提供了丰富的野生动植物资源。以狩猎和采集为主，但农业贡献越来越大。新石器时代晚期（从大汶口文化中晚期到龙山文化，公元前5400-3800年），湖泊、沼泽和森林的减少导致动植物资源减少。随着人口的增长，人们迁移到低洼的洪泛平原，耕种扩大了的农业用地。在大汶口中后期，农业成为主要的生存策略。这在龙山文化中得到了加强，在史前时期，水稻种植达到了顶峰。青铜器时代（月氏文化至商周时期，3900-2206 BP）气候温暖干燥。湖泊和沼泽逐渐消失；水稻种植让位给旱地种植。这项研究揭示了环境变化对生存方式的深刻影响，展示了人类塑造和调节环境的能力。

{"title":"Environmental background of subsistence changes from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age in northern Shandong, China: Geoscientific evidence from the Dingjiazhuang profile","authors":"Yaping Li , Qian Ma , Yuwei Li , Wenhao Zheng , Kai Su , Junna Zhang , Kai Ning , Zhenjing Yang , Guiyun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental background of subsistence economies is an important research topic in archaeology. However, this topic hasn't been sufficiently explored in northern Shandong between the Neolithic period and Bronze Age. This study reconstructed the local Holocene vegetation and sedimentary environment using sporopollen, grain size, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition and chromaticity from the Dingjiazhuang profile. Furthermore, this study reviews the regional paleoenvironment and subsistence evolution in northern Shandong between the Middle Neolithic period and the Bronze Age using previous research findings. Paleoclimate during the Middle and Late Neolithic periods (from Houli to early Dawenkou culture, 8300–5400 BP) was warm and humid. Many lakes and marshes provided with abundant wild plant and animal resources. Hunting and gathering were predominant, but agriculture contributed increasing proportion. During the late Neolithic period (from middle-late Dawenkou to Longshan culture, 5400–3800 BP), dwindling lakes, marshes, and forests led to reduced plant and animal resources. As the population grew, people migrated to low floodplains, cultivating expanded agricultural land. In the middle-late Dawenkou periods, agriculture became the dominant subsistence strategy. This was reinforced in the Longshan culture, with peaked rice farming in prehistoric time. Paleoclimate during the Bronze Age (from Yueshi culture to Shang and Zhou Dynasties, 3900–2206 BP) was warm and dry. Lakes and marshes gradually disappeared; paddy rice farming gave way to dryland farming. This study revealed the profound influence of environmental changes on subsistence patterns, demonstrating people's ability to shape and adjust the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fetal vessel burials dated to 6500 years ago at the Chaparabad archaeological site, Northwestern Iran 在伊朗西北部的查巴拉巴德考古遗址发现了6500年前的胎儿容器葬

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100682

Mahdi Alirezazadeh , Hanan Bahranipoor

During recent archaeological excavations at the Chaparabad site in northwestern Iran, dating to the mid-fifth millennium BCE, two fetal vessel burials were discovered. In this region, the fifth millennium BCE can be divided into two cultural horizons: the Dalma culture in the first half and the Pisdeli culture in the second half. The burial practices of Dalma and Pisdeli fetuses are unclear. The study of these burials and their comparison with similar burials at other sites in southwest Asia may provide insight into burial practices during the fifth millennium BCE. Because of the exceptional preservation of the remains, particularly specimen L522.1, which contained over 90 % of its skeletal elements intact, quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as content analysis, were employed. To estimate the fetal age at death, 305 measurements were taken for burial L522.1 and 165 measurements were taken for burial L815.1, in addition to qualitative studies. According to their long bones and other indicators, both Chaparabad fetuses were preterm at approximately 36–38 weeks of gestational age. The connection between burials and other archaeological findings, such as burial vessel typologies, architecture, artifacts, and faunal remains, has been established using qualitative methods and content analysis. The cranial bones of burial L522.1 were positioned near the rim of the jar, with the lower limbs extending toward the base, indicating how the fetus was placed. The burial jar also contained bones of ovicaprids. The bones came from various parts of the animal, and the jar was placed atop the butchered remains. Compared to burial L522.1, burial L815.1 lacked burial goods, indicating that burial customs varied. Burial L522.1 was placed within an architectural space interpreted as a kitchen, whereas burial L815.1 was located adjacent to a grain storage facility. A study of these fetal burials highlights the potential of burial analysis to offer new insights into prehistoric cultures in an area of research that is heavily dominated by ceramics.

在最近对伊朗西北部查帕拉巴德遗址的考古发掘中，发现了两个胎儿的容器埋葬，其历史可追溯到公元前五千年中期。在这个地区，公元前五千年可以分为两个文化视野：前半段是达尔马文化，后半段是皮斯德利文化。Dalma和Pisdeli胎儿的埋葬方式尚不清楚。对这些墓葬的研究，以及与西南亚其他地方类似墓葬的比较，可能有助于了解公元前五千年的墓葬习俗。由于这具遗骸保存非常完好，尤其是L522.1号标本，90%以上的骨骼元素完好无损，因此采用了定量和定性方法以及含量分析。为了估计胎儿死亡年龄，除了定性研究外，还对L522.1和L815.1进行了305次测量和165次测量。根据他们的长骨和其他指标，这两个Chaparabad胎儿都是早产的，大约在孕龄36-38周。墓葬与其他考古发现之间的联系，如墓葬容器类型学、建筑、人工制品和动物遗骸，已经通过定性方法和内容分析建立起来。L522.1的颅骨位于罐子边缘附近，下肢向底部延伸，表明胎儿是如何放置的。埋葬罐中还含有维卡帕德龙的骨头。骨头来自动物的不同部位，罐子被放在被屠宰的遗骸上。与L522.1墓葬相比，L815.1墓葬缺少陪葬品，说明墓葬习俗差异较大。墓葬L522.1被放置在一个被解释为厨房的建筑空间内，而墓葬L815.1位于一个谷物储存设施附近。对这些胎儿埋葬的研究强调了埋葬分析的潜力，可以在一个以陶瓷为主的研究领域为史前文化提供新的见解。

{"title":"Fetal vessel burials dated to 6500 years ago at the Chaparabad archaeological site, Northwestern Iran","authors":"Mahdi Alirezazadeh , Hanan Bahranipoor","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During recent archaeological excavations at the Chaparabad site in northwestern Iran, dating to the mid-fifth millennium BCE, two fetal vessel burials were discovered. In this region, the fifth millennium BCE can be divided into two cultural horizons: the Dalma culture in the first half and the Pisdeli culture in the second half. The burial practices of Dalma and Pisdeli fetuses are unclear. The study of these burials and their comparison with similar burials at other sites in southwest Asia may provide insight into burial practices during the fifth millennium BCE. Because of the exceptional preservation of the remains, particularly specimen L522.1, which contained over 90 % of its skeletal elements intact, quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as content analysis, were employed. To estimate the fetal age at death, 305 measurements were taken for burial L522.1 and 165 measurements were taken for burial L815.1, in addition to qualitative studies. According to their long bones and other indicators, both Chaparabad fetuses were preterm at approximately 36–38 weeks of gestational age. The connection between burials and other archaeological findings, such as burial vessel typologies, architecture, artifacts, and faunal remains, has been established using qualitative methods and content analysis. The cranial bones of burial L522.1 were positioned near the rim of the jar, with the lower limbs extending toward the base, indicating how the fetus was placed. The burial jar also contained bones of ovicaprids. The bones came from various parts of the animal, and the jar was placed atop the butchered remains. Compared to burial L522.1, burial L815.1 lacked burial goods, indicating that burial customs varied. Burial L522.1 was placed within an architectural space interpreted as a kitchen, whereas burial L815.1 was located adjacent to a grain storage facility. A study of these fetal burials highlights the potential of burial analysis to offer new insights into prehistoric cultures in an area of research that is heavily dominated by ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Valuing animal use in the agropastoral societies of the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages in North China 中国北方新石器时代晚期和青铜时代早期农牧社会中动物使用的价值

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100677

Tao SHI

China's cultural landscape underwent a critical transformation during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. With the collapse of Neolithic societies across many regions, north China emerged as a political hotspot during this period. The introduction of domesticated herbivores not only enriched local inhabitants' sources of meat, but also profoundly influenced their behavior, social organization, and ideology. This study integrates data on animal remains from north China to examine local inhabitants' attitudes toward different animals, particularly pigs and domesticated herbivores introduced from West Asia. It shows that agropastoralists in north China had clear preferences for animals in different use contexts. Domesticated herbivores, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, were used primarily in subsistence economies and divination practices, whereas pigs played a dominant role in mortuary rituals. By applying the concept of value, this study argues that these preferences were likely shaped by the recognition of different forms of value associated with animals. The importance of domesticated herbivores centered primarily on use and symbolic values, while pigs were more closely tied to social values. The prominence of pigs in social values possibly stemmed from their relative scarcity in daily life and the challenges of raising them, making them a more distinct indicator of wealth. Meanwhile, the dominance of domesticated herbivores in symbolic value indicates a possible metaphorical link between divination practices and the pastoral economy.

新石器时代晚期和青铜时代早期，中国的文化景观发生了重大转变。随着许多地区新石器时代社会的崩溃，中国北方在这一时期成为一个政治热点。驯化食草动物的引入不仅丰富了当地居民的肉类来源，而且深刻地影响了他们的行为、社会组织和意识形态。本研究整合了来自中国北方的动物遗骸数据，以考察当地居民对不同动物的态度，特别是猪和从西亚引进的家养食草动物。这表明华北农牧民在不同的利用环境下对动物有明显的偏好。驯化的食草动物，如牛、绵羊和山羊，主要用于维持生计的经济和占卜实践，而猪在殡葬仪式中起着主导作用。通过应用价值的概念，这项研究认为，这些偏好可能是由对与动物相关的不同形式的价值的认识形成的。驯化食草动物的重要性主要集中在用途和象征价值上，而猪则与社会价值联系更紧密。猪在社会价值中的突出地位可能源于它们在日常生活中的相对稀缺性和饲养它们的挑战，使它们成为更明确的财富指标。同时，驯化食草动物在象征价值上的主导地位表明，占卜实践与畜牧经济之间可能存在隐喻联系。

{"title":"Valuing animal use in the agropastoral societies of the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages in North China","authors":"Tao SHI","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China's cultural landscape underwent a critical transformation during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. With the collapse of Neolithic societies across many regions, north China emerged as a political hotspot during this period. The introduction of domesticated herbivores not only enriched local inhabitants' sources of meat, but also profoundly influenced their behavior, social organization, and ideology. This study integrates data on animal remains from north China to examine local inhabitants' attitudes toward different animals, particularly pigs and domesticated herbivores introduced from West Asia. It shows that agropastoralists in north China had clear preferences for animals in different use contexts. Domesticated herbivores, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, were used primarily in subsistence economies and divination practices, whereas pigs played a dominant role in mortuary rituals. By applying the concept of value, this study argues that these preferences were likely shaped by the recognition of different forms of value associated with animals. The importance of domesticated herbivores centered primarily on use and symbolic values, while pigs were more closely tied to social values. The prominence of pigs in social values possibly stemmed from their relative scarcity in daily life and the challenges of raising them, making them a more distinct indicator of wealth. Meanwhile, the dominance of domesticated herbivores in symbolic value indicates a possible metaphorical link between divination practices and the pastoral economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Source, craftsmanship, and exchange: The first comprehensive scientific analysis of gold foils unearthed from Xinjiang (6th–3rd centuries BCE) 来源、工艺与交换：对新疆出土金箔（公元前6 - 3世纪）的首次综合科学分析

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100676

Dian Chen , Liangren Zhang , Chao Li , Jie Zhang , Dongyang Sun , Wugan Luo

This study presents the first systematic provenance analysis of raw materials used in ancient Chinese gold artifacts, focusing on 16 gold foil fragments excavated from archaeological sites in Xinjiang, China, dating to the 6th–3rd centuries BCE. Most samples are associated with the Pazyryk culture, with one attributed to the Suodunbulake culture. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we analyzed surface morphology, elemental composition, and lead isotope ratios. The foils, uniformly hammered thickness of 40–50 μm, exhibit elemental signatures consistent with alluvial gold, including tin concentrations exceeding 100 ppm and platinum over 20 ppm. Remarkably, some foils from the Qiangkanhe site contain exceptionally high endogenous mercury levels (some reaching up to 30 %), ruling out artificial addition. Lead isotope analysis reveals distinct source regions: the Qiangkanhe gold likely originate from the Rudny Altai region in Russia, while gold from Fuyun County and the Suodunbulake culture appears to derive from the Tianshan-Beishan region. These findings offer new insights into ancient gold craftsmanship, raw material procurement, and exchange networks within the Pazyryk culture and its neighboring groups, and lay the groundwork for further research on early Chinese gold artifacts.

本研究首次对中国古代金器的原材料进行了系统的来源分析，重点研究了从中国新疆考古遗址出土的16块金箔碎片，这些金箔碎片可追溯到公元前6 - 3世纪。大多数样本与Pazyryk文化有关，其中一个归因于Suodunbulake文化。利用扫描电镜（SEM）和激光烧蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）分析了表面形貌、元素组成和铅同位素比。这些薄片的均匀锤击厚度为40-50 μm，其元素特征与冲积金一致，锡浓度超过100 ppm，铂浓度超过20 ppm。值得注意的是，强坎河遗址的一些箔含有异常高的内源性汞含量（有些高达30%），排除了人工添加的可能性。铅同位素分析表明，强坎河金矿可能来自俄罗斯鲁德尼阿尔泰地区，而富云县和索顿布拉克文化的金矿可能来自天山-北山地区。这些发现为研究古代黄金工艺、原材料采购和帕兹里克文化及其邻近群体的交换网络提供了新的见解，并为进一步研究中国早期金器奠定了基础。

{"title":"Source, craftsmanship, and exchange: The first comprehensive scientific analysis of gold foils unearthed from Xinjiang (6th–3rd centuries BCE)","authors":"Dian Chen , Liangren Zhang , Chao Li , Jie Zhang , Dongyang Sun , Wugan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the first systematic provenance analysis of raw materials used in ancient Chinese gold artifacts, focusing on 16 gold foil fragments excavated from archaeological sites in Xinjiang, China, dating to the 6th–3rd centuries BCE. Most samples are associated with the Pazyryk culture, with one attributed to the Suodunbulake culture. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we analyzed surface morphology, elemental composition, and lead isotope ratios. The foils, uniformly hammered thickness of 40–50 μm, exhibit elemental signatures consistent with alluvial gold, including tin concentrations exceeding 100 ppm and platinum over 20 ppm. Remarkably, some foils from the Qiangkanhe site contain exceptionally high endogenous mercury levels (some reaching up to 30 %), ruling out artificial addition. Lead isotope analysis reveals distinct source regions: the Qiangkanhe gold likely originate from the Rudny Altai region in Russia, while gold from Fuyun County and the Suodunbulake culture appears to derive from the Tianshan-Beishan region. These findings offer new insights into ancient gold craftsmanship, raw material procurement, and exchange networks within the Pazyryk culture and its neighboring groups, and lay the groundwork for further research on early Chinese gold artifacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing regional behavioral homogeneity through the lithic industries from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene: Integrated techno-functional analysis at Yahuai Cave (Guangxi, South China) 晚更新世—全新世岩屑工业评价区域行为均一性：广西雅怀洞综合技术功能分析

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100675

Mickael Baillet , Guangmao Xie , Yao Li , Hong Chen , Yunhao Guo , Liping Xue , Qiang Lin

Contrary to prior assumptions of distinct cultural provinces, recent lithic analyses identified four cross-regional parallels between Lingnan and northern Vietnam (1. cobble-based industries; 2. similar flaking production systems; 3. analogous flake morphometrics; 4. similar retouched tool types on both flakes or cobbles), recurring in three phases from MIS3 to the mid-Holocene, suggesting intermittent cross-regional behavioral homogeneity. Nevertheless, a more systemic analysis questions their evidential value, requiring further research to validate, and some cross-regional behavioral disparities persisted, exemplified by the perforated stones or the “Sumatraliths”. The present study addresses these ambiguities by applying techno-functional analysis to lithic assemblages from the extensive chrono-stratigraphic sequence of Yahuai Cave. Four findings support behavioral homogeneity over time: 1) cobble-cores used mainly for volumetric reduction, and occasionally secondary modification into tools (i.e. cobble-core-tools); 2) cobbles with few localized flake removals on functional edges were actually cobble-tools, but generally not cores; 3) Paleolithic scraping tools evidence a culturally significant practice: the processing of hides with ochre application; 4) all sizes of unmodified flakes were used as tools and have a natural ergonomic grip. Proposed cross-stratigraphic behavioral homogeneity at Yahuai requires testing in other multi-stratified sites across Guangxi and northern Vietnam. This hypothesis questions whether potential cross-regional lithic traditions developed local particularisms, exhibiting minimal in situ typotechnological variation in stone tool assemblages, while maintaining the tooled activities technical systems. If confirmed, such a scenario may explain the previously perceived chrono-cultural divide between northern Vietnam and Lingnan, despite episodic typo-technological parallels.

与先前不同文化省份的假设相反，最近的石器分析确定了岭南和越南北部之间的四个跨区域相似之处(1)。cobble-based产业;2. 类似的剥落生产系统；3. 类似薄片形态计量学；4. 从MIS3到全新世中期的三个阶段反复出现，表明间歇性的跨区域行为均匀性。然而，更系统的分析质疑它们的证据价值，需要进一步的研究来验证，一些跨区域的行为差异仍然存在，例如穿孔的石头或“苏门答腊岩”。本研究通过对雅怀洞广泛的年代地层层序的岩石组合进行技术功能分析来解决这些模糊问题。四项研究结果支持了随时间推移的行为同质性：1)鹅卵石岩心主要用于缩小体积，偶尔会二次修饰成工具（即鹅卵石岩心工具）；2)在功能边缘有少量局部片状去除的鹅卵石实际上是鹅卵石工具，但通常不是岩心；3)旧石器时代的刮削工具证明了一种具有重要文化意义的做法：用赭石加工兽皮；4)所有尺寸的未改性薄片都被用作工具，并具有自然的人体工程学抓地力。雅怀的跨地层行为均匀性需要在广西和越南北部的其他多层地点进行测试。这一假说质疑潜在的跨区域石器传统是否发展了当地的特殊性，在石器工具组合中表现出最小的原位类型技术变化，同时保持了工具活动的技术系统。如果得到证实，这种情况可能解释了之前认为的越南北部和岭南之间的时间文化差异，尽管有偶发的印刷技术相似之处。

{"title":"Assessing regional behavioral homogeneity through the lithic industries from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene: Integrated techno-functional analysis at Yahuai Cave (Guangxi, South China)","authors":"Mickael Baillet , Guangmao Xie , Yao Li , Hong Chen , Yunhao Guo , Liping Xue , Qiang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contrary to prior assumptions of distinct cultural provinces, recent lithic analyses identified four cross-regional parallels between Lingnan and northern Vietnam (1. cobble-based industries; 2. similar flaking production systems; 3. analogous flake morphometrics; 4. similar retouched tool types on both flakes or cobbles), recurring in three phases from MIS3 to the mid-Holocene, suggesting intermittent cross-regional behavioral homogeneity. Nevertheless, a more systemic analysis questions their evidential value, requiring further research to validate, and some cross-regional behavioral disparities persisted, exemplified by the perforated stones or the “Sumatraliths”. The present study addresses these ambiguities by applying techno-functional analysis to lithic assemblages from the extensive chrono-stratigraphic sequence of Yahuai Cave. Four findings support behavioral homogeneity over time: 1) cobble-cores used mainly for volumetric reduction, and occasionally secondary modification into tools (i.e. cobble-core-tools); 2) cobbles with few localized flake removals on functional edges were actually cobble-tools, but generally not cores; 3) Paleolithic scraping tools evidence a culturally significant practice: the processing of hides with ochre application; 4) all sizes of unmodified flakes were used as tools and have a natural ergonomic grip. Proposed cross-stratigraphic behavioral homogeneity at Yahuai requires testing in other multi-stratified sites across Guangxi and northern Vietnam. This hypothesis questions whether potential cross-regional lithic traditions developed local particularisms, exhibiting minimal in situ typotechnological variation in stone tool assemblages, while maintaining the tooled activities technical systems. If confirmed, such a scenario may explain the previously perceived chrono-cultural divide between northern Vietnam and Lingnan, despite episodic typo-technological parallels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145625086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The breeding and functions of dogs in the Western Zhou dynasty of China: Evidence from sacrificed dogs at Hengshui cemetery 中国西周犬的繁育与功能——来自衡水墓园献祭犬的证据

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100674

Lin Ban , Xiaohong Lv , Wenqi Wei , Zhe Zhang , Chunxue Wang , Yaoting Xie

This study examines the breeding, management, and roles of dogs in the Western Zhou period through an integrated analysis of zooarchaeology, ancient DNA (aDNA), stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N), and paleopathology from the Hengshui Cemetery (Peng State), southern Shanxi, China. The assemblage displays a male-biased sex ratio among sacrificial dogs. Stable isotope values indicate millet-based diets closely tied to human agriculture, with dogs generally accessing less animal protein than humans, consistent with a subordinate position in household provisioning. Mild ankle osteoarthritis (AO) occurs frequently among medium-to-large young males, aligning with interpretations of physically demanding activities for a subset of dogs. Mortuary placements suggest dual roles for dogs as both practical assets in life and symbolically charged participants in funerary practice. Preliminary observations raise questions about potential management differences by sex; however, the small number of identifiable females and their isotopic overlap with males preclude firm conclusions. Overall, the results illuminate how dogs were actively managed and embedded in Western Zhou social, economic, and ritual systems.

本研究通过对山西衡水陵园（彭州）动物考古、古DNA （aDNA）、稳定同位素（δ13C、δ15N）和古病理学的综合分析，探讨了西周时期狗的繁殖、管理和作用。献祭犬的性别比例表现出雄性偏倚。稳定的同位素值表明，以小米为基础的饮食与人类农业密切相关，狗通常比人类获得更少的动物蛋白，与家庭供应中的从属地位相一致。轻度踝关节骨关节炎（AO）经常发生在中型到大型的年轻雄性中，这与对一部分狗的体力要求活动的解释一致。停尸房的安置表明了狗的双重角色，既是生活中的实际资产，也是葬礼实践中象征性的参与者。初步观察提出了关于性别之间潜在管理差异的问题；然而，为数不多的可识别的雌性和它们的同位素与雄性重叠妨碍了确定的结论。总的来说，结果阐明了狗是如何被积极管理和嵌入到西周的社会、经济和仪式系统中的。

{"title":"The breeding and functions of dogs in the Western Zhou dynasty of China: Evidence from sacrificed dogs at Hengshui cemetery","authors":"Lin Ban , Xiaohong Lv , Wenqi Wei , Zhe Zhang , Chunxue Wang , Yaoting Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the breeding, management, and roles of dogs in the Western Zhou period through an integrated analysis of zooarchaeology, ancient DNA (aDNA), stable isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), and paleopathology from the Hengshui Cemetery (Peng State), southern Shanxi, China. The assemblage displays a male-biased sex ratio among sacrificial dogs. Stable isotope values indicate millet-based diets closely tied to human agriculture, with dogs generally accessing less animal protein than humans, consistent with a subordinate position in household provisioning. Mild ankle osteoarthritis (AO) occurs frequently among medium-to-large young males, aligning with interpretations of physically demanding activities for a subset of dogs. Mortuary placements suggest dual roles for dogs as both practical assets in life and symbolically charged participants in funerary practice. Preliminary observations raise questions about potential management differences by sex; however, the small number of identifiable females and their isotopic overlap with males preclude firm conclusions. Overall, the results illuminate how dogs were actively managed and embedded in Western Zhou social, economic, and ritual systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Further insight into the shape variability of handaxes from Indonesia 进一步了解印尼手斧的形状变化

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100663

Mohammad Ruly Fauzi , Jatmiko , Thomas Sutikna , Fadhlan S. Intan , Sigit Eko Prasetyo , Harry Widianto , François Sémah , Truman Simanjuntak , Hubert Forestier

Bifacial handaxes from the Indonesian archipelago rarely get full attention, and a comprehensive study needs to be conducted on their variability. Not only is there a scarcity of numbers and a lack of a spatio-chronological context, but the limited information on Indonesian handaxes also generates difficulty in understanding their significance. Using previously published documented and grey literature from Indonesian institutions, we examine a total of 44 specimens of handaxes across the Indonesian archipelago. A fully digital observation was completed using classic-morphometric and geometric-morphometric analysis. The results provide essential quantitative insights into the often-overlooked aspects of shape variability (typology), symmetry, and cutting-edge morphology. Our analysis reveals that Indonesian handaxes from Java, Sumatra, and the Wallacea Zone exhibit similarities. However, applying multiple approaches to describing morphological attributes reveals subtle differences in shape variation. This finding indicates the timing for early hominin arrival in Sumatra, Java, and Wallacea. This study paves the way for advanced comparative research on Acheulean-related implements in Indonesia and Insular Southeast Asia.

来自印度尼西亚群岛的双面手斧很少得到充分的关注，需要对其变异性进行全面的研究。不仅数量稀少，缺乏时空背景，而且关于印度尼西亚手斧的有限信息也使人们难以理解它们的意义。利用印度尼西亚机构先前发表的文献和灰色文献，我们研究了印度尼西亚群岛上总共44个手斧标本。使用经典形态计量学和几何形态计量学分析完成了全数字观察。研究结果为形状可变性（类型学）、对称性和前沿形态学等经常被忽视的方面提供了必要的定量见解。我们的分析表明，来自爪哇、苏门答腊和Wallacea地区的印度尼西亚手斧具有相似性。然而，应用多种方法来描述形态属性揭示了形状变化的微妙差异。这一发现表明了早期人类到达苏门答腊、爪哇和Wallacea的时间。本研究为印尼及东南亚海岛阿舍利相关器物的深入比较研究奠定了基础。

{"title":"Further insight into the shape variability of handaxes from Indonesia","authors":"Mohammad Ruly Fauzi , Jatmiko , Thomas Sutikna , Fadhlan S. Intan , Sigit Eko Prasetyo , Harry Widianto , François Sémah , Truman Simanjuntak , Hubert Forestier","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bifacial handaxes from the Indonesian archipelago rarely get full attention, and a comprehensive study needs to be conducted on their variability. Not only is there a scarcity of numbers and a lack of a spatio-chronological context, but the limited information on Indonesian handaxes also generates difficulty in understanding their significance. Using previously published documented and grey literature from Indonesian institutions, we examine a total of 44 specimens of handaxes across the Indonesian archipelago. A fully digital observation was completed using classic-morphometric and geometric-morphometric analysis. The results provide essential quantitative insights into the often-overlooked aspects of shape variability (typology), symmetry, and cutting-edge morphology. Our analysis reveals that Indonesian handaxes from Java, Sumatra, and the Wallacea Zone exhibit similarities. However, applying multiple approaches to describing morphological attributes reveals subtle differences in shape variation. This finding indicates the timing for early hominin arrival in Sumatra, Java, and Wallacea. This study paves the way for advanced comparative research on Acheulean-related implements in Indonesia and Insular Southeast Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heads without bodies: Evidence of cattle sacrifice in the rock art and burials of the Okunev culture in southern Siberia 没有身体的头：西伯利亚南部奥库涅夫文化的岩石艺术和墓葬中牛祭祀的证据

IF 1.1 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100660

Yury N. Esin , Andrey V. Poliakov

This paper studies the role of cattle in the rituals and beliefs of early pastoralists in the eastern Eurasian steppe belt. It presents and analyses two types of materials associated with the Okunev culture of the Minusinsk Basin during the middle of the third – early second millennium BCEE: 1) images of cattle heads and complete animal figures on rocks, stelae, and slabs; and 2) cattle skulls in ritual pits discovered mostly within the Okunev cemeteries. The paper demonstrates that both materials represent different manifestations of the same sacrificial ritual, in which the removal and burial of the animal's head was an essential part. Their combined study allows the reconstruction of the components and stages of this ritual practice. The animal's head buried in a pit near the graves of people symbolises the whole animal which, it was believed, would accompany them to the other world. The closest parallel to this ritual in form and chronology is found in the Catacomb culture from the northwestern Caspian region, which can be considered as a direct or indirect source for the introduction of this ritual into the eastern steppes. With the economic and social transformations of the early second millennium BCEE, cattle were gradually supplanted by the horse in herders' ritual practices.

本文研究了牛在欧亚东部草原带早期牧民的仪式和信仰中的作用。本文介绍并分析了公元前三千年中期至公元前二千年早期与米努斯克盆地奥库涅夫文化相关的两种材料：1)岩石、石碑和石板上的牛头图像和完整的动物雕像；2)主要在奥库涅夫墓地发现的仪式坑里的牛头骨。本文论证了这两种材料代表了同一种祭祀仪式的不同表现形式，其中动物头部的移除和埋葬是必不可少的部分。他们的综合研究使这种仪式实践的组成部分和阶段得以重建。动物的头埋在坟墓附近的一个坑里，象征着整个动物，人们相信，它会陪伴他们到另一个世界。与这种仪式在形式和年代上最相似的是来自里海西北部地区的地下墓穴文化，它可以被认为是将这种仪式引入东部草原的直接或间接来源。随着公元前2000年早期的经济和社会变革，在牧民的仪式实践中，牛逐渐被马所取代。

{"title":"Heads without bodies: Evidence of cattle sacrifice in the rock art and burials of the Okunev culture in southern Siberia","authors":"Yury N. Esin , Andrey V. Poliakov","doi":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ara.2025.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies the role of cattle in the rituals and beliefs of early pastoralists in the eastern Eurasian steppe belt. It presents and analyses two types of materials associated with the Okunev culture of the Minusinsk Basin during the middle of the third – early second millennium BCEE: 1) images of cattle heads and complete animal figures on rocks, stelae, and slabs; and 2) cattle skulls in ritual pits discovered mostly within the Okunev cemeteries. The paper demonstrates that both materials represent different manifestations of the same sacrificial ritual, in which the removal and burial of the animal's head was an essential part. Their combined study allows the reconstruction of the components and stages of this ritual practice. The animal's head buried in a pit near the graves of people symbolises the whole animal which, it was believed, would accompany them to the other world. The closest parallel to this ritual in form and chronology is found in the Catacomb culture from the northwestern Caspian region, which can be considered as a direct or indirect source for the introduction of this ritual into the eastern steppes. With the economic and social transformations of the early second millennium BCEE, cattle were gradually supplanted by the horse in herders' ritual practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51847,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Research in Asia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0