{"title":"Uneasy Balance: Civil-Military Relations in Peacetime America since 1783","authors":"Cynthia Perrotti","doi":"10.5860/choice.41-6835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-6835","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71102082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : When, on 11 April 1900, the U.S. Navy thought the Holland, named for its designer, that little submarine joined a fleet consisting of two armored cruisers, six monitors, seven first and second-class battleships, and seventeen each of protected cruisers, gunboats, and torpedo boats. At sixty-four tons the Holland was not the smallest vessel then possessed by the Navy, but at fifty-four feet it was the shortest. Though many of the ships in the not-very-old and not-very-large U.S. fleet of 1900 would last for years afterward (the Holland would not be among them), all would be obsolete when the "Great War" broke out only fourteen years later. So would all those ships still being built in 1900, and all those yet only concepts and not only in the U.S. Navy but in all navies. Technology was moving swiftly. Among those types of warship that made up the American fleet at the beginning of the twentieth century, the submarine alone would survive until the beginning of the twenty-first century. In what size, shape, or any other particular the submarine will make it into the second half of this century, we cannot know, but we can be confident that survive it will.
{"title":"The Submarine, 1776-1918","authors":"F. Uhlig","doi":"10.21236/ada422470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada422470","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : When, on 11 April 1900, the U.S. Navy thought the Holland, named for its designer, that little submarine joined a fleet consisting of two armored cruisers, six monitors, seven first and second-class battleships, and seventeen each of protected cruisers, gunboats, and torpedo boats. At sixty-four tons the Holland was not the smallest vessel then possessed by the Navy, but at fifty-four feet it was the shortest. Though many of the ships in the not-very-old and not-very-large U.S. fleet of 1900 would last for years afterward (the Holland would not be among them), all would be obsolete when the \"Great War\" broke out only fourteen years later. So would all those ships still being built in 1900, and all those yet only concepts and not only in the U.S. Navy but in all navies. Technology was moving swiftly. Among those types of warship that made up the American fleet at the beginning of the twentieth century, the submarine alone would survive until the beginning of the twenty-first century. In what size, shape, or any other particular the submarine will make it into the second half of this century, we cannot know, but we can be confident that survive it will.","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : Since the 1950s, there have been discussions concerning the need to develop a space power theory. In their attempts to formulate such a theory, strategists have noted the similarities of space operations to those of air and naval operations. Consequently, many have attempted to derive a clearly articulated, all-encompassing space theory through analogy and comparison to either airpower or sea-control models. These efforts, however, as observers like the contemporary historian and strategist Colin Gray have noted, have not produced a theory addressing space operations and associated national resources and military force will be applied poorly or even counter productively.
{"title":"Corbett in Orbit: A Maritime Model for Strategic Space Theory","authors":"J. J. Klein","doi":"10.21236/ada421953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada421953","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Since the 1950s, there have been discussions concerning the need to develop a space power theory. In their attempts to formulate such a theory, strategists have noted the similarities of space operations to those of air and naval operations. Consequently, many have attempted to derive a clearly articulated, all-encompassing space theory through analogy and comparison to either airpower or sea-control models. These efforts, however, as observers like the contemporary historian and strategist Colin Gray have noted, have not produced a theory addressing space operations and associated national resources and military force will be applied poorly or even counter productively.","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For four decades, Venezuela prided itself for having one of the most stable representative democracies in Latin America. Then, in 1992, Hugo Chavez Frias attempted an unsuccessful military coup. Six years later, he was elected president. Once in power, Chavez redrafted the 1961 constitution, dissolved the Congress, dismissed judges, and marginalized rival political parties. In a bid to create direct democracy, other Latin American democracies watched with mixed reactions: if representative democracy could break down so quickly in Venezuela, it could easily happen in countries with less-established traditions. On the other hand, would Chavez create a new form of democracy to redress the plight of the marginalized poor? In this volume of essays, leading scholars from Venezuela and the United States ask why representative democracy in Venezuela unraveled so swiftly and whether it can be restored. Its thirteen chapters examine the crisis in three periods: the unraveling of Punto Fijo democracy; Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution; and the course of "participatory democracy" under Chavez. The contributors analyze such factors as the vulnerability of Venezuelan democracy before Chavez; the role of political parties, organized labor, the urban poor, the military, and businessmen; and the impact of public and economic policy. This timely volume offers important lessons for comparative regime change within hybrid democracies. Contributors: Damarys Canache, Florida State University; Rafael de la Cruz, Inter-American Development Bank; Jose Antonio Gil, Yepes Datanalisis; Richard S. Hillman, St. John Fisher College; Janet Kelly, Graduate Institute of Business, Caracas; Jose E. Molina, University of Zulia; Moses Naim, Foreign Policy; Nelson Ortiz, Caracas Stock Exchange; Pedro A. Palma, Graduate Institute of Business, Caracas; Carlos A. Romero and Luis Salamanca, Central University of Venezuela; Harold Trinkunas, Naval Postgraduate School.
四十年来，委内瑞拉一直以拥有拉丁美洲最稳定的代议制民主国家之一而自豪。然后，在1992年，乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯试图发动一场不成功的军事政变。六年后，他当选总统。一旦掌权，查韦斯就重新起草了1961年的宪法，解散了国会，解雇了法官，并边缘化了敌对政党。在建立直接民主的努力中，其他拉丁美洲民主国家的反应不一:如果代议制民主在委内瑞拉如此迅速地崩溃，那么它很容易发生在传统不那么成熟的国家。另一方面，查韦斯会创造一种新的民主形式来纠正边缘化穷人的困境吗?在这本文集中，来自委内瑞拉和美国的著名学者提出了一个问题，委内瑞拉的代议制民主为何会如此迅速地解体，以及它是否可以恢复。全书共13章，分三个阶段考察了这场危机:蓬托费霍民主的瓦解;查韦斯的玻利瓦尔革命;以及查韦斯领导下的“参与式民主”进程。作者分析了查韦斯执政前委内瑞拉民主的脆弱性;政党、有组织的劳工、城市贫民、军队和商人的作用;以及公共和经济政策的影响。这本及时的著作为混合型民主国家的比较政权更迭提供了重要的经验教训。贡献者:Damarys Canache，佛罗里达州立大学;美洲开发银行Rafael de la Cruz;Jose Antonio Gil, Yepes Datanalisis;理查德·希尔曼，圣约翰费舍尔学院;珍妮特·凯利，加拉加斯商学院研究生院;Jose E. Molina, Zulia大学;《外交政策》Moses Naim;纳尔逊·奥尔蒂斯，加拉加斯证券交易所;Pedro A. Palma，加拉加斯商学院研究生院;委内瑞拉中央大学的Carlos A. Romero和Luis Salamanca;哈罗德·特林库纳斯，海军研究生院。
{"title":"The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela","authors":"J. Mccoy, D. Myers","doi":"10.2307/20034386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20034386","url":null,"abstract":"For four decades, Venezuela prided itself for having one of the most stable representative democracies in Latin America. Then, in 1992, Hugo Chavez Frias attempted an unsuccessful military coup. Six years later, he was elected president. Once in power, Chavez redrafted the 1961 constitution, dissolved the Congress, dismissed judges, and marginalized rival political parties. In a bid to create direct democracy, other Latin American democracies watched with mixed reactions: if representative democracy could break down so quickly in Venezuela, it could easily happen in countries with less-established traditions. On the other hand, would Chavez create a new form of democracy to redress the plight of the marginalized poor? In this volume of essays, leading scholars from Venezuela and the United States ask why representative democracy in Venezuela unraveled so swiftly and whether it can be restored. Its thirteen chapters examine the crisis in three periods: the unraveling of Punto Fijo democracy; Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution; and the course of \"participatory democracy\" under Chavez. The contributors analyze such factors as the vulnerability of Venezuelan democracy before Chavez; the role of political parties, organized labor, the urban poor, the military, and businessmen; and the impact of public and economic policy. This timely volume offers important lessons for comparative regime change within hybrid democracies. Contributors: Damarys Canache, Florida State University; Rafael de la Cruz, Inter-American Development Bank; Jose Antonio Gil, Yepes Datanalisis; Richard S. Hillman, St. John Fisher College; Janet Kelly, Graduate Institute of Business, Caracas; Jose E. Molina, University of Zulia; Moses Naim, Foreign Policy; Nelson Ortiz, Caracas Stock Exchange; Pedro A. Palma, Graduate Institute of Business, Caracas; Carlos A. Romero and Luis Salamanca, Central University of Venezuela; Harold Trinkunas, Naval Postgraduate School.","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20034386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68843333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830-2000","authors":"J. Hattendorf","doi":"10.5860/choice.40-6377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-6377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71096248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Age of Sacred Terror","authors":"S. D. Smith, P. Dombrowski","doi":"10.5860/choice.40-5458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-5458","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71096103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120025
Frank C. Mahncke
{"title":"Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA and the Hidden Storyof America’s Space Espionage,","authors":"Frank C. Mahncke","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020314
R. Wood
{"title":"Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan","authors":"R. Wood","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64434875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican05021891-12776asupp
C. Bell
{"title":"Navies of Europe","authors":"C. Bell","doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican05021891-12776asupp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican05021891-12776asupp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57515144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The United States and Coercive Diplomacy","authors":"Richard J. Norton","doi":"10.5860/choice.41-3709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-3709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51874,"journal":{"name":"Naval War College Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71099196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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