Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610
J. Wienke
ABSTRACT Four examples for the verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices by full-scale investigations are given. In each case, the power saving is predicted by model tests. Sometimes, these model tests are already regarded as verification of the gains. Nevertheless, usually sea trials are performed to investigate the prognosis in full-scale. For the given examples, the author has performed the measurements during the S/P trials. Analysis of the sea trial results and comparison with the model test results are presented. Finally, an assessment of the different verification methods is given.
{"title":"Verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices","authors":"J. Wienke","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Four examples for the verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices by full-scale investigations are given. In each case, the power saving is predicted by model tests. Sometimes, these model tests are already regarded as verification of the gains. Nevertheless, usually sea trials are performed to investigate the prognosis in full-scale. For the given examples, the author has performed the measurements during the S/P trials. Analysis of the sea trial results and comparison with the model test results are presented. Finally, an assessment of the different verification methods is given.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43178211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979
Oliver Haase, Sebastian Apenbrink, Sabo Raoul Krebs, Peter Segieth, G. Holbach
ABSTRACT In order to limit the emission of air pollutants as well as the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect, the requirements in marine and inland shipping with regard to the exhaust emissions have increased in recent years. The research project ELEKTRA is therefore concerned with the development of an energy-efficient hybrid-powered inland waterway push boat. The project will demonstrate hydrogen and fuel cell technology in conjunction with in-ship rechargeable batteries leading to technology validation under field conditions.
{"title":"Design and system integration of a hybrid inland push boat powered by hydrogen fuel cells and Li-ion NMC batteries and the challenge of providing a bunkering infrastructure","authors":"Oliver Haase, Sebastian Apenbrink, Sabo Raoul Krebs, Peter Segieth, G. Holbach","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In order to limit the emission of air pollutants as well as the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect, the requirements in marine and inland shipping with regard to the exhaust emissions have increased in recent years. The research project ELEKTRA is therefore concerned with the development of an energy-efficient hybrid-powered inland waterway push boat. The project will demonstrate hydrogen and fuel cell technology in conjunction with in-ship rechargeable batteries leading to technology validation under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44112801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832
Thomas Lindemann, P. Kaeding
ABSTRACT The design of stiffened plate structures is of essential importance to prevent an ultimate strength failure of ship hull girders under extreme loads. Progressive collapse analyses are necessary to determine the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of structural components. In this paper, plates, stiffened plates and larger panels of different plate slenderness ratios are investigated by nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA). The progressive collapse behaviour is determined for load cases of pure longitudinal and transverse thrust as well as for combined loads of lateral pressure and shear. The influence of preloads due to lateral pressure and shear on the remaining load carrying capacity of steel plate structures under inplane thrust is demonstrated. The effect of two different configurations of essential boundary conditions for shear load applications is discussed. The ultimate strength results delivered by separate models for continuous plates, stiffened plates and stiffened plate panels are compared.
{"title":"Investigations on the influence of shear and lateral loads on the collapse behaviour of plate structures under inplane thrust","authors":"Thomas Lindemann, P. Kaeding","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The design of stiffened plate structures is of essential importance to prevent an ultimate strength failure of ship hull girders under extreme loads. Progressive collapse analyses are necessary to determine the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of structural components. In this paper, plates, stiffened plates and larger panels of different plate slenderness ratios are investigated by nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA). The progressive collapse behaviour is determined for load cases of pure longitudinal and transverse thrust as well as for combined loads of lateral pressure and shear. The influence of preloads due to lateral pressure and shear on the remaining load carrying capacity of steel plate structures under inplane thrust is demonstrated. The effect of two different configurations of essential boundary conditions for shear load applications is discussed. The ultimate strength results delivered by separate models for continuous plates, stiffened plates and stiffened plate panels are compared.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47211595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-06DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1518692
N. Friedrich, S. Ehlers
ABSTRACT Although it is known that residual stresses may influence the fatigue strength of welded structures, they are usually not included explicitly in fatigue assessments. Experimental investigations on the influence welding residual stresses have on fatigue are complicated by the fact that small-scale specimens often show only little tensile residual stresses. In practice, residual stresses are usually not known and difficult to determine. Welding simulation approaches usually demand for experimental calibration making them unsuitable for residual stress predictions. The reliability of their results is however limited. Therefore, a welding simulation approach applying uniform temperatures without experimental calibration was proposed. Different input parameters were varied to determine their influence on the calculated residual stresses. The approach was then used to design a small-scale fatigue test specimen showing tensile residual stress at the weld. Specimens were produced based on the simulation results and residual stress measurements were compared to the calculated values.
{"title":"A simplified welding simulation approach used to design a fatigue test specimen containing residual stresses","authors":"N. Friedrich, S. Ehlers","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1518692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1518692","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although it is known that residual stresses may influence the fatigue strength of welded structures, they are usually not included explicitly in fatigue assessments. Experimental investigations on the influence welding residual stresses have on fatigue are complicated by the fact that small-scale specimens often show only little tensile residual stresses. In practice, residual stresses are usually not known and difficult to determine. Welding simulation approaches usually demand for experimental calibration making them unsuitable for residual stress predictions. The reliability of their results is however limited. Therefore, a welding simulation approach applying uniform temperatures without experimental calibration was proposed. Different input parameters were varied to determine their influence on the calculated residual stresses. The approach was then used to design a small-scale fatigue test specimen showing tensile residual stress at the weld. Specimens were produced based on the simulation results and residual stress measurements were compared to the calculated values.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1518692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47423673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-06DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1500741
S. Krüger
ABSTRACT A method is presented to compute the geometry of the free vortex system of single- and multi-component propulsors. The method is based on the numerical integration of the Biot-Savart law for the induced velocities, which is equivalent to the numerical computation of the Goldstein factor. The computations have been extended for helix pitches close to zero and to infinity. On the basis of these new Goldstein factors, the shape of the free vortex system of all kinds of propulsors can easily be obtained, including possible interactions of the different free vortex systems. This approach can in a later stage be used for any numerical propulsor method which requires the free vortex locations or the propulsor interactions as input. The application to propeller rudder interaction has shown some interesting aspects which can be useful for the design of rudder sections.
{"title":"Computation of the free vortex system of multi-component propulsors","authors":"S. Krüger","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1500741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1500741","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A method is presented to compute the geometry of the free vortex system of single- and multi-component propulsors. The method is based on the numerical integration of the Biot-Savart law for the induced velocities, which is equivalent to the numerical computation of the Goldstein factor. The computations have been extended for helix pitches close to zero and to infinity. On the basis of these new Goldstein factors, the shape of the free vortex system of all kinds of propulsors can easily be obtained, including possible interactions of the different free vortex systems. This approach can in a later stage be used for any numerical propulsor method which requires the free vortex locations or the propulsor interactions as input. The application to propeller rudder interaction has shown some interesting aspects which can be useful for the design of rudder sections.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1500741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49222354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-21DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1487667
Surasak Phoemsapthawee, N. Thaweewat, V. Juntasaro
ABSTRACT A semi-active flapping foil, which is a heaving foil attached to a torsional spring, efficiently generates thrust. In this report, the propulsive characteristics of such foils are studied using a boundary element method. The numerical investigation is performed to clarify the effects of foil inertia and resonance. It is found that the flapping propulsor is efficient over a wide range of operating conditions. The peak efficiencies occur approximately at an identical advance number and also correspond to the same pitch amplitude in spite of different inertia. The present study also supports that the immersed resonance is relevant to the optimal performance. On the other hand, the propulsive characteristics of all foils are identical regardless of foil inertia when structurally resonated. An evidence has been found that the foil can also perform as an energy harvester in a certain range of operating condition.
{"title":"Influence of resonance on the performance of semi-active flapping propulsor","authors":"Surasak Phoemsapthawee, N. Thaweewat, V. Juntasaro","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1487667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1487667","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A semi-active flapping foil, which is a heaving foil attached to a torsional spring, efficiently generates thrust. In this report, the propulsive characteristics of such foils are studied using a boundary element method. The numerical investigation is performed to clarify the effects of foil inertia and resonance. It is found that the flapping propulsor is efficient over a wide range of operating conditions. The peak efficiencies occur approximately at an identical advance number and also correspond to the same pitch amplitude in spite of different inertia. The present study also supports that the immersed resonance is relevant to the optimal performance. On the other hand, the propulsive characteristics of all foils are identical regardless of foil inertia when structurally resonated. An evidence has been found that the foil can also perform as an energy harvester in a certain range of operating condition.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1487667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43622670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-11DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1482610
K. Ohashi, Hiroshi Kobayashi, T. Hino
ABSTRACT An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) solver to estimate the trajectory on the free-running condition of a conventional ship is developed. Ship motions are obtained by solving the motion equations and accounted for by the moving grid technique. Propeller effects are accounted for by the body forces that are derived from the propeller model, which is based on the potential theory. The prescribed rudder motions of typical free-running conditions are accounted for using the dynamic overset grid method, in which the overset information is updated at each temporal step by implementing the existing overset grid method as the numerical library. The flow around the ship hull during the turning motions is analysed, and strong interactions between the ship hull and rudder in the propeller accelerated flows are observed. Through comparisons, the present method shows its applicability to compute the flow around a ship in free-running motion.
{"title":"Numerical simulation of the free-running of a ship using the propeller model and dynamic overset grid method","authors":"K. Ohashi, Hiroshi Kobayashi, T. Hino","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1482610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1482610","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) solver to estimate the trajectory on the free-running condition of a conventional ship is developed. Ship motions are obtained by solving the motion equations and accounted for by the moving grid technique. Propeller effects are accounted for by the body forces that are derived from the propeller model, which is based on the potential theory. The prescribed rudder motions of typical free-running conditions are accounted for using the dynamic overset grid method, in which the overset information is updated at each temporal step by implementing the existing overset grid method as the numerical library. The flow around the ship hull during the turning motions is analysed, and strong interactions between the ship hull and rudder in the propeller accelerated flows are observed. Through comparisons, the present method shows its applicability to compute the flow around a ship in free-running motion.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1482610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42950099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-05DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1482100
Mahdi Ghesmi, A. von Graefe, V. Shigunov, B. Friedhoff, O. el Moctar
ABSTRACT In the design of articulated systems, accurate prediction of loads on mechanical couplings is important for the dimensioning of the coupling, as well as an assessment of local and global structural loads. The paper studies a twofold pushing convoy in shallow water. Several numerical approaches for the prediction of articulation loads are compared with each other and with model tests. Kinematic constraints are applied to couple the bodies at articulation points to model hinge and rigid mechanical couplings. For comparison, contact elements are also used to simulate hinges. Depending on the articulation model numerical computations are conducted in frequency or time domain. Comparison between different numerical methods and with model experiments shows that the proposed methods can predict articulation loads with sufficient accuracy for design purposes. The frequency domain approach with kinematic constraints seems more suitable to compute the hinge coupling forces than time-domain simulations with contact elements.
{"title":"Comparison and validation of numerical methods to assess hydrodynamic loads on mechanical coupling of multiple bodies","authors":"Mahdi Ghesmi, A. von Graefe, V. Shigunov, B. Friedhoff, O. el Moctar","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1482100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1482100","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the design of articulated systems, accurate prediction of loads on mechanical couplings is important for the dimensioning of the coupling, as well as an assessment of local and global structural loads. The paper studies a twofold pushing convoy in shallow water. Several numerical approaches for the prediction of articulation loads are compared with each other and with model tests. Kinematic constraints are applied to couple the bodies at articulation points to model hinge and rigid mechanical couplings. For comparison, contact elements are also used to simulate hinges. Depending on the articulation model numerical computations are conducted in frequency or time domain. Comparison between different numerical methods and with model experiments shows that the proposed methods can predict articulation loads with sufficient accuracy for design purposes. The frequency domain approach with kinematic constraints seems more suitable to compute the hinge coupling forces than time-domain simulations with contact elements.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1482100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43617331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-25DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1475710
S. Netzband, C. Schulz, U. Göttsche, D. Ferreira González, M. Abdel‐Maksoud
ABSTRACT The further development of the first-order panel method panMARE for simulating floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in time domain is presented in this work. Based on a surface discretisation of platform, tower and rotor with its wake, the three-dimensional aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow fields are calculated. A free wake deformation model is integrated to capture blade–wake interaction. Hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mooring loads are cumulated by a six-degrees-of-freedom solver to compute the motion of the FOWT. The presented method is able to simulate unsteady and aperiodic motions and to predict the wake deformations and their influence on the rotor loads due to the platform motion. In order to verify the method, simulation results of the DeepCWind floater with the NREL 5-MW baseline turbine are compared with those obtained in the OC4 project. The ability to capture highly unsteady situations is studied as well by simulating a gust with varying length.
{"title":"A panel method for floating offshore wind turbine simulations with fully integrated aero- and hydrodynamic modelling in time domain","authors":"S. Netzband, C. Schulz, U. Göttsche, D. Ferreira González, M. Abdel‐Maksoud","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1475710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1475710","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The further development of the first-order panel method panMARE for simulating floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in time domain is presented in this work. Based on a surface discretisation of platform, tower and rotor with its wake, the three-dimensional aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow fields are calculated. A free wake deformation model is integrated to capture blade–wake interaction. Hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mooring loads are cumulated by a six-degrees-of-freedom solver to compute the motion of the FOWT. The presented method is able to simulate unsteady and aperiodic motions and to predict the wake deformations and their influence on the rotor loads due to the platform motion. In order to verify the method, simulation results of the DeepCWind floater with the NREL 5-MW baseline turbine are compared with those obtained in the OC4 project. The ability to capture highly unsteady situations is studied as well by simulating a gust with varying length.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1475710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44715329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1473235
H. Sagar, O. el Moctar
ABSTRACT This paper documents the numerical investigation of the flow surrounding a collapsing laser-induced cavitation bubble with an initial radius of 1.45 mm. The three-dimensional laminar flow was captured by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. To account for the multiphase flow (water and vapour), the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method was used. The source term of the transport equation of the VoF function was based on the simplified Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The distance of the bubble from a solid surface wall was varied according to the dimensionless parameter D/Rmax ranging from 0.3 to 3.0, where Rmax is maximum bubble radius and D is the distance between bubble centre and solid surface. Computed collapse derivatives, impact velocity, impact pressure, and visual characteristics, such as toroidal shapes of oval impacts, agreed favourably to experimental measurements.
{"title":"Numerical simulation of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near a solid boundary considering phase change","authors":"H. Sagar, O. el Moctar","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1473235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1473235","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper documents the numerical investigation of the flow surrounding a collapsing laser-induced cavitation bubble with an initial radius of 1.45 mm. The three-dimensional laminar flow was captured by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. To account for the multiphase flow (water and vapour), the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method was used. The source term of the transport equation of the VoF function was based on the simplified Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The distance of the bubble from a solid surface wall was varied according to the dimensionless parameter D/Rmax ranging from 0.3 to 3.0, where Rmax is maximum bubble radius and D is the distance between bubble centre and solid surface. Computed collapse derivatives, impact velocity, impact pressure, and visual characteristics, such as toroidal shapes of oval impacts, agreed favourably to experimental measurements.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1473235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49245207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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