Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1558612
S. Ehlers, Hannah Pache, Franz von Bock und Polach, Trond A. V. Johnsen
ABSTRACT Finding the optimal fleet composition under uncertainties is crucial for the economic success of a business. This paper presents the Fleet Efficiency Factor, a decision support tool for fleet size and mix problems and fleet composition problems. The method is based on a particle swarm optimisation algorithm combined with a stochastic model to include uncertainties into the decision-making progress. This combination allows selecting the best option out of a pool of available vessels, vehicles and aircrafts. Additionally, the FEF is based on the classical ship merit factor and thus capable of comparing different fleet compositions according to their economic efficiency, by describing the efficiency in a simple factor. A case study for the supply of an offshore platform in the high North is conducted. The approach proved to be flexible and applicable to different strategical and tactical planning problems in maritime transportation.
{"title":"A Fleet Efficiency Factor for fleet size and mix problems using particle swarm optimisation","authors":"S. Ehlers, Hannah Pache, Franz von Bock und Polach, Trond A. V. Johnsen","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1558612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1558612","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Finding the optimal fleet composition under uncertainties is crucial for the economic success of a business. This paper presents the Fleet Efficiency Factor, a decision support tool for fleet size and mix problems and fleet composition problems. The method is based on a particle swarm optimisation algorithm combined with a stochastic model to include uncertainties into the decision-making progress. This combination allows selecting the best option out of a pool of available vessels, vehicles and aircrafts. Additionally, the FEF is based on the classical ship merit factor and thus capable of comparing different fleet compositions according to their economic efficiency, by describing the efficiency in a simple factor. A case study for the supply of an offshore platform in the high North is conducted. The approach proved to be flexible and applicable to different strategical and tactical planning problems in maritime transportation.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"106 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1558612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46224875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-09DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2019.1598607
A. Cura-Hochbaum, S. Uharek
ABSTRACT A procedure is presented for analysing the sway-yaw-heading stability of a ship in regular waves. A linear stability analysis of the motion equations of the ship, using a mathematical model for approximating the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship including mean forces and moments due to waves, shows if the equilibrium state for a given wave, i.e. the corresponding combination of rudder and drift angle, represents a stable condition. RANS computations for the container ship DTC in calm water and in regular waves of diverse lengths coming from several directions have been used to determine all coefficients of the mathematical model in the showed sample application. Selected situations proven to be stable in theory have successfully been directly simulated afterwards with the RANS code, confirming the validity of the proposed procedure. Some preliminary experiments at the Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA support our approach.
{"title":"On the heading stability of a ship in waves","authors":"A. Cura-Hochbaum, S. Uharek","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2019.1598607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2019.1598607","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A procedure is presented for analysing the sway-yaw-heading stability of a ship in regular waves. A linear stability analysis of the motion equations of the ship, using a mathematical model for approximating the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship including mean forces and moments due to waves, shows if the equilibrium state for a given wave, i.e. the corresponding combination of rudder and drift angle, represents a stable condition. RANS computations for the container ship DTC in calm water and in regular waves of diverse lengths coming from several directions have been used to determine all coefficients of the mathematical model in the showed sample application. Selected situations proven to be stable in theory have successfully been directly simulated afterwards with the RANS code, confirming the validity of the proposed procedure. Some preliminary experiments at the Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA support our approach.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"75 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2019.1598607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46055973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2019.1598629
P. Ruponen, D. Lindroth, A.-L. Routi, M. Aartovaara
ABSTRACT A new approach for analysing the level of survivability for a passenger ship in the event of a collision damage is presented. Monte Carlo simulation is used for generating a large number of damage cases. The probability distributions for damage extent and location are based on the current SOLAS regulation. Each case is calculated with time-domain flooding simulation, assuming quasi-static motions and calm sea, thus enabling evaluation of the righting lever curve during the flooding process. The ship survivability is analysed based on requirements for a sufficient reserve stability. The proposed method is demonstrated with a large passenger ship design. Based on the detailed investigation of the results, the effects of various design changes are studied. Furthermore, the impact of waves on the flooding process is studied. The presented method for survivability assessment is robust and especially suitable for comparing design variations, or ships with similar main dimensions.
{"title":"Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships","authors":"P. Ruponen, D. Lindroth, A.-L. Routi, M. Aartovaara","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2019.1598629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2019.1598629","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new approach for analysing the level of survivability for a passenger ship in the event of a collision damage is presented. Monte Carlo simulation is used for generating a large number of damage cases. The probability distributions for damage extent and location are based on the current SOLAS regulation. Each case is calculated with time-domain flooding simulation, assuming quasi-static motions and calm sea, thus enabling evaluation of the righting lever curve during the flooding process. The ship survivability is analysed based on requirements for a sufficient reserve stability. The proposed method is demonstrated with a large passenger ship design. Based on the detailed investigation of the results, the effects of various design changes are studied. Furthermore, the impact of waves on the flooding process is studied. The presented method for survivability assessment is robust and especially suitable for comparing design variations, or ships with similar main dimensions.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"180 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2019.1598629","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48674259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-08DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2019.1574965
N. Kornev, I. Shevchuk, N. Abbas, P. Anschau, S. Samarbakhsh
ABSTRACT The paper gives an overview of experience gathered by the authors in development and application of hybrid URANS/LES methods for the solution of ship hydrodynamic problems. Difficulties arising at the interface between URANS and LES are discussed and illustrated for a channel flow benchmark. A hybrid model developed by the authors is described. It was shown that pure LES has advantages over hybrid models provided a sufficient resolution can be attained for a given Re number. Advantages of hybrid models over RANS-based ones is demonstrated for the determination of wake parameters behind models of full bottomed ships JBC and KVLCC2. Difficulties with prediction of the ship resistance by hybrid methods are discussed.
{"title":"Potential and limitations of scale resolved simulations for ship hydrodynamics applications","authors":"N. Kornev, I. Shevchuk, N. Abbas, P. Anschau, S. Samarbakhsh","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2019.1574965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2019.1574965","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper gives an overview of experience gathered by the authors in development and application of hybrid URANS/LES methods for the solution of ship hydrodynamic problems. Difficulties arising at the interface between URANS and LES are discussed and illustrated for a channel flow benchmark. A hybrid model developed by the authors is described. It was shown that pure LES has advantages over hybrid models provided a sufficient resolution can be attained for a given Re number. Advantages of hybrid models over RANS-based ones is demonstrated for the determination of wake parameters behind models of full bottomed ships JBC and KVLCC2. Difficulties with prediction of the ship resistance by hybrid methods are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"83 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2019.1574965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42932931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1464241
A. Bekker, M. Suominen, P. Kujala, Rosca Johan Oscar De Waal, K. Soal
ABSTRACT Full-scale measurements on polar research vessels present an opportunity to advance the state-of-the-art in ship design through high-quality long-term measurements of environmental conditions and ship responses. The approaches, data analytics and synoptic results are presented for a comprehensive measurement campaign on a modern polar supply and research vessel, the SA Agulhas II. It is recognised that the real-time analysis and utilisation of such measurements could benefit the insightful operation and management of this vessel. To this end, the conceptual design of a monitoring and decision-aiding system is presented. Results indicate that significant potential beckons in the integrated acquisition, analysis and utilisation of full-scale ship-board measurements provided that this diverse data can be aggregated, analysed, visualised and interpreted in real time.
{"title":"From data to insight for a polar supply and research vessel","authors":"A. Bekker, M. Suominen, P. Kujala, Rosca Johan Oscar De Waal, K. Soal","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1464241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1464241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Full-scale measurements on polar research vessels present an opportunity to advance the state-of-the-art in ship design through high-quality long-term measurements of environmental conditions and ship responses. The approaches, data analytics and synoptic results are presented for a comprehensive measurement campaign on a modern polar supply and research vessel, the SA Agulhas II. It is recognised that the real-time analysis and utilisation of such measurements could benefit the insightful operation and management of this vessel. To this end, the conceptual design of a monitoring and decision-aiding system is presented. Results indicate that significant potential beckons in the integrated acquisition, analysis and utilisation of full-scale ship-board measurements provided that this diverse data can be aggregated, analysed, visualised and interpreted in real time.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"57 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1464241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44391333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-11DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1556496
S. Schubert, T. Rung
ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to the hydrodynamic interplay of rigid bodies in direct proximity. Emphasis is given to proximity influences on inertia and resistance forces. The numerical study employs an overset grid procedure, which accounts for the mechanical contact of rigid bodies, to investigate contact simulations of a circular cylinder and a sphere with a plane wall, which were previously analysed with less general approaches. Results obtained from the present study reveal a significant increase of the additional inertia and resistance forces when reducing the distance to the wall. Moreover, the results indicate that the proximity influence on the added mass and added resistance is coupled. While previous studies in the literature have not been able to capture the observed high-order influences, the derived formulae provide simple corrections of the baseline values that can easily be transferred to wetted structural simulations.
{"title":"On the relation of added mass and added resistance due to wall interference","authors":"S. Schubert, T. Rung","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1556496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1556496","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to the hydrodynamic interplay of rigid bodies in direct proximity. Emphasis is given to proximity influences on inertia and resistance forces. The numerical study employs an overset grid procedure, which accounts for the mechanical contact of rigid bodies, to investigate contact simulations of a circular cylinder and a sphere with a plane wall, which were previously analysed with less general approaches. Results obtained from the present study reveal a significant increase of the additional inertia and resistance forces when reducing the distance to the wall. Moreover, the results indicate that the proximity influence on the added mass and added resistance is coupled. While previous studies in the literature have not been able to capture the observed high-order influences, the derived formulae provide simple corrections of the baseline values that can easily be transferred to wetted structural simulations.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"117 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1556496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59903850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-08DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1542782
L. Radtke, Tobias Lampe, M. Abdel‐Maksoud, A. Düster
ABSTRACT Modern designs of ship-propellers make use of novel materials such as composites, which may show a much lower stiffness than classical material. In order to accurately predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of these propellers in real operating conditions, the structural deformation must be accounted for, which leads to a fluid-structure interaction problem. In the present paper, a partitioned solution approach for such a strongly coupled two-field problem is presented. Owing to the separate modelling of the fluid and the structural problem in such approaches, specialised numerical methods can be applied on either side. Thanks to their superior convergence properties, we use high-order finite elements to discretise the structural problem. On the fluid side, a boundary element method, which is specifically designed to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviour of ship propellers is employed. In order to stabilise the solution procedure, different coupling algorithms and convergence acceleration methods are investigated.
{"title":"A partitioned solution approach for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of flexible marine propellers","authors":"L. Radtke, Tobias Lampe, M. Abdel‐Maksoud, A. Düster","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1542782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1542782","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Modern designs of ship-propellers make use of novel materials such as composites, which may show a much lower stiffness than classical material. In order to accurately predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of these propellers in real operating conditions, the structural deformation must be accounted for, which leads to a fluid-structure interaction problem. In the present paper, a partitioned solution approach for such a strongly coupled two-field problem is presented. Owing to the separate modelling of the fluid and the structural problem in such approaches, specialised numerical methods can be applied on either side. Thanks to their superior convergence properties, we use high-order finite elements to discretise the structural problem. On the fluid side, a boundary element method, which is specifically designed to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviour of ship propellers is employed. In order to stabilise the solution procedure, different coupling algorithms and convergence acceleration methods are investigated.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"37 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1542782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610
J. Wienke
ABSTRACT Four examples for the verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices by full-scale investigations are given. In each case, the power saving is predicted by model tests. Sometimes, these model tests are already regarded as verification of the gains. Nevertheless, usually sea trials are performed to investigate the prognosis in full-scale. For the given examples, the author has performed the measurements during the S/P trials. Analysis of the sea trial results and comparison with the model test results are presented. Finally, an assessment of the different verification methods is given.
{"title":"Verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices","authors":"J. Wienke","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Four examples for the verification of the effectiveness of energy saving devices by full-scale investigations are given. In each case, the power saving is predicted by model tests. Sometimes, these model tests are already regarded as verification of the gains. Nevertheless, usually sea trials are performed to investigate the prognosis in full-scale. For the given examples, the author has performed the measurements during the S/P trials. Analysis of the sea trial results and comparison with the model test results are presented. Finally, an assessment of the different verification methods is given.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"105 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1531610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43178211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979
Oliver Haase, Sebastian Apenbrink, Sabo Raoul Krebs, Peter Segieth, G. Holbach
ABSTRACT In order to limit the emission of air pollutants as well as the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect, the requirements in marine and inland shipping with regard to the exhaust emissions have increased in recent years. The research project ELEKTRA is therefore concerned with the development of an energy-efficient hybrid-powered inland waterway push boat. The project will demonstrate hydrogen and fuel cell technology in conjunction with in-ship rechargeable batteries leading to technology validation under field conditions.
{"title":"Design and system integration of a hybrid inland push boat powered by hydrogen fuel cells and Li-ion NMC batteries and the challenge of providing a bunkering infrastructure","authors":"Oliver Haase, Sebastian Apenbrink, Sabo Raoul Krebs, Peter Segieth, G. Holbach","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In order to limit the emission of air pollutants as well as the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gas effect, the requirements in marine and inland shipping with regard to the exhaust emissions have increased in recent years. The research project ELEKTRA is therefore concerned with the development of an energy-efficient hybrid-powered inland waterway push boat. The project will demonstrate hydrogen and fuel cell technology in conjunction with in-ship rechargeable batteries leading to technology validation under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"61 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1523979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44112801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832
Thomas Lindemann, P. Kaeding
ABSTRACT The design of stiffened plate structures is of essential importance to prevent an ultimate strength failure of ship hull girders under extreme loads. Progressive collapse analyses are necessary to determine the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of structural components. In this paper, plates, stiffened plates and larger panels of different plate slenderness ratios are investigated by nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA). The progressive collapse behaviour is determined for load cases of pure longitudinal and transverse thrust as well as for combined loads of lateral pressure and shear. The influence of preloads due to lateral pressure and shear on the remaining load carrying capacity of steel plate structures under inplane thrust is demonstrated. The effect of two different configurations of essential boundary conditions for shear load applications is discussed. The ultimate strength results delivered by separate models for continuous plates, stiffened plates and stiffened plate panels are compared.
{"title":"Investigations on the influence of shear and lateral loads on the collapse behaviour of plate structures under inplane thrust","authors":"Thomas Lindemann, P. Kaeding","doi":"10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The design of stiffened plate structures is of essential importance to prevent an ultimate strength failure of ship hull girders under extreme loads. Progressive collapse analyses are necessary to determine the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of structural components. In this paper, plates, stiffened plates and larger panels of different plate slenderness ratios are investigated by nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA). The progressive collapse behaviour is determined for load cases of pure longitudinal and transverse thrust as well as for combined loads of lateral pressure and shear. The influence of preloads due to lateral pressure and shear on the remaining load carrying capacity of steel plate structures under inplane thrust is demonstrated. The effect of two different configurations of essential boundary conditions for shear load applications is discussed. The ultimate strength results delivered by separate models for continuous plates, stiffened plates and stiffened plate panels are compared.","PeriodicalId":51883,"journal":{"name":"Ship Technology Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"38 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09377255.2018.1525832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47211595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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