C. Hamarneh, Nizar Abu-Jaber, Safa’ Joude, A. Al-Rawabdeh, Q. Abdelal, K. Qudah
A project to restore the function of an ancient Nabatean flood control system that had previously protected the Plaza of the Treasury (Al-Khazna), Petra, is described herein. The project involves a large, multidisciplinary team, numerous stakeholders, and a difficult setting. It involves training, outreach, documentation, archaeological investigation, hydrological modeling, architectural conservation and rehabilitation. Previous studies had indicated that such flood control systems operate by controlling water flow from the headwaters in order to prevent sudden surges of water. Since Petra often suffers from the effects of flash floods, the Petra Development and Tourism Regional Authority (PDTRA) asked the researchers to explore the possibility of controlling modern-day floods using these systems. This culminated in the partial rebuilding of the flood control system and important lessons on their limitations and how they work.
{"title":"The Nabatean Flood Control System of Wadi Hremiyyeh, Petra","authors":"C. Hamarneh, Nizar Abu-Jaber, Safa’ Joude, A. Al-Rawabdeh, Q. Abdelal, K. Qudah","doi":"10.1086/721013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721013","url":null,"abstract":"A project to restore the function of an ancient Nabatean flood control system that had previously protected the Plaza of the Treasury (Al-Khazna), Petra, is described herein. The project involves a large, multidisciplinary team, numerous stakeholders, and a difficult setting. It involves training, outreach, documentation, archaeological investigation, hydrological modeling, architectural conservation and rehabilitation. Previous studies had indicated that such flood control systems operate by controlling water flow from the headwaters in order to prevent sudden surges of water. Since Petra often suffers from the effects of flash floods, the Petra Development and Tourism Regional Authority (PDTRA) asked the researchers to explore the possibility of controlling modern-day floods using these systems. This culminated in the partial rebuilding of the flood control system and important lessons on their limitations and how they work.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46152428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pokines, Jeremy A. Beller, A.S.A. al-Souliman, O. Samawi, Christopher J. H. Ames, C. Cordova, A. Nowell
Wadi Zarqa Ma’in 1 (WZM-1) is a natural faunal trap sinkhole ten kilometers southwest of the city of Madaba in Jordan, near the Dead Sea. The limestone karst feature measures over thirty meters in maximum depth and is a significant regional source of faunal, microbotanical, and sedimentological data recording climate change and paleoecology. A new method of sampling was tested during summer 2019 involving the use of a backpacksized Shaw Portable Core Drill that allowed a narrow-bore sampling through the mixed fine sediment and boulder matrix. The maximum depth reached below surface through a combination of test pitting and coring was 8.8 m. Multiple locations could be sampled for radiocarbon analysis, and the deepest (7.85 m) sample yielded a calibrated date of 3644–3382 BCE.
Wadi Zarqa Ma 'in 1 (WZM-1)是一个天然的动物陷阱天坑，位于约旦迈达巴市西南10公里处，靠近死海。石灰岩岩溶特征的最大深度超过30米，是记录气候变化和古生态的动物、微生物和沉积学数据的重要区域来源。2019年夏季测试了一种新的采样方法，使用了一个背包大小的Shaw便携式岩心钻机，该钻机允许通过混合的细沉积物和巨石基质进行窄孔采样。通过试验点蚀和取心相结合达到地表以下的最大深度为8.8 m。可以在多个地点取样进行放射性碳分析，最深(7.85米)的样本产生了公元前3644-3382年的校准日期。
{"title":"Radiometric Dating of Wadi Zarqa Ma’in 1, a Limestone Sinkhole Natural Faunal Trap near the Dead Sea, Using Data from Test Pitting and a Portable Coring System","authors":"J. Pokines, Jeremy A. Beller, A.S.A. al-Souliman, O. Samawi, Christopher J. H. Ames, C. Cordova, A. Nowell","doi":"10.1086/720751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720751","url":null,"abstract":"Wadi Zarqa Ma’in 1 (WZM-1) is a natural faunal trap sinkhole ten kilometers southwest of the city of Madaba in Jordan, near the Dead Sea. The limestone karst feature measures over thirty meters in maximum depth and is a significant regional source of faunal, microbotanical, and sedimentological data recording climate change and paleoecology. A new method of sampling was tested during summer 2019 involving the use of a backpacksized Shaw Portable Core Drill that allowed a narrow-bore sampling through the mixed fine sediment and boulder matrix. The maximum depth reached below surface through a combination of test pitting and coring was 8.8 m. Multiple locations could be sampled for radiocarbon analysis, and the deepest (7.85 m) sample yielded a calibrated date of 3644–3382 BCE.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45266887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ullinger, Lesley A. Gregoricka, R. Bernardos, D. Reich, Amel Langston, Paige Ferreri, Brittney Ingram
A double nonadult burial excavated at the Ottoman period (1600–1800 CE) cemetery at Tell el-Hesi was hypothesized to belong to a set of stillborn twins. This study incorporated the use of multiple bioarchaeological techniques in order to assess both the age and survival of the perinates. Cranial and long-bone measurements were undertaken to determine age at death, while stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were considered alongside microCT assessments of bacterial bioerosion in the cortices of long bones to identify whether these infants were born alive and had breastfed. Ancient DNA analysis can now identify twins with greater certainty and was also employed to confirm the sex and biological relationship between these two individuals. Using these various lines of evidence, we test two hypotheses, ultimately finding support for both: (1) the two perinates buried together from Tell el-Hesi were fraternal female twins; and (2) these perinates were likely stillborn.
{"title":"A Bioarchaeological Investigation of Fraternal Stillborn Twins from Tell el-Hesi","authors":"J. Ullinger, Lesley A. Gregoricka, R. Bernardos, D. Reich, Amel Langston, Paige Ferreri, Brittney Ingram","doi":"10.1086/720748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720748","url":null,"abstract":"A double nonadult burial excavated at the Ottoman period (1600–1800 CE) cemetery at Tell el-Hesi was hypothesized to belong to a set of stillborn twins. This study incorporated the use of multiple bioarchaeological techniques in order to assess both the age and survival of the perinates. Cranial and long-bone measurements were undertaken to determine age at death, while stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were considered alongside microCT assessments of bacterial bioerosion in the cortices of long bones to identify whether these infants were born alive and had breastfed. Ancient DNA analysis can now identify twins with greater certainty and was also employed to confirm the sex and biological relationship between these two individuals. Using these various lines of evidence, we test two hypotheses, ultimately finding support for both: (1) the two perinates buried together from Tell el-Hesi were fraternal female twins; and (2) these perinates were likely stillborn.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46275323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Royal Steward Inscription is one of the more famous artifacts in biblical archaeology, but its original context and setting is less-known due to the circumstances following Charles Clermont-Ganneau’s discovery in 1870. The acquisition and removal of the inscriptions from Silwan resulted in the fragmentation of the once prominent monolithic sepulcher of an important official. Today, the inscriptions are in the British Museum separated from the tomb they once adorned. The tomb in Jerusalem is surrounded by the modern residences of Silwan. The visible nature of the inscribed monument is lost. Recently identified nineteenth-century photographs of the Royal Steward Inscription in situ, however, shed light on the inscription’s context and offer a rare window into the viewshed of the tomb. The photographs provide the impetus for a history of research that reveals many ironies surrounding the Tomb of the Royal Steward and the inscriptions it once bore.
{"title":"Rediscovering the Royal Steward Inscription","authors":"Matthew J. Suriano, C. Mckinny","doi":"10.1086/720749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720749","url":null,"abstract":"The Royal Steward Inscription is one of the more famous artifacts in biblical archaeology, but its original context and setting is less-known due to the circumstances following Charles Clermont-Ganneau’s discovery in 1870. The acquisition and removal of the inscriptions from Silwan resulted in the fragmentation of the once prominent monolithic sepulcher of an important official. Today, the inscriptions are in the British Museum separated from the tomb they once adorned. The tomb in Jerusalem is surrounded by the modern residences of Silwan. The visible nature of the inscribed monument is lost. Recently identified nineteenth-century photographs of the Royal Steward Inscription in situ, however, shed light on the inscription’s context and offer a rare window into the viewshed of the tomb. The photographs provide the impetus for a history of research that reveals many ironies surrounding the Tomb of the Royal Steward and the inscriptions it once bore.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49566054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Archival work among the Tell en-Naṣbeh materials housed in the Badè Museum in Berkeley, California, turned up evidence of a previously unpublished assemblage of in situ storage jars that was excavated in April, 1932. These jars seem to belong to the Babylonian–Persian periods. While the assemblage was obviously known to the excavators, for some unknown reason the jars were not published or discussed as such in the original 1947 site report. This paper discusses how the archival material was discovered, issues involving the interpretation of these old excavation materials, the unusual context of the jars, parallels for the jars and how they add to our knowledge of the site and its history following the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem.
Tell en Na的档案工作ṣ存放在加州伯克利Badè博物馆的beh材料发现了1932年4月挖掘的一个先前未公开的原位储存罐组合的证据。这些罐子似乎属于巴比伦-波斯时期。虽然挖掘者显然知道这个组合，但由于某种未知的原因，这些罐子在1947年的原始现场报告中没有发表或讨论过。本文讨论了档案材料是如何被发现的，涉及对这些旧挖掘材料的解释的问题，罐子的不同寻常的背景，罐子的相似之处，以及它们如何在巴比伦人摧毁耶路撒冷后增加我们对该遗址及其历史的了解。
{"title":"A Previously Unpublished Ceramic Assemblage of the Babylonian–Persian Periods from Tell en-Naṣbeh","authors":"J. Zorn","doi":"10.1086/720750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720750","url":null,"abstract":"Archival work among the Tell en-Naṣbeh materials housed in the Badè Museum in Berkeley, California, turned up evidence of a previously unpublished assemblage of in situ storage jars that was excavated in April, 1932. These jars seem to belong to the Babylonian–Persian periods. While the assemblage was obviously known to the excavators, for some unknown reason the jars were not published or discussed as such in the original 1947 site report. This paper discusses how the archival material was discovered, issues involving the interpretation of these old excavation materials, the unusual context of the jars, parallels for the jars and how they add to our knowledge of the site and its history following the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44202289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The valleys and margins of the intermountain plains between Harsin and Bisotun are some of the most important regions in the Central Zagros, where numerous sites from different prehistoric periods have been discovered. Archaeological evidence from the region indicates that scattered human groups were present in the foothills and intermountain areas during the late Pleistocene period. Most archaeological studies in the region have focused on Mount Bisotun. Therefore, an intensive and thorough study is required in order to find new Paleolithic sites in the intermountain valleys leading to the city of Harsin. Archaeological surveys in the region have led to the identification of twenty-one new sites from the Middle Paleolithic to the Epipaleolithic period. In this article, the results of the archaeological survey of the middle Paleolithic to Epipaleolithic sites in the region are discussed.
{"title":"Archaeological Survey Report on Paleolithic Sites of Harsin County in the Central Zagros, Iran","authors":"Mohammad Eghbal Chehri","doi":"10.1086/720752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720752","url":null,"abstract":"The valleys and margins of the intermountain plains between Harsin and Bisotun are some of the most important regions in the Central Zagros, where numerous sites from different prehistoric periods have been discovered. Archaeological evidence from the region indicates that scattered human groups were present in the foothills and intermountain areas during the late Pleistocene period. Most archaeological studies in the region have focused on Mount Bisotun. Therefore, an intensive and thorough study is required in order to find new Paleolithic sites in the intermountain valleys leading to the city of Harsin. Archaeological surveys in the region have led to the identification of twenty-one new sites from the Middle Paleolithic to the Epipaleolithic period. In this article, the results of the archaeological survey of the middle Paleolithic to Epipaleolithic sites in the region are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47638182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The excavations at Tel Reḥov yielded hundreds of metal objects and numerous metallurgical remains that attest to on-site metalworking. The study of such remains and their distribution sheds light on metalworking practices at the site, indicating a considerable change between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, which comprised both the choice of raw materials (bronze vs. iron), their origin, and metalworking traditions. Particularly significant is the evidence for an Egyptian metalworking tradition during the Late Bronze Age, indicating that the metal industry at Reḥov may have been tightly controlled by the neighboring Egyptian stronghold at Beth-Shean. Iron Age I metallurgical remains suggest that the smiths reverted to Canaanite metalworking practices after the Egyptians’ departure. Iron was introduced into common use during the Iron Age IIA, the tenth and ninth centuries BCE.
Tel Re的挖掘ḥov发现了数百个金属物体和大量冶金遗迹，证明了现场金属加工。对这些遗骸及其分布的研究揭示了该遗址的金属加工实践，表明青铜时代晚期和铁器时代之间发生了相当大的变化，这包括原材料的选择（青铜与铁）、它们的起源和金属加工传统。特别重要的是青铜时代晚期埃及金属加工传统的证据，表明Re的金属工业ḥ奥夫可能被邻近的埃及据点贝思谢恩严密控制。铁器时代一的冶金遗迹表明，埃及人离开后，铁匠们恢复了迦南人的金属加工实践。铁在公元前十世纪和九世纪的铁器时代（IIA）被广泛使用。
{"title":"Metalworking at Tel Reḥov","authors":"N. Yahalom-Mack","doi":"10.1086/719589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719589","url":null,"abstract":"The excavations at Tel Reḥov yielded hundreds of metal objects and numerous metallurgical remains that attest to on-site metalworking. The study of such remains and their distribution sheds light on metalworking practices at the site, indicating a considerable change between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, which comprised both the choice of raw materials (bronze vs. iron), their origin, and metalworking traditions. Particularly significant is the evidence for an Egyptian metalworking tradition during the Late Bronze Age, indicating that the metal industry at Reḥov may have been tightly controlled by the neighboring Egyptian stronghold at Beth-Shean. Iron Age I metallurgical remains suggest that the smiths reverted to Canaanite metalworking practices after the Egyptians’ departure. Iron was introduced into common use during the Iron Age IIA, the tenth and ninth centuries BCE.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48900650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author offers a brief introduction to the excavations at Tel Reḥov, beginning with a description of the mound. This is followed by a summary of the appearance of the toponym Reḥob in written sources; the identification of the site; and a brief survey of the excavation project, including its goals, the core staff, the excavation areas and the methods used. Finally, it presents the stratigraphic sequence and the structure of the final report that appeared in 2020, as well as reference to an exhibition held on the excavations.
{"title":"Tel Reḥov","authors":"A. Mazar","doi":"10.1086/719591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719591","url":null,"abstract":"The author offers a brief introduction to the excavations at Tel Reḥov, beginning with a description of the mound. This is followed by a summary of the appearance of the toponym Reḥob in written sources; the identification of the site; and a brief survey of the excavation project, including its goals, the core staff, the excavation areas and the methods used. Finally, it presents the stratigraphic sequence and the structure of the final report that appeared in 2020, as well as reference to an exhibition held on the excavations.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43303412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mazar, U. Davidovich, N. Panitz-Cohen, Yael Rotem, A. Fink
The article describes the development of the city throughout the Late Bronze–Iron Age I sequence. A massive Early Bronze fortification system was revealed on the slope of the upper mound. Following the end of EB III, there was an occupation gap until LB I/IIA, when a ten hectare Canaanite city was founded and became one of the largest cities in the southern Levant, identified with Reḥob, mentioned in several Late Bronze Age sources. The unusual foundation of a city in the Late Bronze Age may have been related to the Egyptian garrison town at nearby Beth-Shean. Though exposure was limited in scope, the results indicate that unlike many other sites, Reḥov maintained its Canaanite urban character throughout this period with no occupation gap.
{"title":"The Canaanite City at Tel Reḥov","authors":"A. Mazar, U. Davidovich, N. Panitz-Cohen, Yael Rotem, A. Fink","doi":"10.1086/719593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719593","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the development of the city throughout the Late Bronze–Iron Age I sequence. A massive Early Bronze fortification system was revealed on the slope of the upper mound. Following the end of EB III, there was an occupation gap until LB I/IIA, when a ten hectare Canaanite city was founded and became one of the largest cities in the southern Levant, identified with Reḥob, mentioned in several Late Bronze Age sources. The unusual foundation of a city in the Late Bronze Age may have been related to the Egyptian garrison town at nearby Beth-Shean. Though exposure was limited in scope, the results indicate that unlike many other sites, Reḥov maintained its Canaanite urban character throughout this period with no occupation gap.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41537041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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