Tel Reḥov was the location of one of the largest Iron Age cities in northern Israel during the Iron Age IIA, the main period investigated at the site. This article summarizes the stratigraphy, main architectural features, aspects of daily life and material culture, industries, trade relations, writing, religion and iconography, as well as chronology and historical questions. The finds reflect cultural and economic processes that the city and its environs underwent during this momentous time. Canaanite traditions alongside innovations, economic prosperity, vibrant trade relations with the Phoenician coast and, indirectly, with Egypt, Cyprus, and Greece are evidenced. Notable is the exceptional and peaceful continuity between the Iron I and Iron II cities. The city may have been the hometown of the Nimshi clan, to which Jehu belonged. The city suffered a violent destruction, probably at the hands of Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus.
Tel Reḥov是铁器时代IIA时期以色列北部最大的铁器时代城市之一，也是该遗址调查的主要时期。本文概述了地层学、主要建筑特征、日常生活和物质文化方面、工业、贸易关系、文字、宗教和肖像，以及年代学和历史问题。这些发现反映了这座城市及其周边地区在这一重要时期所经历的文化和经济进程。迦南人的传统与创新、经济繁荣、与腓尼基海岸以及间接与埃及、塞浦路斯和希腊的活跃贸易关系都得到了证明。值得注意的是铁一和铁二城市之间的特殊和和平的连续性。这座城市可能是耶户所属的宁施族的故乡。这座城遭受了猛烈的毁灭，可能是在亚兰-大马士革王哈薛的手中。
{"title":"Tel Reḥov in the Tenth and Ninth Centuries BCE","authors":"A. Mazar","doi":"10.1086/719592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719592","url":null,"abstract":"Tel Reḥov was the location of one of the largest Iron Age cities in northern Israel during the Iron Age IIA, the main period investigated at the site. This article summarizes the stratigraphy, main architectural features, aspects of daily life and material culture, industries, trade relations, writing, religion and iconography, as well as chronology and historical questions. The finds reflect cultural and economic processes that the city and its environs underwent during this momentous time. Canaanite traditions alongside innovations, economic prosperity, vibrant trade relations with the Phoenician coast and, indirectly, with Egypt, Cyprus, and Greece are evidenced. Notable is the exceptional and peaceful continuity between the Iron I and Iron II cities. The city may have been the hometown of the Nimshi clan, to which Jehu belonged. The city suffered a violent destruction, probably at the hands of Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"110 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47428027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excavations at Tel Reḥov brought to light an assemblage of fish remains, dated to different periods covering almost the entire era of occupation of the site. Most kinds of fish were probably purchased in markets along the Mediterranean coast, including local marine and freshwater fish and also several kinds of fish imported from the Nile and from the hypersaline lagoon of Bardawil. Few fish were imported to Reḥov from the Red Sea. The long-lasting supply of many kinds of fish to Reḥov, together with similar findings in the adjacent Tel Beth-Shean, suggest an organized enterprise of commerce between the Mediterranean coast and the Jordan Valley.
{"title":"Fish Imported from a Distance and Consumed at Tel Reḥov","authors":"Omri Lernau","doi":"10.1086/719598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719598","url":null,"abstract":"Excavations at Tel Reḥov brought to light an assemblage of fish remains, dated to different periods covering almost the entire era of occupation of the site. Most kinds of fish were probably purchased in markets along the Mediterranean coast, including local marine and freshwater fish and also several kinds of fish imported from the Nile and from the hypersaline lagoon of Bardawil. Few fish were imported to Reḥov from the Red Sea. The long-lasting supply of many kinds of fish to Reḥov, together with similar findings in the adjacent Tel Beth-Shean, suggest an organized enterprise of commerce between the Mediterranean coast and the Jordan Valley.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"170 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the violent destruction of Stratum IV the city at Tel Reḥov was rebuilt, yet limited to the upper mound, an area of about three hectares. Two main strata can be attributed to the Iron IIB. A fortification system found in Area B had an earlier phase consisting of a casemate wall with a tower and a later phase with a wide city wall. Dwellings and courtyards were excavated in Areas A, B, and J. The Assyrian destruction was severe, evidenced by the slaughter of people in their homes in Area A. Scanty squatter activity was discovered following the destruction, as were seven burials, some with Assyrian-type pottery bottles, perhaps evidence of Assyrian presence on the summit. One of the burials is especially rich in finds and perhaps belonged to a high-ranking person. (Please note: This article contains images of human skeletal remains.)
{"title":"Facing Assyria","authors":"A. Mazar, R. Mullins","doi":"10.1086/719597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719597","url":null,"abstract":"Following the violent destruction of Stratum IV the city at Tel Reḥov was rebuilt, yet limited to the upper mound, an area of about three hectares. Two main strata can be attributed to the Iron IIB. A fortification system found in Area B had an earlier phase consisting of a casemate wall with a tower and a later phase with a wide city wall. Dwellings and courtyards were excavated in Areas A, B, and J. The Assyrian destruction was severe, evidenced by the slaughter of people in their homes in Area A. Scanty squatter activity was discovered following the destruction, as were seven burials, some with Assyrian-type pottery bottles, perhaps evidence of Assyrian presence on the summit. One of the burials is especially rich in finds and perhaps belonged to a high-ranking person. (Please note: This article contains images of human skeletal remains.)","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"146 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44721040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forty-nine Iron Age II anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines and vessels were found at Tel Reḥov. Clay was an inexpensive material and small figurines were a common item; yet, this small assemblage still holds surprises. All the figurines were published in Saarelainen and Kletter 2020. Here we present a selection of the figurines in order to illustrate their variety and aesthetic appeal, and also to demonstrate the difficulties in studying and interpreting them. What do we see in them? Images of powerful, but nearly forgotten deities? The faces of bygone generations (and of their animals too)? Or, perhaps, portrayals of important priestesses and warriors?
Tel Re发现了49个铁器时代II的拟人化和动物化泥人和器皿ḥov。粘土是一种廉价的材料，小雕像是一种常见的物品；然而，这个小小的组合仍然让人感到意外。所有的雕像都发表在Saarelainen和Kletter 2020上。在此，我们挑选了一些小雕像，以说明它们的多样性和美学吸引力，并说明研究和解读它们的困难。我们在他们身上看到了什么？强大但几乎被遗忘的神的形象？过去几代人（以及他们的动物）的脸？或者，也许，重要的女祭司和战士的形象？
{"title":"The Iron Age II Figurines and Zoomorphic Vessels of Tel Reḥov","authors":"R. Kletter, K. Saarelainen","doi":"10.1086/719595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719595","url":null,"abstract":"Forty-nine Iron Age II anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines and vessels were found at Tel Reḥov. Clay was an inexpensive material and small figurines were a common item; yet, this small assemblage still holds surprises. All the figurines were published in Saarelainen and Kletter 2020. Here we present a selection of the figurines in order to illustrate their variety and aesthetic appeal, and also to demonstrate the difficulties in studying and interpreting them. What do we see in them? Images of powerful, but nearly forgotten deities? The faces of bygone generations (and of their animals too)? Or, perhaps, portrayals of important priestesses and warriors?","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"152 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43948824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An exceptional architectural complex at Tel Reḥov dating to the last phase of the Iron IIA occupation in the ninth century BCE (Stratum IV) was uncovered in Area C, located on the northwestern and highest part of the lower mound. Each of the buildings belonging to this quarter, built exclusively of mud brick, had an exceptional architectural layout, while at the same time, they were interrelated and organized according to a preplanned agenda. All the buildings were completely destroyed by the severe fire that resulted in the abandonment of the lower city at the end of Stratum IV. The abundance of rich remains found in the destruction debris just below topsoil, many of them of a unique nature and reflecting quotidian, cultic, and industrial activities, as well as three inscriptions with personal names, indicate the special role played by this complex, particularly the largest and most exceptional: Building CP.
Tel Reḥov的一个特殊的建筑群可以追溯到公元前9世纪铁器占领的最后阶段(第四层)，位于下丘的西北和最高部分的C区。属于这个地区的每座建筑都是由泥砖建造的，它们有着独特的建筑布局，同时，它们根据预先规划的议程相互关联和组织。所有的建筑都被严重的火灾完全摧毁，导致第四层末端的下层城市被遗弃。在表土下方的破坏碎片中发现了大量的富有遗迹，其中许多具有独特的性质，反映了日常，宗教和工业活动，以及三个刻有个人姓名的铭文，表明了这个建筑群所起的特殊作用，特别是最大和最特殊的:CP建筑。
{"title":"The Exceptional Ninth-Century BCE Northwestern Quarter at Tel Reḥov","authors":"N. Panitz-Cohen, A. Mazar","doi":"10.1086/719594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719594","url":null,"abstract":"An exceptional architectural complex at Tel Reḥov dating to the last phase of the Iron IIA occupation in the ninth century BCE (Stratum IV) was uncovered in Area C, located on the northwestern and highest part of the lower mound. Each of the buildings belonging to this quarter, built exclusively of mud brick, had an exceptional architectural layout, while at the same time, they were interrelated and organized according to a preplanned agenda. All the buildings were completely destroyed by the severe fire that resulted in the abandonment of the lower city at the end of Stratum IV. The abundance of rich remains found in the destruction debris just below topsoil, many of them of a unique nature and reflecting quotidian, cultic, and industrial activities, as well as three inscriptions with personal names, indicate the special role played by this complex, particularly the largest and most exceptional: Building CP.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"132 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45176867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberta Casagrande-Kim, Deniz Ucer Erduran, E. Frank, Izel Güngör
In this article the authors present the preliminary results of the study, conservation, and display of a corpus of Hellenistic terracottas from Niğde Kınık Höyük consisting of bovine figures ranging from small protomes to medium-sized bull statues, and to close-to-life-size hoofs and chests. Images of Greek divinities attached to the bulls’ necks suggest that the corpus was pertinent to a cultic tradition related to the Olympic pantheon. The ongoing work combines data collected through excavation, scientific analysis, conservation, and museum practices to understand this unique body of material and effectively present it to academic and museum audiences.
{"title":"From Excavation to Vitrine","authors":"Roberta Casagrande-Kim, Deniz Ucer Erduran, E. Frank, Izel Güngör","doi":"10.1086/718420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718420","url":null,"abstract":"In this article the authors present the preliminary results of the study, conservation, and display of a corpus of Hellenistic terracottas from Niğde Kınık Höyük consisting of bovine figures ranging from small protomes to medium-sized bull statues, and to close-to-life-size hoofs and chests. Images of Greek divinities attached to the bulls’ necks suggest that the corpus was pertinent to a cultic tradition related to the Olympic pantheon. The ongoing work combines data collected through excavation, scientific analysis, conservation, and museum practices to understand this unique body of material and effectively present it to academic and museum audiences.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"44 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45827559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent studies carried out at the Çemka Höyük settlement on the western flank of the Tigris River in Upper Mesopotamia (Mardin province, Turkey), new information has been obtained on the Late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic periods, defined as the Proto-Neolithic. Despite the short-term nature of the excavations, the settlement provides new data about these eras in the region; in particular, the settlement is significant in terms of the Late Epipaleolithic–Neolithic transition as well as of architectural finds belonging to both periods. The rise of permanent settlements and domestic architecture is a focus of examination.
{"title":"Çemka Höyük, Late Epipaleolithic and PPNA Phase Housing Architecture","authors":"Yunus - Çiftçi","doi":"10.1086/718166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718166","url":null,"abstract":"In recent studies carried out at the Çemka Höyük settlement on the western flank of the Tigris River in Upper Mesopotamia (Mardin province, Turkey), new information has been obtained on the Late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic periods, defined as the Proto-Neolithic. Despite the short-term nature of the excavations, the settlement provides new data about these eras in the region; in particular, the settlement is significant in terms of the Late Epipaleolithic–Neolithic transition as well as of architectural finds belonging to both periods. The rise of permanent settlements and domestic architecture is a focus of examination.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"12 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41700170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rocks and trees are often central to the lives of human communities: their role is far more complex and meaningful than supplying resources, status, or symbolism. In a convivial landscape, rocks, trees, and people are deeply connected, showing elaborate and powerful interdependencies. In this article I explore the idea of conviviality through a series of examples from Archaic to early twentieth-century Cyprus. The Acropolis cliffs of Kourion show the fluidity of rock, constantly changing because of the effects of water, weather, and humanity. In the northern Troodos Mountains, trees and people have been highly interconnected: when human activities are relatively diverse and small-scale, the ensuing relationships are resilient and healthy for the whole socioecological community. Human societies can recognize and celebrate this conviviality through stories that grow up around particular rocks and trees, or through rituals focused on sacred stones or enacted by dancing around trees.
{"title":"Flowing Rock, Dancing around Trees","authors":"Michael Given","doi":"10.1086/718373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718373","url":null,"abstract":"Rocks and trees are often central to the lives of human communities: their role is far more complex and meaningful than supplying resources, status, or symbolism. In a convivial landscape, rocks, trees, and people are deeply connected, showing elaborate and powerful interdependencies. In this article I explore the idea of conviviality through a series of examples from Archaic to early twentieth-century Cyprus. The Acropolis cliffs of Kourion show the fluidity of rock, constantly changing because of the effects of water, weather, and humanity. In the northern Troodos Mountains, trees and people have been highly interconnected: when human activities are relatively diverse and small-scale, the ensuing relationships are resilient and healthy for the whole socioecological community. Human societies can recognize and celebrate this conviviality through stories that grow up around particular rocks and trees, or through rituals focused on sacred stones or enacted by dancing around trees.","PeriodicalId":51934,"journal":{"name":"NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"85 1","pages":"4 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45997396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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