An abridged Portuguese version of this interview was published by the website Observador on 17 March 2016 (http://observador.pt/especiais/ john-darwin-tempoadotarmos-distanciaironica-da-experienciado-imperio/).
{"title":"On empires and global history: An interview with John Darwin","authors":"P. Oliveira, Teresa Pinto Coelho","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.117_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.117_7","url":null,"abstract":"An abridged Portuguese version of this interview was published by the website Observador on 17 March 2016 (http://observador.pt/especiais/ john-darwin-tempoadotarmos-distanciaironica-da-experienciado-imperio/).","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42072878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a general outline of the growing interest in medicinal waters and spas in Portugal during the eighteenth century, with special emphasis on the theoretical attitude and practice of the medical community and the ruling classes regarding mineral waters and on the development of the main institutions dedicated to hydrotherapy, trying to interpret the obstacles that prevented a more general social acceptance of spas and a greater adherence of physicians to therapeutic use of mineral waters in Portugal in this period.
{"title":"Mineral waters, spas and therapeutics in seventeenth and eighteenth century Portugal","authors":"José Pedro Sousa Dias","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.37_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.37_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a general outline of the growing interest in medicinal waters and spas in Portugal during the eighteenth century, with special emphasis on the theoretical attitude and practice of the medical community and the ruling classes regarding mineral waters and on the development of the main institutions dedicated to hydrotherapy, trying to interpret the obstacles that prevented a more general social acceptance of spas and a greater adherence of physicians to therapeutic use of mineral waters in Portugal in this period.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48881355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Junta de Educacao Nacional (National Education Board) (JEN) was created in 1929 during the Military Dictatorship. The purpose of this organization, much favoured by some sectors of Portuguese academiaf and intellectual elite, was the renewal of scientific, pedagogical and national economic policies. Following the example of similar international institutions, such as the Junta para Ampliacion de Estudios e Investigaciones Cientificas (JAE) of Spain, JEN put in place a set of articulated practices – scholarships at home and abroad, the funding of research centres and the organization of cultural expansion services – targeting the scientific updating and a greater dissemination of Portuguese culture internationally.
{"title":"The national education board (1929–36) and scientific research in Portugal","authors":"Quintino Lopes","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.71_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.71_1","url":null,"abstract":"The Junta de Educacao Nacional (National Education Board) (JEN) was created in 1929 during the Military Dictatorship. The purpose of this organization, much favoured by some sectors of Portuguese academiaf and intellectual elite, was the renewal of scientific, pedagogical and national economic policies. Following the example of similar international institutions, such as the Junta para Ampliacion de Estudios e Investigaciones Cientificas (JAE) of Spain, JEN put in place a set of articulated practices – scholarships at home and abroad, the funding of research centres and the organization of cultural expansion services – targeting the scientific updating and a greater dissemination of Portuguese culture internationally.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45883610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides a descriptive account of changes to the Spanish party system against the backdrop of both the recession, the string of high-profile corruption cases and tensions around an increase in pro-independence sentiment in Catalonia, with all these circumstances contributing to an upturn in political discontent and protest. Changes to the party system came gradually. First came the economic and political situation leading to defeat of the socialist party (PSOE – Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) in the 2011 general election and then the erosion of dominance of Spain’s two main parties in the elections held in 2014 and 2015. Finally, the results from the general election of 20 December 2015 seemed to open a new electoral era for the Spanish party system, one characterized by greater fragmentation and polarization, the arrival of new political forces and the need for coalitions to form governments.
本文描述了在经济衰退、一系列引人注目的腐败案件以及加泰罗尼亚支持独立情绪高涨的紧张局势的背景下，西班牙政党制度的变化，所有这些情况都导致了政治不满和抗议的上升。政党制度的变化是逐渐发生的。首先是经济和政治形势导致社会主义党(PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol)在2011年大选中失败，然后是西班牙两大政党在2014年和2015年举行的选举中的主导地位受到侵蚀。最后，2015年12月20日大选的结果似乎为西班牙政党制度开启了一个新的选举时代，这个时代的特点是更大的分裂和两极分化，新的政治力量的到来，以及组建政府需要联盟。
{"title":"Crisis, Changes and Uncertainty: The Spanish Party System after the Great Recession","authors":"Lucía Medina","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.237_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.237_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a descriptive account of changes to the Spanish party system against the backdrop of both the recession, the string of high-profile corruption cases and tensions around an increase in pro-independence sentiment in Catalonia, with all these circumstances contributing to an upturn in political discontent and protest. Changes to the party system came gradually. First came the economic and political situation leading to defeat of the socialist party (PSOE – Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) in the 2011 general election and then the erosion of dominance of Spain’s two main parties in the elections held in 2014 and 2015. Finally, the results from the general election of 20 December 2015 seemed to open a new electoral era for the Spanish party system, one characterized by greater fragmentation and polarization, the arrival of new political forces and the need for coalitions to form governments.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.237_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers an examination of the transformations and continuities that marked political life in Greece after the onset of the economic crisis in 2009. By providing accounts of Greek politics before and after the start of the crisis, the article attempts to detect patterns of transition to a new political landscape. Different sections of the article focus on patterns of change and continuity in the Greek party system, as well as in the domains of electoral behaviour, political culture, political participation and mobilization. Finally, the article hazards a preliminary assessment of the long-term political consequences of the crisis on the Greek political system.
{"title":"Politics in the Depressed Republic: Transformation and Continuity in Greece during the Crisis","authors":"Emmanouil Tsatsanis","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.255_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.255_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers an examination of the transformations and continuities that marked political life in Greece after the onset of the economic crisis in 2009. By providing accounts of Greek politics before and after the start of the crisis, the article attempts to detect patterns of transition to a new political landscape. Different sections of the article focus on patterns of change and continuity in the Greek party system, as well as in the domains of electoral behaviour, political culture, political participation and mobilization. Finally, the article hazards a preliminary assessment of the long-term political consequences of the crisis on the Greek political system.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corruption has been perceived as one of the main problems in Portuguese politics and society. However, the phenomenon is not new for the country. Therefore, this article tries to identify the ways in which tolerance to corruption is disseminated amongst various social classes. In order for a source of unrest to persist for a length of time, it requires a high degree of social tolerance. Using data from a 2006 survey (corruption and ethics in democracy project), this article presents a portrait of how different social classes correspond to different types of tolerance to parochial corruption. These groups have different views regarding the phenomenon as well as certain forms of non-transactive corruption that reproduce tolerance to corruption.
{"title":"Social Classes and Tolerance to Corruption in Portugal: What is the Relationship?","authors":"Marcelo Moriconi, Tiago Carvalho","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.299_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.299_1","url":null,"abstract":"Corruption has been perceived as one of the main problems in Portuguese politics and society. However, the phenomenon is not new for the country. Therefore, this article tries to identify the ways in which tolerance to corruption is disseminated amongst various social classes. In order for a source of unrest to persist for a length of time, it requires a high degree of social tolerance. Using data from a 2006 survey (corruption and ethics in democracy project), this article presents a portrait of how different social classes correspond to different types of tolerance to parochial corruption. These groups have different views regarding the phenomenon as well as certain forms of non-transactive corruption that reproduce tolerance to corruption.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.299_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines party system change in Italy after the emergence of the economic crisis, focusing on the radical shift experienced with the 2013 general elections. By considering several indicators such as party system fragmentation, electoral volatility, issues of competition and patterns of government, this study provides a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the main dimensions of change and continuity experienced by the Italian party system over the last decades. The article argues that the economic crisis was only partially responsible for the instability of the party system, while long-term factors of erosion were crucial to foster party system change. In particular, the crisis of party organizations contributed to the success of new actors, the regeneration of party leadership and the emergence of new patterns of government. The Italian case thus offers interesting insights on the concept of party system deinstitutionalization and on the interaction between institutional change, party strategies and electoral dynamics.
{"title":"Party System (De-)Institutionalization and the Economic Crisis: Insights from the Italian Case","authors":"M. Lisi","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.217_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.217_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines party system change in Italy after the emergence of the economic crisis, focusing on the radical shift experienced with the 2013 general elections. By considering several indicators such as party system fragmentation, electoral volatility, issues of competition and patterns of government, this study provides a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the main dimensions of change and continuity experienced by the Italian party system over the last decades. The article argues that the economic crisis was only partially responsible for the instability of the party system, while long-term factors of erosion were crucial to foster party system change. In particular, the crisis of party organizations contributed to the success of new actors, the regeneration of party leadership and the emergence of new patterns of government. The Italian case thus offers interesting insights on the concept of party system deinstitutionalization and on the interaction between institutional change, party strategies and electoral dynamics.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four main elements characterized Portuguese democracy during the financial bailout by the Troika: first, a government that governed well beyond its 2011 electoral mandate; second, an enormous imbalance in the sacrifices required of citizens (wage earners and retired) and capital; third, powerful delegitimization as a consequence of poor economic and public finance results; fourth, the last of the problems behind Portuguese dissatisfaction with how democracy functioned was, until the 2015 elections, the opposition’s inability to propose alternatives, primarily because the Partido Socialista (PS – Socialist Party) was a weak opposition to the government and until recently the left-wing parties seemed unable to cooperate to create a governmental alternative. What we show here with updated data (2012 and 2014) and specific measures to tap the phenomena is that there are specific elements to the erosion of democratic support and institutional trust as a result of the Troika years and the way austerity policies were imposed by the right-wing government (2011–15), as well as due to the pattern of opposition until the elections of 4 October 2015. The 2015 general election brought about major changes. The resulting minority Socialist Party PS government, supported in parliament by the parties of the radical left – Bloco de Esquerda (BE – Left Bloc), Partido Comunista Portugues (PCP – Portuguese Communist Party) and Partido Ecologista ‘Os Verdes’ (PEV – Ecology Party ‘The Greens’) – marks a major change with left-wing parties cooperating for the first time in the government of Portugal.
{"title":"The Condition of Portuguese Democracy during the Troika’s Intervention, 2011-15","authors":"A. Freire","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.173_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.173_1","url":null,"abstract":"Four main elements characterized Portuguese democracy during the financial bailout by the Troika: first, a government that governed well beyond its 2011 electoral mandate; second, an enormous imbalance in the sacrifices required of citizens (wage earners and retired) and capital; third, powerful delegitimization as a consequence of poor economic and public finance results; fourth, the last of the problems behind Portuguese dissatisfaction with how democracy functioned was, until the 2015 elections, the opposition’s inability to propose alternatives, primarily because the Partido Socialista (PS – Socialist Party) was a weak opposition to the government and until recently the left-wing parties seemed unable to cooperate to create a governmental alternative. What we show here with updated data (2012 and 2014) and specific measures to tap the phenomena is that there are specific elements to the erosion of democratic support and institutional trust as a result of the Troika years and the way austerity policies were imposed by the right-wing government (2011–15), as well as due to the pattern of opposition until the elections of 4 October 2015. The 2015 general election brought about major changes. The resulting minority Socialist Party PS government, supported in parliament by the parties of the radical left – Bloco de Esquerda (BE – Left Bloc), Partido Comunista Portugues (PCP – Portuguese Communist Party) and Partido Ecologista ‘Os Verdes’ (PEV – Ecology Party ‘The Greens’) – marks a major change with left-wing parties cooperating for the first time in the government of Portugal.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. B. Azevedo, Julián López-Colás, Juan A. Módenes
This article is part of the doctoral thesis in demography being undertaken by Alda Botelho Azevedo at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spain’s Ministry of Science and Innovation, grant CSO2013-45358-R ‘Movilidad geografica y acceso a la vivienda: Espana en perspectiva internacional / Geographical mobility and access to housing: Spain in an international perspective’
本文是巴塞罗那自治大学Alda Botelho Azevedo人口学博士论文的一部分。作者感谢西班牙科学与创新部的财政支持，授予CSO2013-45358-R“Movilidad geografica by acceso a la vivienda: Espana en perspectiva international /地理流动性和获得住房:国际视角下的西班牙”。
{"title":"Home ownership in Southern European countries: Similarities and differences","authors":"A. B. Azevedo, Julián López-Colás, Juan A. Módenes","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.275_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.275_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article is part of \u0000the doctoral thesis in \u0000demography being \u0000undertaken by Alda \u0000Botelho Azevedo at the \u0000Universitat Autonoma \u0000de Barcelona. The authors gratefully \u0000acknowledge financial \u0000support from the \u0000Spain’s Ministry of \u0000Science and Innovation, \u0000grant CSO2013-45358-R \u0000‘Movilidad geografica \u0000y acceso a la vivienda: \u0000Espana en perspectiva \u0000internacional / \u0000Geographical \u0000mobility and access \u0000to housing: Spain \u0000in an international \u0000perspective’","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.275_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of the economic crisis on the Cypriot political and party systems (2008–15). While not solely the result of the economic crisis, the entire political system is experiencing a severe legitimacy crisis: levels of trust in political institutions are low and falling and voters today are very sceptical of political parties. Despite these feelings, though, most Cypriots have decided to exit the political system altogether rather than change their mode and form of participation. Therefore, social and political protest remains minimum and symbolic. All evidence seem to suggest a process of citizen disengagement from politics is taking place: however, while the citizens disengage the party system still exhibits signs of endurance. Nonetheless, on closer examination, changes are materializing at both the individual and the group level. The emerging volatility and increased fragmentation of the political space means there are forces and individuals within society that are not politically or otherwise aligned and/or represented in the political sphere, thus creating niche markets for new entrepreneurs.
{"title":"Delegitimization Accelerated: Democracy, Accountability and the Troika Experience in Cyprus","authors":"Yiannos Katsourides","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.15.2.195_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.15.2.195_1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of the economic crisis on the Cypriot political and party systems (2008–15). While not solely the result of the economic crisis, the entire political system is experiencing a severe legitimacy crisis: levels of trust in political institutions are low and falling and voters today are very sceptical of political parties. Despite these feelings, though, most Cypriots have decided to exit the political system altogether rather than change their mode and form of participation. Therefore, social and political protest remains minimum and symbolic. All evidence seem to suggest a process of citizen disengagement from politics is taking place: however, while the citizens disengage the party system still exhibits signs of endurance. Nonetheless, on closer examination, changes are materializing at both the individual and the group level. The emerging volatility and increased fragmentation of the political space means there are forces and individuals within society that are not politically or otherwise aligned and/or represented in the political sphere, thus creating niche markets for new entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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