The article discusses some of the major changes in Portuguese schools, due to both the external evaluation process set up in 2008 and the new school management model. The results discussed here demonstrate how the external evaluation process in Portugal highlights the importance of schools as organizations and the focus on community involvement in school management. A multivariate analysis based on a set of variables enabled us to define three school organization profiles (innovative, traditional and diffuse) using two points of reference: the type of curriculum offered and the relationship with the school community. The article consolidates an analysis based on mixed-method research, enhancing the analysis of qualitative information, how qualitative information can be turned into quantified variables, and how data reducing provides support for quantitative and qualitative data analysis.
{"title":"Evaluation and participation: Identifying different school organization profiles in Portuguese public schools","authors":"Luísa Veloso, Daniela Craveiro","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.2.209_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.2.209_1","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses some of the major changes in Portuguese schools, due to both the external evaluation process set up in 2008 and the new school management model. The results discussed here demonstrate how the external evaluation process in Portugal highlights the importance of schools as organizations and the focus on community involvement in school management. A multivariate analysis based on a set of variables enabled us to define three school organization profiles (innovative, traditional and diffuse) using two points of reference: the type of curriculum offered and the relationship with the school community. The article consolidates an analysis based on mixed-method research, enhancing the analysis of qualitative information, how qualitative information can be turned into quantified variables, and how data reducing provides support for quantitative and qualitative data analysis.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"209-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42687587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Part of a broader effort to bring the land question to the fore of scholarship about colonial Mozambique, this article looks at how legal colonial thought about land and property, part of the growing body of knowledge about topics of interest to the colonies, developed among Portuguese colonialists in the early twentieth century, especially with regard to African access to land. Different contributions to this thought will be analysed to enquire the role the land question played in the Portuguese colonial project in Africa. The main theories and debates about the land question held in Portugal will then be analysed alongside theories and debates about this same topic within an increasingly internationalized field of colonial thought, in which Portuguese colonialists also took part.
{"title":"The land question in early twentieth-century Portuguese legal colonial thought","authors":"Bárbara Direito","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.2.181_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.2.181_1","url":null,"abstract":"Part of a broader effort to bring the land question to the fore of scholarship about colonial Mozambique, this article looks at how legal colonial thought about land and property, part of the growing body of knowledge about topics of interest to the colonies, developed among Portuguese colonialists in the early twentieth century, especially with regard to African access to land. Different contributions to this thought will be analysed to enquire the role the land question played in the Portuguese colonial project in Africa. The main theories and debates about the land question held in Portugal will then be analysed alongside theories and debates about this same topic within an increasingly internationalized field of colonial thought, in which Portuguese colonialists also took part.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"181-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47895795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie [VOC]) set up a judicial forum of European and native officials called the Landraad in parts of early modern Sri Lanka. Its primary tasks were to hear certain civil cases and maintain the thombo (land register). The VOC wished to define who could do what in which piece of land and what it could extract in return. This article is a study of land rights in southern Sri Lanka, providing quantitative and qualitative evidence on the types of possession recognized by the VOC. Officials used local terms relating to land tenure in the thombo, the Landraad and other discussions. The thombo and the Landraad were in effect the legal mechanisms by which the conversion of land, whether collectively or individually held, into alienable title was sought to be consolidated. Despite the complexities of the local land tenure system, the VOC attempted to enforce rules and regulations that would create a neat, circumscribed system that followed specific legal procedures and written forms. This was not always achieved in practice, indicating the important yet discreet role played by peasants in defining land rights.
{"title":"Defining land rights in Dutch Sri Lanka","authors":"Nadeera Rupesinghe","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.2.143_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.2.143_1","url":null,"abstract":"The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie [VOC]) set up a judicial forum of European and native officials called the Landraad in parts of early modern Sri Lanka. Its primary tasks were to hear certain civil cases and maintain the thombo (land register). The VOC wished to define who could do what in which piece of land and what it could extract in return. This article is a study of land rights in southern Sri Lanka, providing quantitative and qualitative evidence on the types of possession recognized by the VOC. Officials used local terms relating to land tenure in the thombo, the Landraad and other discussions. The thombo and the Landraad were in effect the legal mechanisms by which the conversion of land, whether collectively or individually held, into alienable title was sought to be consolidated. Despite the complexities of the local land tenure system, the VOC attempted to enforce rules and regulations that would create a neat, circumscribed system that followed specific legal procedures and written forms. This was not always achieved in practice, indicating the important yet discreet role played by peasants in defining land rights.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"143-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47861184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an analysis of public policies implemented in Portugal between 2008 and 2013 affecting the older segments of the population, specifically those aged 50 years and over. Research on this period is relevant because it was a time of economic and financial crisis and concomitant changes in government policy. By making a content analysis of the laws published on the website of the Diario da Republica (Portuguese State Gazette) three periods could be distinguished: January 2008 to May 2010, which was dominated by an emancipatory logic reflecting respect for social rights; June 2010 to September 2012; and then October 2012 to December 2013, in which a logic of austerity prevailed, especially in the last period, with negative consequences for the quality of life of senior citizens.
{"title":"Later life and public policies in time of crisis: Portugal, 2008–13","authors":"O. Gouveia, M. Schouten, Alice Delerue Matos","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.2.233_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.2.233_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an analysis of public policies implemented in Portugal between 2008 and 2013 affecting the older segments of the population, specifically those aged 50 years and over. Research on this period is relevant because it was a time of economic and financial crisis and concomitant changes in government policy. By making a content analysis of the laws published on the website of the Diario da Republica (Portuguese State Gazette) three periods could be distinguished: January 2008 to May 2010, which was dominated by an emancipatory logic reflecting respect for social rights; June 2010 to September 2012; and then October 2012 to December 2013, in which a logic of austerity prevailed, especially in the last period, with negative consequences for the quality of life of senior citizens.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"233-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42112169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Property rights regimes governing the expansion of agricultural commodity exports in the tropics have varied widely between and within colonial empires. This article illustrates this diversity within the British Empire from about 1850 to 1920. In British West Africa, indigenous customary rights were recognized and land concessions to plantations excluded. By contrast, colonial governments alienated large land tracts for plantations in Malaya, the Indian Hills and Ceylon that often conflicted with indigenous rights and shifting farming systems in upland forested areas. These differences among colonial policies on land and forest rights in turn led to quite different agrarian structures and strongly influenced the location of export production – differences that have persisted until today. The article explores a range of explanations for policy divergence with respect to land rights, including the initial conditions of population density and pre-existing industries, strategic concerns of the metropolitan power, growing civil society agitation on human rights in Africa, the role of individual champions of human rights and shifting paradigms within the empire with respect to the role of plantations.
{"title":"Plantations versus the people: Explaining the diversity of land policies within the tropical British Empire","authors":"D. Byerlee","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.2.163_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.2.163_1","url":null,"abstract":"Property rights regimes governing the expansion of agricultural commodity exports in the tropics have varied widely between and within colonial empires. This article illustrates this diversity within the British Empire from about 1850 to 1920. In British West Africa, indigenous customary rights were recognized and land concessions to plantations excluded. By contrast, colonial governments alienated large land tracts for plantations in Malaya, the Indian Hills and Ceylon that often conflicted with indigenous rights and shifting farming systems in upland forested areas. These differences among colonial policies on land and forest rights in turn led to quite different agrarian structures and strongly influenced the location of export production – differences that have persisted until today. The article explores a range of explanations for policy divergence with respect to land rights, including the initial conditions of population density and pre-existing industries, strategic concerns of the metropolitan power, growing civil society agitation on human rights in Africa, the role of individual champions of human rights and shifting paradigms within the empire with respect to the role of plantations.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"163-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43359486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carina Silva, J. L. Costa, J. L. Santos, Lívia Madureira
The protection of nature and biodiversity has been gaining importance in public opinion. Nevertheless, the implementation of conservation policies has experienced some public resistance, along with low levels of public involvement. This lack of public interest in and support to conservation may be related to citizens’ images of nature. In this article, we examine the commonsensical image of nature and its conservation according to two dimensions: cognitive beliefs and normative ethics. This image of nature was examined through a series of focus-group discussions with members of the general public in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area – Portugal and reflects the commonsensical perceptions of what nature conservation is. The results suggest that, although the participants were not familiar with scientific terminology, they hold rich, mental and social representations about nature and biodiversity. We present a conceptual framework that reflects participants’ overall image of nature as the basis of human life and, above all, as a source of multiple goods that ensure human beings’ survival, which characterizes the common-sense view of nature as largely anthropocentric. Our work provides policy-makers, planners and managers with a framework that reflects lay people’s perceptions of nature and biodiversity conservation that are instrumental in identifying conservation priorities, appropriate goals and suitable measures while ensuring communication between science and society.
{"title":"What is nature conservation for the Portuguese public? Understanding the commonsensical image of nature to engage the general public in conservation efforts and to improve the communication between science and society","authors":"Carina Silva, J. L. Costa, J. L. Santos, Lívia Madureira","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.101_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.101_1","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of nature and biodiversity has been gaining importance in public opinion. Nevertheless, the implementation of conservation policies has experienced some public resistance, along with low levels of public involvement. This lack of public interest in and support to conservation may be related to citizens’ images of nature. In this article, we examine the commonsensical image of nature and its conservation according to two dimensions: cognitive beliefs and normative ethics. This image of nature was examined through a series of focus-group discussions with members of the general public in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area – Portugal and reflects the commonsensical perceptions of what nature conservation is. The results suggest that, although the participants were not familiar with scientific terminology, they hold rich, mental and social representations about nature and biodiversity. We present a conceptual framework that reflects participants’ overall image of nature as the basis of human life and, above all, as a source of multiple goods that ensure human beings’ survival, which characterizes the common-sense view of nature as largely anthropocentric. Our work provides policy-makers, planners and managers with a framework that reflects lay people’s perceptions of nature and biodiversity conservation that are instrumental in identifying conservation priorities, appropriate goals and suitable measures while ensuring communication between science and society.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"101-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47447144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article argues that the strengthening of an Atlantic-based economy was the driving force of scientific development in the Portuguese empire during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As a response to the structural crisis that distressed the Portuguese empire in the second half of the eighteenth century, a network of military institutions of higher technical and scientific education was established, first in Lisbon and later in Rio de Janeiro. State initiative was thus crucial in the modernizing process of the Luso-Brazilian empire. This produced profound consequences in the shaping of its scientific and technical framework. In particular, it resulted in the militarization of ‘Portuguese’ science, in the promotion of an applied science and in the social impact of a conception of the concept of the scientist as a military and practical man.
{"title":"State, science and empire in the portuguese atlantic (1770s–1820s)","authors":"Luís Miguel Carolino","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.21_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.21_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that the strengthening of an Atlantic-based economy was the driving force of scientific development in the Portuguese empire during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As a response to the structural crisis that distressed the Portuguese empire in the second half of the eighteenth century, a network of military institutions of higher technical and scientific education was established, first in Lisbon and later in Rio de Janeiro. State initiative was thus crucial in the modernizing process of the Luso-Brazilian empire. This produced profound consequences in the shaping of its scientific and technical framework. In particular, it resulted in the militarization of ‘Portuguese’ science, in the promotion of an applied science and in the social impact of a conception of the concept of the scientist as a military and practical man.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"21-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.21_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45182802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the activities of the opposition in Czechoslovakia to the Portuguese New State government during the 1950s to 1970s. It focuses on the most important personalities living in the country and explores their encounters with the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The article also analyses the approach of the Czechoslovak government towards the Portuguese activists and the assistance is offered to Portuguese emigrants in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Cˇ eskoslovenska Socialisticka Republika [Cˇ SSR]). Special attention is paid to the meeting of representatives of the Portuguese opposition in Prague in January 1964, and to the perception these Portuguese residents had of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. It follows the activities of the remaining emigrants in Czechoslovakia up until the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. Finally, the author describes the relations between both countries on cultural exchanges and Portuguese students in Czechoslovakia after 1974.
{"title":"In communist Geneva: Portuguese political opposition and Czechoslovakia, 1950s–1970s","authors":"P. Szobi","doi":"10.1386/pjss.16.1.87_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss.16.1.87_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the activities of the opposition in Czechoslovakia to the Portuguese New State government during the 1950s to 1970s. It focuses on the most important personalities living in the country and explores their encounters with the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The article also analyses the approach of the Czechoslovak government towards the Portuguese activists and the assistance is offered to Portuguese emigrants in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Cˇ eskoslovenska Socialisticka Republika [Cˇ SSR]). Special attention is paid to the meeting of representatives of the Portuguese opposition in Prague in January 1964, and to the perception these Portuguese residents had of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. It follows the activities of the remaining emigrants in Czechoslovakia up until the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. Finally, the author describes the relations between both countries on cultural exchanges and Portuguese students in Czechoslovakia after 1974.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44616931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant circulation in Portuguese America and Independent Brazil was significantly indebted to the French colonial network, during the Napoleonic wars as well as from 1815. French Guiana, that share borders with Brazil, was under many circumstances a strategic element for the transfer and the acclimatization of exotic plants in Americas. Exchanges of seeds and natural products could be spontaneous or intentional. From the last decades of the eighteenth Century, the role of Botany became more evident in regard to plant transfers. The French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire collaborated to establish a type of botanical knowledge that, from the beginning of the nineteenth century, became a requirement for anyone who would identify, classify or acclimatize plants.
葡属美洲和独立后的巴西的植物流通在拿破仑战争期间以及1815年以来都受到法国殖民网络的极大影响。与巴西接壤的法属圭亚那在许多情况下都是美洲外来植物转移和适应的战略因素。种子和天然产物的交换可以是自发的，也可以是有意的。从18世纪的最后几十年开始，植物学在植物转移方面的作用变得更加明显。法国博物学家奥古斯特·德·圣伊莱尔(Auguste de Saint-Hilaire)合作建立了一种植物学知识，从19世纪初开始，这种知识成为任何想要识别、分类或驯化植物的人的必备条件。
{"title":"Botany in war and peace: France and the circulation of plants in Brazil (late eighteenth and early nineteenth century)","authors":"L. Kury","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.7_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.7_1","url":null,"abstract":"Plant circulation in Portuguese America and Independent Brazil was significantly indebted to the French colonial network, during the Napoleonic wars as well as from 1815. French Guiana, that share borders with Brazil, was under many circumstances a strategic element for the transfer and the acclimatization of exotic plants in Americas. Exchanges of seeds and natural products could be spontaneous or intentional. From the last decades of the eighteenth Century, the role of Botany became more evident in regard to plant transfers. The French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire collaborated to establish a type of botanical knowledge that, from the beginning of the nineteenth century, became a requirement for anyone who would identify, classify or acclimatize plants.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"7-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46726196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The eighteenth century met a growing interest in the production of scientific instruments (mathematical, astronomical, nautical and philosophical) offering the means to achieve new physics concepts and greater precision, offering answers to some of the big questions, such as the shape of the Earth and longitude at sea. International scientific programmes promoted the production, acquisition and perfection of instruments and the progressive dissemination of experimental physics education set the tone for these instruments. The connections between instrument makers and the gentry in relation to these instruments produced or constituted important influences that were previously almost unthinkable. The spread of scientific instruments developed in close connection between producers and recipients, with the global spread of major scientific quests to solve and naturally with the impact Newtonian physics and experimental philosophy acquired at the time. J. H. de Magellan, who had a particular interest in and knowledge of scientific instruments, was actively engaged in this process of dissemination across Europe. After spending twenty years in London he could accept the demands of the Iberian courts for instruments that would allow them to carry out their work in South America.
{"title":"International networks of production and distribution of scientific instruments in eighteenth-century Europe","authors":"I. Malaquias","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.16.1.53_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.16.1.53_1","url":null,"abstract":"The eighteenth century met a growing interest in the production of scientific instruments (mathematical, astronomical, nautical and philosophical) offering the means to achieve new physics concepts and greater precision, offering answers to some of the big questions, such as the shape of the Earth and longitude at sea. International scientific programmes promoted the production, acquisition and perfection of instruments and the progressive dissemination of experimental physics education set the tone for these instruments. The connections between instrument makers and the gentry in relation to these instruments produced or constituted important influences that were previously almost unthinkable. The spread of scientific instruments developed in close connection between producers and recipients, with the global spread of major scientific quests to solve and naturally with the impact Newtonian physics and experimental philosophy acquired at the time. J. H. de Magellan, who had a particular interest in and knowledge of scientific instruments, was actively engaged in this process of dissemination across Europe. After spending twenty years in London he could accept the demands of the Iberian courts for instruments that would allow them to carry out their work in South America.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"53-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42442510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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