To overcome the global crisis, Portugal sought to internationalize its economy. Latin America, a region that grew steadily for a decade, has become a region of interest for the Iberian country. This article analyses the changes to the diplomatic and commercial schemes between both regions and explains how, when, by whom and through which strategies these relations have been modified. While Brazil continues to be the privileged partner, Portugal is strengthening its relationship with new strategic countries, primarily the components of the Pacific Alliance. As a result, the historical negative balance of trade became positive in 2012. The data show greater dynamism in commercial exchanges and political relations in recent years and the incorporation of new political actors designed to stimulate and deepen bilateral relations. Although several authors point to Portugal as a state that promotes economic diplomacy, this article suggests that what has prevailed in strengthening relations with Latin America is a commercial and business diplomacy, leaning heavily on key political actors and ‘anchor’ companies installed in the new markets. The ideological affinity of governments appears to be a determining factor in extending political and commercial ties. As other works have shown, this case study proves a positive correlation between trade/investment state agencies and diplomatic activities and the increase in bilateral trade flows.
{"title":"The pursuit of the (Latin) American dream in the time of crises: Portugal’s diplomatic and commercial changes towards the region (2005–15)","authors":"Luis Antonio Fretes Carreras, Marcelo Moriconi","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.141_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.141_1","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome the global crisis, Portugal sought to internationalize its economy. Latin America, a region that grew steadily for a decade, has become a region of interest for the Iberian country. This article analyses the changes to the diplomatic and commercial schemes between both regions and explains how, when, by whom and through which strategies these relations have been modified. While Brazil continues to be the privileged partner, Portugal is strengthening its relationship with new strategic countries, primarily the components of the Pacific Alliance. As a result, the historical negative balance of trade became positive in 2012. The data show greater dynamism in commercial exchanges and political relations in recent years and the incorporation of new political actors designed to stimulate and deepen bilateral relations. Although several authors point to Portugal as a state that promotes economic diplomacy, this article suggests that what has prevailed in strengthening relations with Latin America is a commercial and business diplomacy, leaning heavily on key political actors and ‘anchor’ companies installed in the new markets. The ideological affinity of governments appears to be a determining factor in extending political and commercial ties. As other works have shown, this case study proves a positive correlation between trade/investment state agencies and diplomatic activities and the increase in bilateral trade flows.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48478166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The panel ‘Transatlantic changes within economic crisis and global conflicts’ was presented in the international relations topic area at the CEISAL Congress in Salamanca in 2016. From this panel, we decided to select the presentations that represented a broader perspective of Atlantic relations, covering international relations, economics and literature. This selection gave origin to this special issue to rethink the exchanges during our debate. The articles included embody an approach to contemporary challenges in this area of the world, contributing to the emerging literature on transatlantic relations. We intend to contribute to an interdisciplinary perception of transatlantic relations, and by focusing on relations between Latin America and the other side of the Atlantic, including Europe and the Middle East, we will move the traditional standpoint based on US/Europe relations.
{"title":"Different perspectives on changes and conflict in the transatlantic world","authors":"Cátia Miriam Costa, Luis Antonio Fretes Carreras","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.125_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.125_2","url":null,"abstract":"The panel ‘Transatlantic changes within economic crisis and global conflicts’ was presented in the international relations topic area at the CEISAL Congress in Salamanca in 2016. From this panel, we decided to select the presentations that represented a broader perspective of Atlantic relations, covering international relations, economics and literature. This selection gave origin to this special issue to rethink the exchanges during our debate. The articles included embody an approach to contemporary challenges in this area of the world, contributing to the emerging literature on transatlantic relations. We intend to contribute to an interdisciplinary perception of transatlantic relations, and by focusing on relations between Latin America and the other side of the Atlantic, including Europe and the Middle East, we will move the traditional standpoint based on US/Europe relations.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47367190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In its annual report, Freedom House stresses how ‘[…] after years of major gains, the share of free countries has declined over the past decade, while the share of not free countries has risen’. In this depiction of the profound crisis of mainstream political parties, Portugal is a clear exception: unlike in Spain with Podemos, Italy with the Movimento 5 Stelle and Greece with Syriza, new anti-system parties did not find the political spaces in which to operate. However, we need to understand whether the absence of such parties in parliament corresponds with a matching absence in public opinion of support for forms of disfigured democracy and underlying factors. This article is based on quantitative methods and multilevel analysis. Findings indicate that in Portugal the normative view of democracy is consistent on many levels with that of Europeans in general: unanimous support for democracy (90%), alongside backing for different forms of democracy – direct democracy (80%), partial democracy (50%, plebiscitary and technocratic) and authoritarian rule (18%). Nevertheless, we can still detect differences in the underlying factors on the level of illegitimacy and cognitive and political mobilization.
{"title":"Direct democracy, ‘plebiscitarianism’ and military rule: Is the Portuguese normative view of democracy multidimensional?","authors":"G. Adinolfi","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.229_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.229_1","url":null,"abstract":"In its annual report, Freedom House stresses how ‘[…] after years of major gains, the share of free countries has declined over the past decade, while the share of not free countries has risen’. In this depiction of the profound crisis of mainstream political parties, Portugal is a clear exception: unlike in Spain with Podemos, Italy with the Movimento 5 Stelle and Greece with Syriza, new anti-system parties did not find the political spaces in which to operate. However, we need to understand whether the absence of such parties in parliament corresponds with a matching absence in public opinion of support for forms of disfigured democracy and underlying factors. This article is based on quantitative methods and multilevel analysis. Findings indicate that in Portugal the normative view of democracy is consistent on many levels with that of Europeans in general: unanimous support for democracy (90%), alongside backing for different forms of democracy – direct democracy (80%), partial democracy (50%, plebiscitary and technocratic) and authoritarian rule (18%). Nevertheless, we can still detect differences in the underlying factors on the level of illegitimacy and cognitive and political mobilization.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44142109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The strategic alliance between Chávez and Ahmadinejad, and its impact on international institutions, from a peripheral-realist perspective","authors":"Carmen Pereira Stallaert","doi":"10.1386/pjss.17.2.179_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss.17.2.179_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Living trapped in-between spaces: Literary works of displaced Argentine women writers in Spain","authors":"María Luz Bort Caballero","doi":"10.1386/pjss.17.2.131_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss.17.2.131_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66746720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After neglecting Latin America for over a decade, Russia has recently displayed pronounced interest in expanding its presence in the region. This article aims to examine Russia’s contemporary foreign policy towards Latin America and to define whether Moscow’s new strategy is a continuation of the former Soviet presence in the region or whether Russia has introduced some new elements. After identifying the motives behind Moscow’s renewed interest, the authors analyse the issue with a focus on diplomatic, economic and military activities. The article concludes that despite the tangible progress, there are still many limitations, including conceptual ones. Moreover, Moscow faces keen political and economic competition in the region, from actors old – such as the United States – and new – such as China.
{"title":"Russia and Latin America: Renewal versus continuity","authors":"V. Jeifets, L. Khadorich, Y. Leksyutina","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.213_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.213_1","url":null,"abstract":"After neglecting Latin America for over a decade, Russia has recently displayed pronounced interest in expanding its presence in the region. This article aims to examine Russia’s contemporary foreign policy towards Latin America and to define whether Moscow’s new strategy is a continuation of the former Soviet presence in the region or whether Russia has introduced some new elements. After identifying the motives behind Moscow’s renewed interest, the authors analyse the issue with a focus on diplomatic, economic and military activities. The article concludes that despite the tangible progress, there are still many limitations, including conceptual ones. Moreover, Moscow faces keen political and economic competition in the region, from actors old – such as the United States – and new – such as China.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44344455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the European strategy of partnership towards Latin American and Caribbean countries during the twenty-first century. The author singles out the main stages (cycles) of the negotiation processes between the two regions and gives an assessment of the trade and economic relations and priorities existing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Also examined are the possible risks and consequences for Latin American and Caribbean countries in the event of profound transatlantic cooperation between the European Union (EU) and the United States.
{"title":"The European Union and Latin America: The configuration of interregional and transatlantic cooperation","authors":"V. Tayar","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.199_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.199_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the European strategy of partnership towards Latin American and Caribbean countries during the twenty-first century. The author singles out the main stages (cycles) of the negotiation processes between the two regions and gives an assessment of the trade and economic relations and priorities existing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Also examined are the possible risks and consequences for Latin American and Caribbean countries in the event of profound transatlantic cooperation between the European Union (EU) and the United States.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The general theme permeating this work is related to development policies undertaken by the Brazilian government during the New State (1937–45) and the way in which they were articulated within the international scene, specifically with countries such as Germany and the United States. The link made with the Cyrilla Beverage Company of Santa Maria helps us understand that part of the negotiations for the establishment of multinational beverage companies were being made internationally, in view of ‘crash’ of 1942, at the height of the Second World War. The authors have employed a literature analysis of works dealing with this subject, especially those on the Brazilian crash and development policies. Documents involving Cyrilla during that period were consulted and included in this work, which is part of the research being developed as part of the doctoral course in history at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil.
{"title":"Aspects of international economic policy in Brazil during the New State (1937–45) and the ‘crash’ of the Cyrilla Beverage Company of Santa Maria","authors":"B. Lima, Maria Medianeira Padoin","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.2.167_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.2.167_1","url":null,"abstract":"The general theme permeating this work is related to development policies undertaken by the Brazilian government during the New State (1937–45) and the way in which they were articulated within the international scene, specifically with countries such as Germany and the United States. The link made with the Cyrilla Beverage Company of Santa Maria helps us understand that part of the negotiations for the establishment of multinational beverage companies were being made internationally, in view of ‘crash’ of 1942, at the height of the Second World War. The authors have employed a literature analysis of works dealing with this subject, especially those on the Brazilian crash and development policies. Documents involving Cyrilla during that period were consulted and included in this work, which is part of the research being developed as part of the doctoral course in history at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45006842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid urban growth had a strong impact on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the cities. Port Cities experienced significant urban growth in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Trade growth and technological changes in ships led to the construction of new port facilities that completely transformed the landscape of port cities. Portuguese Governments hoped that the modernization of the port and the establishment of railways would enable transformation of Castile into a hinterland of the Lisbon port. Emerging problems in the early stages of this process were related to hygiene, traffic, safety and the urban image of the city. Due to their relations with the outside world, the impact of migration and the existence of a fluid labour population, port cities sometimes had the image of being dangerous and unsafe havens. It was difficult to survey the flows of population and to control for goods, people and diseases. The aims of this article are to assess the way in which Lisbon and its port followed this international path and to highlight why its actualization was far behind the authorities’ expectations.
{"title":"Lisbon and its port: urban planning and surveillance expectations and results","authors":"Magda Pinheiro","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.1.3_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.1.3_1","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid urban growth had a strong impact on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the cities. Port Cities experienced significant urban growth in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Trade growth and technological changes in ships led to the construction of new port facilities that completely transformed the landscape of port cities. Portuguese Governments hoped that the modernization of the port and the establishment of railways would enable transformation of Castile into a hinterland of the Lisbon port. Emerging problems in the early stages of this process were related to hygiene, traffic, safety and the urban image of the city. Due to their relations with the outside world, the impact of migration and the existence of a fluid labour population, port cities sometimes had the image of being dangerous and unsafe havens. It was difficult to survey the flows of population and to control for goods, people and diseases. The aims of this article are to assess the way in which Lisbon and its port followed this international path and to highlight why its actualization was far behind the authorities’ expectations.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43343399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ros-Morente, M. Àngels, Cabasés Piqué, G. Filella, Ph. Gemma Filella Guiu
This study aimed to analyse and explore through systematic observation the conflicts that occur among peers during the playground in elementary schools in Spain. The study followed a non-experimental descriptive design and all conflicts were observed in their natural context of 44 schools. Among the 1691 conflicts detected in a sample of 2529 students, significant differences were found among the different types of conflicts (verbal, physical, social exclusion and sexual harassment), which depended on the course and sex of the protagonists. Furthermore, a different pattern emerged in the reactions that other peers and teachers had to the initial conflicts. Additionally, findings were consistent with the findings in previous studies in the literature regarding the need to train and prepare teachers to prevent future conflicts in the scholar context.
{"title":"Conflicts among peers in the playground in a group of Spanish elementary schools","authors":"A. Ros-Morente, M. Àngels, Cabasés Piqué, G. Filella, Ph. Gemma Filella Guiu","doi":"10.1386/PJSS.17.1.79_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/PJSS.17.1.79_1","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse and explore through systematic observation the conflicts that occur among peers during the playground in elementary schools in Spain. The study followed a non-experimental descriptive design and all conflicts were observed in their natural context of 44 schools. Among the 1691 conflicts detected in a sample of 2529 students, significant differences were found among the different types of conflicts (verbal, physical, social exclusion and sexual harassment), which depended on the course and sex of the protagonists. Furthermore, a different pattern emerged in the reactions that other peers and teachers had to the initial conflicts. Additionally, findings were consistent with the findings in previous studies in the literature regarding the need to train and prepare teachers to prevent future conflicts in the scholar context.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42102526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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