Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26829
Iveta Linina, V. Vevere
Social media communication has become an important tool both in relying information to potential consumers, as well as in creating experience sharing opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of’ social media communication on the loyalty formation in retailing. The tasks to be carried out are: (1) to research theoretical framework of social media communication and loyalty; (2) to work out methodology for empirical research; (3) to carry out research on consumers’ perception of retail stores online communication. Within the framework of the current study the authors employed a method of customer survey. Applying the non-probability snowball sampling method the questionnaire was distributed via e-mails and Facebook groups (n=327). The general population in this research consisted of the economically active Latvia residents in 2020. The authors used 5-point Likert scale (1-low evaluation, 5 – very high evaluation). The SPSS program was used for this purpose, the following indicators were calculated: arithmetic mean (X ), Median (Me); Mode (Mo); Variation; Standard Deviation; Variation Coefficient. The research question posed in the article was the following: What role does social media play in enhancing consumer loyalty in retailing? Findings: 87% of all respondents have noticed the communication of Latvian retail store networks on social media and 60% of all respondents have chosen to follow the profile of social networks to one of them, which indicates the untapped opportunities of companies in this respect. Evaluating the communication of Latvian retail store chains, the arithmetic average is 2.68, but for communication on social media - 2.72. It means that in order to increase these indicators, Latvian retail store chains must develop a communication strategy taking into account both the values of the target audience and the basic principles of building relationships with customers. The current research results can serve as grounds for the strategy development.
{"title":"Enhancement of Retail Consumer Loyalty in Latvia by Means of Social Media Communication","authors":"Iveta Linina, V. Vevere","doi":"10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26829","url":null,"abstract":"Social media communication has become an important tool both in relying information to potential consumers, as well as in creating experience sharing opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of’ social media communication on the loyalty formation in retailing. The tasks to be carried out are: (1) to research theoretical framework of social media communication and loyalty; (2) to work out methodology for empirical research; (3) to carry out research on consumers’ perception of retail stores online communication. Within the framework of the current study the authors employed a method of customer survey. Applying the non-probability snowball sampling method the questionnaire was distributed via e-mails and Facebook groups (n=327). The general population in this research consisted of the economically active Latvia residents in 2020. The authors used 5-point Likert scale (1-low evaluation, 5 – very high evaluation). The SPSS program was used for this purpose, the following indicators were calculated: arithmetic mean (X ), Median (Me); Mode (Mo); Variation; Standard Deviation; Variation Coefficient. The research question posed in the article was the following: What role does social media play in enhancing consumer loyalty in retailing? \u0000Findings: 87% of all respondents have noticed the communication of Latvian retail store networks on social media and 60% of all respondents have chosen to follow the profile of social networks to one of them, which indicates the untapped opportunities of companies in this respect. Evaluating the communication of Latvian retail store chains, the arithmetic average is 2.68, but for communication on social media - 2.72. It means that in order to increase these indicators, Latvian retail store chains must develop a communication strategy taking into account both the values of the target audience and the basic principles of building relationships with customers. The current research results can serve as grounds for the strategy development.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73014807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26143
V. Gavrilova, Natalie Aleksandra Gurvitsh-Suits
Nowadays artificial intelligence is gaining popularity and brings changes into everyday lives and business. Latest research outline various options and challenges related to the implementation of artificial intelligence in different fields (GarbuioL Kumar et.al, 2019; Tambe et.al 2019). It is obvious that its adoption will have a notable significant impact on certain industries. However, it also requires complete understanding and awareness of main constraints and benefits. The aim of the present research is to find out the possibilities of adoption of the artificial intelligence in accounting industry in case of Estonia and its impact on the role of the accountant in the future. The main research question focuses on whether Estonian accountants are aware of the new opportunities related to the implementation of artificial intelligence and their openness to these challenges. Authors conducted a survey among Estonian accounting professionals and the results revealed limited knowledge, with people being aware of the meaning but having little or no idea about the basic components of artificial intelligence and wide range of a potential application. During the research, it became obvious that only few companies in Estonia are already using artificial intelligence: among the main reasons of non-adoption are lack of experience, lack of qualified professionals and the general complexity. Authors believe that the results of this study provide a starting point for companies involved in providing various modern technical support for accounting industry and may contribute to the raising awareness and further development of active successful adoption of artificial intelligence in Estonia.
{"title":"Contemporary Innovation Challenges – Future of Adoption Artificial Intelligence: Case of Estonia","authors":"V. Gavrilova, Natalie Aleksandra Gurvitsh-Suits","doi":"10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26143","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays artificial intelligence is gaining popularity and brings changes into everyday lives and business. Latest research outline various options and challenges related to the implementation of artificial intelligence in different fields (GarbuioL Kumar et.al, 2019; Tambe et.al 2019). It is obvious that its adoption will have a notable significant impact on certain industries. However, it also requires complete understanding and awareness of main constraints and benefits. The aim of the present research is to find out the possibilities of adoption of the artificial intelligence in accounting industry in case of Estonia and its impact on the role of the accountant in the future. \u0000The main research question focuses on whether Estonian accountants are aware of the new opportunities related to the implementation of artificial intelligence and their openness to these challenges. Authors conducted a survey among Estonian accounting professionals and the results revealed limited knowledge, with people being aware of the meaning but having little or no idea about the basic components of artificial intelligence and wide range of a potential application. \u0000During the research, it became obvious that only few companies in Estonia are already using artificial intelligence: among the main reasons of non-adoption are lack of experience, lack of qualified professionals and the general complexity. Authors believe that the results of this study provide a starting point for companies involved in providing various modern technical support for accounting industry and may contribute to the raising awareness and further development of active successful adoption of artificial intelligence in Estonia.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81511865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.25587
Ines Kersan-Škabić
Services dominate in the creation of value added in national economies, especially in developed countries, and they have a growing trend in developing (emerging) economies. Their calculation is complex because they cover four modes of trade (according to GATS), and also because a part of the service value is hidden in the value of production/trade of manufactured goods. Their importance in foreign trade, despite the increasing trend, is still three times smaller than the value of trade in goods, and they are thus under-valued. This paper explains specific characteristics of foreign trade in services, provides analysis of the structure of service trade and highlights the limitation of wider trade expansion (i.e. liberalization of trade). The analysis employs statistical tools and secondary data and covers the EU member states. The EU is a very important player in the global arena and it is a net exporter of services, where richer member states are oriented to other business sectors, while the Central, East and South members are focused on travel. The EU members mainly trade between themselves. Service trade is faced with tougher restrictions in cross-border trade. The OECD measures these restrictions by the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. The EU common market provides better conditions for the intra-EEA trade in services even though the protection differs among countries and it is more liberal for computer and telecom sectors while in accounting services and legal services the protection is high due to national legislations.
{"title":"Trade in Services in the European Union","authors":"Ines Kersan-Škabić","doi":"10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.25587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.25587","url":null,"abstract":"Services dominate in the creation of value added in national economies, especially in developed countries, and they have a growing trend in developing (emerging) economies. Their calculation is complex because they cover four modes of trade (according to GATS), and also because a part of the service value is hidden in the value of production/trade of manufactured goods. Their importance in foreign trade, despite the increasing trend, is still three times smaller than the value of trade in goods, and they are thus under-valued. This paper explains specific characteristics of foreign trade in services, provides analysis of the structure of service trade and highlights the limitation of wider trade expansion (i.e. liberalization of trade). The analysis employs statistical tools and secondary data and covers the EU member states. The EU is a very important player in the global arena and it is a net exporter of services, where richer member states are oriented to other business sectors, while the Central, East and South members are focused on travel. The EU members mainly trade between themselves. Service trade is faced with tougher restrictions in cross-border trade. The OECD measures these restrictions by the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. The EU common market provides better conditions for the intra-EEA trade in services even though the protection differs among countries and it is more liberal for computer and telecom sectors while in accounting services and legal services the protection is high due to national legislations.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74923994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26567
Ilona Beizitere, B. Sloka, Ieva Brence
Every country is interested in entrepreneurship development as entrepreneurs form the basis for economic development, so academic researchers are looking for supportive and restrictive factors in business development. In Latvia, the majority of companies are micro and small enterprises. The aim of the paper is to investigate the restrictive factors related to the successful development of the company in Latvia, depending on the number of employees. Tasks of the research - evaluate the limiting factors influencing the development of micro-companies; find the most important factors that limit the involvement of employees and experienced managers in companies in the country, regions; compare the impact on companies by number of employees. Applied research methods: scientific publications and previous research analysis; survey of companies related of different aspects of business development; deeper analysis on factors limiting entrepreneurship development. The general population consists of all active companies registered in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia in strategically important sectors. A questionnaire of our survey was developed for companies selected at random and the replies of 2511 companies, of which 1879 were micro-enterprises, were considered valid. The technical fieldwork of the survey was conducted by the Marketing and Public Opinion Research Center (SKDS) (interviewers conducted as CAWI - computerized web interviews). Data analysis was performed by SPSS, the main indicators of descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of survey data: indicators of central tendency or location - arithmetic mean, mode, median; indicators of variability - standard deviation, standard error of mean, range; cross-tabulations by regions and by number of employees, analysis of variance - ANOVA and factor analysis with varimax rotation. The results point to the main restrictions on business growth: increase of expenses on labour or production and unavailability of qualified employees or experienced managers.
{"title":"Restrictive Factors for Micro-Company Growth in Latvia","authors":"Ilona Beizitere, B. Sloka, Ieva Brence","doi":"10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.26567","url":null,"abstract":"Every country is interested in entrepreneurship development as entrepreneurs form the basis for economic development, so academic researchers are looking for supportive and restrictive factors in business development. In Latvia, the majority of companies are micro and small enterprises. The aim of the paper is to investigate the restrictive factors related to the successful development of the company in Latvia, depending on the number of employees. Tasks of the research - evaluate the limiting factors influencing the development of micro-companies; find the most important factors that limit the involvement of employees and experienced managers in companies in the country, regions; compare the impact on companies by number of employees. Applied research methods: scientific publications and previous research analysis; survey of companies related of different aspects of business development; deeper analysis on factors limiting entrepreneurship development. The general population consists of all active companies registered in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia in strategically important sectors. A questionnaire of our survey was developed for companies selected at random and the replies of 2511 companies, of which 1879 were micro-enterprises, were considered valid. The technical fieldwork of the survey was conducted by the Marketing and Public Opinion Research Center (SKDS) (interviewers conducted as CAWI - computerized web interviews). Data analysis was performed by SPSS, the main indicators of descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of survey data: indicators of central tendency or location - arithmetic mean, mode, median; indicators of variability - standard deviation, standard error of mean, range; cross-tabulations by regions and by number of employees, analysis of variance - ANOVA and factor analysis with varimax rotation. The results point to the main restrictions on business growth: increase of expenses on labour or production and unavailability of qualified employees or experienced managers.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90516153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0008
I. Karolewski
This chapter focuses on Central and Eastern European (CEE) member states of the EU, and how they positioned themselves in the new constellation of conflicts within the EU in the aftermath of the multiple crisis. It deals mainly with the Visegrad Group (V4) and explores its ‘repositioning’ in regard to two crisis-ridden policy fields of the EU: controversies about the rule of law and the refugee crisis. With regard to the former issue, the chapter discusses Poland as the most prominent case among the CEE countries. Against this background, it highlights two specific aspects of domestic politics: the memory games that the V4 countries play with their past and the Euroscepticism of government circles as well as a broader public.
{"title":"Central and Eastern Europe: The New Core or the Periphery of Europe?","authors":"I. Karolewski","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Central and Eastern European (CEE) member states of the EU, and how they positioned themselves in the new constellation of conflicts within the EU in the aftermath of the multiple crisis. It deals mainly with the Visegrad Group (V4) and explores its ‘repositioning’ in regard to two crisis-ridden policy fields of the EU: controversies about the rule of law and the refugee crisis. With regard to the former issue, the chapter discusses Poland as the most prominent case among the CEE countries. Against this background, it highlights two specific aspects of domestic politics: the memory games that the V4 countries play with their past and the Euroscepticism of government circles as well as a broader public.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85924815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0001
J. Arnason
The introduction begins with a comment on the different periodizations and temporalities to be noted when reflecting on European integration as a long-term process. This is followed by a discussion of different interpretive frameworks. Comparative civilizational analysis provides distinctive approaches to the European experience, but with significant differences in focus. One school of thought posits a continuity of European civilization from ancient through medieval to modern times, while another prefers the model of a civilisational sequence, culminating in modernity as a new type of civilisation, and a third one regards the Eurasian macro-region as a civilisational zone, integrated through encounters and transfers. All these viewpoints are represented in the book. An alternative perspective stresses the context of global history and relates European transformations, including the most recent ones, to that background. A case is made for combining the two approaches, thus paving the way for closer analysis of Europe’s various regions, whose characteristics and situations are briefly discussed. The introduction then concludes with summaries of the following chapters.
{"title":"Introduction: Perspectives on European Unity and Diversity","authors":"J. Arnason","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction begins with a comment on the different periodizations and temporalities to be noted when reflecting on European integration as a long-term process. This is followed by a discussion of different interpretive frameworks. Comparative civilizational analysis provides distinctive approaches to the European experience, but with significant differences in focus. One school of thought posits a continuity of European civilization from ancient through medieval to modern times, while another prefers the model of a civilisational sequence, culminating in modernity as a new type of civilisation, and a third one regards the Eurasian macro-region as a civilisational zone, integrated through encounters and transfers. All these viewpoints are represented in the book. An alternative perspective stresses the context of global history and relates European transformations, including the most recent ones, to that background. A case is made for combining the two approaches, thus paving the way for closer analysis of Europe’s various regions, whose characteristics and situations are briefly discussed. The introduction then concludes with summaries of the following chapters.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79025444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0006
Paul Blokker
This chapter discusses a renewed interest in a sociology of constitutions in recent years. This interest has emerged not least due to the significantly changing nature of constitutions and constitutionalism, not in the last place as a result of apparent constitutional qualities inherent in legal regimes beyond state borders. A historically and sociologically informed approach helps to study European integration as a legal and constitutional project, and highlights its fragility and tensions, increasingly visible in recent years. The chapter first introduces a sociological view of constitutions and constitutionalism in general terms, and then goes on to discuss the multi-faceted process of constitutionalisation and judicialization in postwar Europe from a sociological angle, with particular emphasis on the depoliticizing and at the same time contested nature of this process. The final part of the chapter reflects on contemporary issues related to the problematic dimensions of the constitutionalising and judicialising process, including a backlash against universal rights and supranational law in many European societies.
{"title":"Constitutionalism, Judicialisation and Human Rights in the Integration of European Society","authors":"Paul Blokker","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses a renewed interest in a sociology of constitutions in recent years. This interest has emerged not least due to the significantly changing nature of constitutions and constitutionalism, not in the last place as a result of apparent constitutional qualities inherent in legal regimes beyond state borders. A historically and sociologically informed approach helps to study European integration as a legal and constitutional project, and highlights its fragility and tensions, increasingly visible in recent years. The chapter first introduces a sociological view of constitutions and constitutionalism in general terms, and then goes on to discuss the multi-faceted process of constitutionalisation and judicialization in postwar Europe from a sociological angle, with particular emphasis on the depoliticizing and at the same time contested nature of this process. The final part of the chapter reflects on contemporary issues related to the problematic dimensions of the constitutionalising and judicialising process, including a backlash against universal rights and supranational law in many European societies.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81501479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0004
Helmut Kuzmics
The Habsburg Empire was for several centuries a major European power centre, and represents a highly instructive case of state formation. Its final failure has been the subject of a highly diverse debate, ranging from moral accusation to the acceptance of historical inevitability. A closer focus on structural reasons will highlight the question of military efficiency and the centrifugal impact of multiple nationalisms, exacerbated by parliamentarisation. Looking at recent crises of the European Union (centrifugal tendencies of and within member states, inability to act in emergency situations), we can observe striking similarities with the Habsburg Empire. European decision-making at the highest levels is reminiscent of debates in the Austrian Reichsrat. Both these supra-national survival units, as Norbert Elias would call them, can be described as economically efficient agencies of modernisation. A key difference is that the Union lacks both an army and an imperial charisma. Its military arm is external: the US as the pacifier of Europe. But attempts to change that are likely to end in disaster.
{"title":"The Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Crisis of Modern Europe: A Historical–Sociological Comparison","authors":"Helmut Kuzmics","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Habsburg Empire was for several centuries a major European power centre, and represents a highly instructive case of state formation. Its final failure has been the subject of a highly diverse debate, ranging from moral accusation to the acceptance of historical inevitability. A closer focus on structural reasons will highlight the question of military efficiency and the centrifugal impact of multiple nationalisms, exacerbated by parliamentarisation. Looking at recent crises of the European Union (centrifugal tendencies of and within member states, inability to act in emergency situations), we can observe striking similarities with the Habsburg Empire. European decision-making at the highest levels is reminiscent of debates in the Austrian Reichsrat. Both these supra-national survival units, as Norbert Elias would call them, can be described as economically efficient agencies of modernisation. A key difference is that the Union lacks both an army and an imperial charisma. Its military arm is external: the US as the pacifier of Europe. But attempts to change that are likely to end in disaster.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74300270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0009
B. Stråth
This chapter outlines changing relationships between Scandinavia and Europe. The Scandinavian ‘isolationist’ approach to Europe after the Napoleonic wars shifted to more active integrationist policies in the 1920s, with the arrival of left governments and the acceptance of the League of Nations; a new isolationist trend (‘neutrality’) set in after 1933. Against the backdrop of this long-term pattern, the focus is on shifting Scandinavian attitudes to the project of European integration and on attempts to be both within and outside Europe. Before and after the Danish entry into the EU in 1973, tensions between different approaches and between the countries concerned have been evident. The Cold War was a major factor, and its end reinforced the pro-integration approach. More recently, problems with the euro and the refugee crisis have provoked more ambiguous responses, but less so in Finland than in the Scandinavian countries.
{"title":"Scandinavia Within and Without Europe","authors":"B. Stråth","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines changing relationships between Scandinavia and Europe. The Scandinavian ‘isolationist’ approach to Europe after the Napoleonic wars shifted to more active integrationist policies in the 1920s, with the arrival of left governments and the acceptance of the League of Nations; a new isolationist trend (‘neutrality’) set in after 1933. Against the backdrop of this long-term pattern, the focus is on shifting Scandinavian attitudes to the project of European integration and on attempts to be both within and outside Europe. Before and after the Danish entry into the EU in 1973, tensions between different approaches and between the countries concerned have been evident. The Cold War was a major factor, and its end reinforced the pro-integration approach. More recently, problems with the euro and the refugee crisis have provoked more ambiguous responses, but less so in Finland than in the Scandinavian countries.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81665457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0005
Dennis Smith
The post-1945 European movement was partly moulded by the interests of American corporate business, which supported multi-party democracy managed in ways that maintained strong checks on its political rivals, especially Soviet-style state socialism. The EU maintained the historical European pattern of a rough balance between a loose framework of rules and cultural understandings and a diversity of politico-economic tendencies in different parts of the continent. This was possible because it was a relatively sheltered arena hemmed in both east and west by the supporting and containing walls provided by the two main Cold War players. Since 1989 the surrounding ‘outworks’ of the EU in North Africa, Central Eurasia, and the Middle East have substantially crumbled. The EU’s stability is buttressed by the integrated Eurozone which partially compensates for the decline of socio-political integration as EU membership has increased; and by the interlocking effect of cross-cutting rivalries and collaborations within the EU.
{"title":"Europe in Crisis: The History, the Players and the Stakes","authors":"Dennis Smith","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The post-1945 European movement was partly moulded by the interests of American corporate business, which supported multi-party democracy managed in ways that maintained strong checks on its political rivals, especially Soviet-style state socialism. The EU maintained the historical European pattern of a rough balance between a loose framework of rules and cultural understandings and a diversity of politico-economic tendencies in different parts of the continent. This was possible because it was a relatively sheltered arena hemmed in both east and west by the supporting and containing walls provided by the two main Cold War players. Since 1989 the surrounding ‘outworks’ of the EU in North Africa, Central Eurasia, and the Middle East have substantially crumbled. The EU’s stability is buttressed by the integrated Eurozone which partially compensates for the decline of socio-political integration as EU membership has increased; and by the interlocking effect of cross-cutting rivalries and collaborations within the EU.","PeriodicalId":51991,"journal":{"name":"European Integration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81223448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：