Coke and Chemistry最新文献

The initial brown coals, humic substances and their fractions obtained from them, as well as bitumen were characterized using technical and elemental analysis, Fourier infrared, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The component composition of the obtained bitumen and its fractions was studied using the chromatography-mass spectrometry method. It has been established that during the fractionation of humic substances, the main part of aromatic compounds is concentrated in humus acids. The data on the study of the phytostimulating activity of various fractions of humic substances and their mixtures with the saponified component of the resin of extraction bitumen, in relation to wheat seeds of the Aphrodite variety, are presented. A positive eff ect on the growth performance of the studied fractions of humic substances separately and when used together in a mixture with the saponified component of bitumen resin was shown. The phytoactivity index (PI) of the studied initial samples and their mixtures is in the range of 1.04–1.64.

The composition and structure of the largest companies among Russia’s top 10 mining organizations are considered. Detailed economic information is given regarding the revenue and assets of those companies. Stages in implementing the production chain that moves resources in the coal industry are outlined. The cost structure at coal mining and processing companies is compared. The results of such analysis support management decisions in the Russian coal industry.

In oil refining, it is a priority to intensify coking. The coking of heavy petroleum residues permits the production of coke with different types of microstructure. That is of great industrial importance. The quality and yield of petroleum coke depend on the composition of the raw materials employed and on the coking conditions. This article describes the functional structure of software that employs statistical analysis of experimental data in the synthesis of polynomial regression models capable of predicting how the yield and microstructure of petroleum coke depend on the coking conditions and the properties of the initial hydrocarbons. The models are verified by using the Fisher test for statistical analysis of calculation results and data derived from a series of experiments conducted by means of the pilot coking plant in the Department of Petrochemical and Coal-Chemical Production Technology at Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology. Testing at the Institute’s world-class laboratory has confirmed the performance of the software and its suitability for research at oil refineries with coking systems.

The sorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by lignite is investigated. Five lignite samples from different fields are considered. The samples are characterized by different ash content and yield of volatiles, as well as different elemental compositions and atomic ratios H/C and O/C. The sorptional capacity of lignites for nickel ions is found to be 0.25–0.33 mg/g. The degree of extraction is 80–97%. Comparison of the sorption properties shows that the lignite samples have greater sorptional capacity and degree of extraction for nickel ions than industrial AG-3 sorbent (by 0.2 and 62.0%, respectively). It is found that lignite removes nickel ions from solution by simple monomolecular adsorption, as described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption process is described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The time to reach sorptional equilibrium and maximum sorptional capacity is 30–40 min.

Research on coal samples from the Kolchuginskaya series in the Leninsky and Erunakovsk regions of the Kuznetsk Basin confirms that reflectogram analysis permits assessment of the clinkering properties of coal with similar technical and petrographic parameters. This method was first developed by VUKhIN scientists to distinguish between coal specimens with very similar properties (twins). It permits quantitative assessment of the degree to which the coal has been reduced, using reflectograms. This method may be used to evaluate coal for use in coking.

The change in surface properties of long-flame coal of limited metamorphic development on steeping with mixtures based on Portland cement is considered. The passivating liquids employed are the filtrate and suspension of cement solution used in grouting the bottom of mine workings. Treatment of coal with mineralized cement mixtures transforms surface groups that may be oxidized to groups that cannot be oxidized. The mineral layer formed on the coal surface prevents the development of oxidation. The results indicate that cement suspensions may be used to reduce the oxidation of the coal’s contact surface in mine workings.

Solid biofuel samples are obtained from pine timber in a shaft system by partial gasification with reverse air flow. The structure, chemical composition, and thermal properties of the biofuel are analyzed. The carbonizate is practically pure carbon with low ash content (up to 3.7%). Its gross calorific value is 8310 kcal/kg; that is significantly higher than the value for the wood (4690 kcal/kg). Special attention is paid to the transformation of the wood’s mineral component and to the composition and morphology of the mineral inclusions formed on heat treatment. The mineral particles are probably forced onto the surface of the carbonizate pieces when the volatile components evaporate; they retain the shape of the veins in which they are formed. The calcium is mainly in the form of calcite and anhydrate, with some apatite. Magnesium, potassium, and manganese from the wood’s organic matrix are converted mainly to sulfates. Magnesium is also partially bound in rhodochrosite. Combustion of the biofuel has little environmental impact, on account of its low content of ash and the ash composition.

A plasma-chemical method is proposed for processing fuel oil, at a rate of 1000 kg/h. Mild plasma-chemical treatment results in considerable cracking of the high-boiling fuel-oil component. In plasma-chemical processing of fuel oil and subsequent distillation of the liquid components, the products are 6.7% gas, 48.0% residue, 11.2% solvent (from the onset of boiling to 250°C), and 34.1% heating oil (251–360°C). Distillation of the heating oil yields the following: 0.3% gas, 30.2% SMT low-viscosity marine fuel (251–330°C); and 3.6% number 5 fuel oil (331–360°C). The residue is characterized by penetration 150 dmm and softening temperature (by the ring and ball method) 73°C. It may be used in highway bitumen and as a raw material for delayed coking. The total power consumption in the plasma-chemical processing of 1000 kg of fuel oil is around 30–40 kW (including 6–8 kW in operation of the plasma-chemical reactor).

Selection of the hydraulic drive and automation system for opening and closing the coke discharge doors of the quenching car is considered. The goal is to determine the best equipment for the hydraulic drive and the best pumping station mounted in the locomotive so as to ensure effective discharge of the quenched coke on the sorting ramp, at the required rate and with uniform coke distribution over the length of the ramp. Components are proposed for the hydraulic drive that opens and closes the coke discharge doors of the quenching car. Hydraulic cylinders with built-in sensors for monitoring the position and speed of the moving components (the cylinder rods and connectors) are employed. In the hydraulic drive, the operation of the hydraulic cylinders is regulated by means of distributors with proportional control. The use of hydraulic drive systems and hydraulic automation in coke production ensures efficient operation of the equipment—in particular, uniform distribution of the quenched coke over the sorting ramp. Design features proposed for the hydraulic pumping station in the locomotive ensure effective opening and closing of the coke discharge doors in the quenching car on the basis of hydraulic accumulators and auxiliary equipment.

The sulfonation of long-flame coal from the Zadubrovsky mine in the Kemerovo region (Kuznetsk Basin) yields sulfocationite with excellent characteristics. The cation exchange capacity of sulfocationite for 0.1 M NaCl solution is 1.0 mg-eq/g (500 mg mol/dm³). Sulfocationite has a glassy gel-like structure. It is characterized by mechanical strength and chemical stability and may be used for deep demineralization of water at thermal power stations and boiler systems. On the basis of ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, an elementary structure in sulfocationite has been proposed, with optimization by the PM7 method using MOPAC 2016 software.