Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/2154896x.2023.2251224
B. Basberg, Bryan Lintott
ABSTRACT The paper analyses the economic and political history of the Ross Sea, where exploration, science, commercial exploitation, politics and adventure became highly interlinked and interwoven. Expedition accounts and the extensive literature on Antarctic history and politics inform the contextual aspects. The archives of the Norwegian whaling company A/S Rosshavet, established in 1923, and the United States of America and New Zealand archival material from the 1950s are key sources. From the first whaling season onwards, the impact of Antarctic whaling, and later scientific bases, highlights and illustrates the tensions between Antarctic commerce, territorial claims and international politics.
{"title":"Perspectives on the economic and political history of the Ross Sea","authors":"B. Basberg, Bryan Lintott","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2023.2251224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2023.2251224","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper analyses the economic and political history of the Ross Sea, where exploration, science, commercial exploitation, politics and adventure became highly interlinked and interwoven. Expedition accounts and the extensive literature on Antarctic history and politics inform the contextual aspects. The archives of the Norwegian whaling company A/S Rosshavet, established in 1923, and the United States of America and New Zealand archival material from the 1950s are key sources. From the first whaling season onwards, the impact of Antarctic whaling, and later scientific bases, highlights and illustrates the tensions between Antarctic commerce, territorial claims and international politics.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1080/2154896x.2023.2241248
Aapo Lundén, Alix Varnajot, Outi Kulusjärvi, Mari Partanen
{"title":"Globalised imaginaries, Arctification and resistance in Arctic tourism – an Arctification perspective on tourism actors’ views on seasonality and growth in Ylläs tourism destination","authors":"Aapo Lundén, Alix Varnajot, Outi Kulusjärvi, Mari Partanen","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2023.2241248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2023.2241248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48420608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205238
Kpc Hudson
ABSTRACT Historically, the built environment in Antarctica focused pragmatically on the protection of the occupants from the surrounding harsh natural environment. They weren’t winning any architectural prizes. This approach changed with the 21st century and the British Antarctic Survey’s call for submissions to design Halley VI. With the instigation of the architectural competition to design research stations, the process provides value towards aesthetics as well as bringing a new cognisance of life in Antarctica to a broader audience. The methodology for this research builds upon existing case study analysis, with further data collection through interpretive-historical approaches. Looking at the history of architecture in Antarctica as a whole, there is a marked shift in station design during this time. There are some outliers to this hypothesis, these cases are still noticeably different from their predecessors with the inclusion of architectural firms and the addition of a ‘design process’ to their development. It is the instigation of design competitions that created more public knowledge of Antarctic programs, research, and habitation. Pulling the design of research stations out of the traditional institutionalised approach and bringing it to the doorstep of architectural firms fundamentally changed the image and awareness of the built environment in Antarctica.
{"title":"Functional futurism: architectural competitions in Antarctica","authors":"Kpc Hudson","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Historically, the built environment in Antarctica focused pragmatically on the protection of the occupants from the surrounding harsh natural environment. They weren’t winning any architectural prizes. This approach changed with the 21st century and the British Antarctic Survey’s call for submissions to design Halley VI. With the instigation of the architectural competition to design research stations, the process provides value towards aesthetics as well as bringing a new cognisance of life in Antarctica to a broader audience. The methodology for this research builds upon existing case study analysis, with further data collection through interpretive-historical approaches. Looking at the history of architecture in Antarctica as a whole, there is a marked shift in station design during this time. There are some outliers to this hypothesis, these cases are still noticeably different from their predecessors with the inclusion of architectural firms and the addition of a ‘design process’ to their development. It is the instigation of design competitions that created more public knowledge of Antarctic programs, research, and habitation. Pulling the design of research stations out of the traditional institutionalised approach and bringing it to the doorstep of architectural firms fundamentally changed the image and awareness of the built environment in Antarctica.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"49 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46920398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205244
C. Flores
{"title":"Antarctic researchers reunited for the IV Chilean conference of Antarctic law","authors":"C. Flores","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"163 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47773339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205236
F. Vidal
ABSTRACT While Argentine-Chilean relations have long been swayed between cooperation and confrontation since their independence in the 19th century and a long-standing presence in Antarctica, the stretch between Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic Peninsula stands as the closest lane (i.e. about 1,000 km) to any other continent. Despite their territorial dispute over islands on the fractured southern tip of South America and territorial claims on the Antarctic, their common diplomatic ground successfully defuses any potential geopolitical instability. Along with Chile and Argentina, British claims overlap in the Antarctic Peninsula, which establishes unique geopolitical conditions in the whole of Antarctica. In this context, scientific missions and growing tourist activities could transform the region into the Antarctic gateway. From potential mineral resources exploitation to the United States-China global competition, the South Atlantic area could become a strategic bridgehead in light of the brewing geopolitical shift during the 21st century. Considering that climate change and geostrategic conditions evolve somewhat quickly to transform the Western Antarctic area, this article aims to assess and comprehend how these external drivers may affect the two South American countries. Given the fact that Antarctica is part of their respective national narrative, how do Argentina and Chile intend to maintain their presence and protect their interest in these shifting conditions? What are the vectors for partnering with the world’s great powers, such as China? Ultimately, could this space become a choke point through the 21st century?
{"title":"The Antarctic Peninsula: Argentina and Chile in the era of global change","authors":"F. Vidal","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While Argentine-Chilean relations have long been swayed between cooperation and confrontation since their independence in the 19th century and a long-standing presence in Antarctica, the stretch between Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic Peninsula stands as the closest lane (i.e. about 1,000 km) to any other continent. Despite their territorial dispute over islands on the fractured southern tip of South America and territorial claims on the Antarctic, their common diplomatic ground successfully defuses any potential geopolitical instability. Along with Chile and Argentina, British claims overlap in the Antarctic Peninsula, which establishes unique geopolitical conditions in the whole of Antarctica. In this context, scientific missions and growing tourist activities could transform the region into the Antarctic gateway. From potential mineral resources exploitation to the United States-China global competition, the South Atlantic area could become a strategic bridgehead in light of the brewing geopolitical shift during the 21st century. Considering that climate change and geostrategic conditions evolve somewhat quickly to transform the Western Antarctic area, this article aims to assess and comprehend how these external drivers may affect the two South American countries. Given the fact that Antarctica is part of their respective national narrative, how do Argentina and Chile intend to maintain their presence and protect their interest in these shifting conditions? What are the vectors for partnering with the world’s great powers, such as China? Ultimately, could this space become a choke point through the 21st century?","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"13 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44012942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205234
Elizabeth Buchanan
As climate change, resource insecurity and great power politics converge, Antarctica is re-emerging as a ‘hotbed’ of strategic competition. Of course, this narrative is well known, spurring the majority of media, think tank, security research, and futures work when it comes to Antarctica. Issue 13:1 revisits Antarctic competition, but not in the traditional sense of Antarctic competition. The cover image selected in many ways illustrates the aim of this Special Issue of The Polar Journal. It hones in on and focuses on some ‘submerged’, hidden aspects of Antarctic geostrategic competition. I wanted to draw attention to lesser known, the under researched, not often considered aspects of Antarctic competition. Aspects like psychological adaptation to life in Antarctica and the emergence of alternative institution interest in the region (such as the Five Eyes Intelligence community). What follows is a curated collection of articles delving into various unexpected aspects of Antarctic competition today. This issue examines alternative forms of geostrategic competition unfolding in Antarctica – from a booming architectural competition to an emerging competition over national Antarctic values in society. A vast amount of existing literature on Antarctic competition underscores the various ‘melting points’ for continental security (Brady 2013; McGee Liu 2019; Klaus Hemmings 2013; Bray 2016; Klotz 1998). Many also consider policy responses to these various Antarctic strategic issues (Young 2021; Chown 2017; Tina, Liggett, Maher Lamers 2016; Bateman 2012). As a point of departure, 13:1 opens with an expert research commentary from Ryan Burke. Burke pivots from considering policy responses to Antarctic security challenges and tables a tool we could use to navigate said competition. In his commentary, Towards an Antarctic Security and Defense Forum, Burke argues we need to move beyond the construct of simply acknowledging strategic competition and the potential for military-security issues to evolve in Antarctica – it is pertinent to start thinking about a forum to navigate it. Burke does not argue the system is irrelevant in terms of dealing with strategic competition, rather that an ‘Antarctic Security Defence Forum’ could be used to deal with issues beneath the threshold of war, of overt militarysecurity action.
{"title":"All quiet on the southern front? Revisiting Antarctic competition","authors":"Elizabeth Buchanan","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205234","url":null,"abstract":"As climate change, resource insecurity and great power politics converge, Antarctica is re-emerging as a ‘hotbed’ of strategic competition. Of course, this narrative is well known, spurring the majority of media, think tank, security research, and futures work when it comes to Antarctica. Issue 13:1 revisits Antarctic competition, but not in the traditional sense of Antarctic competition. The cover image selected in many ways illustrates the aim of this Special Issue of The Polar Journal. It hones in on and focuses on some ‘submerged’, hidden aspects of Antarctic geostrategic competition. I wanted to draw attention to lesser known, the under researched, not often considered aspects of Antarctic competition. Aspects like psychological adaptation to life in Antarctica and the emergence of alternative institution interest in the region (such as the Five Eyes Intelligence community). What follows is a curated collection of articles delving into various unexpected aspects of Antarctic competition today. This issue examines alternative forms of geostrategic competition unfolding in Antarctica – from a booming architectural competition to an emerging competition over national Antarctic values in society. A vast amount of existing literature on Antarctic competition underscores the various ‘melting points’ for continental security (Brady 2013; McGee Liu 2019; Klaus Hemmings 2013; Bray 2016; Klotz 1998). Many also consider policy responses to these various Antarctic strategic issues (Young 2021; Chown 2017; Tina, Liggett, Maher Lamers 2016; Bateman 2012). As a point of departure, 13:1 opens with an expert research commentary from Ryan Burke. Burke pivots from considering policy responses to Antarctic security challenges and tables a tool we could use to navigate said competition. In his commentary, Towards an Antarctic Security and Defense Forum, Burke argues we need to move beyond the construct of simply acknowledging strategic competition and the potential for military-security issues to evolve in Antarctica – it is pertinent to start thinking about a forum to navigate it. Burke does not argue the system is irrelevant in terms of dealing with strategic competition, rather that an ‘Antarctic Security Defence Forum’ could be used to deal with issues beneath the threshold of war, of overt militarysecurity action.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48740540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205235
Ryan P. Burke
ABSTRACT As earth’s lone uninhabited and ungoverned continent, Antarctica contains 70% of all fresh water on the planet in addition to a potential treasure trove of yet undiscovered natural and biological resources1. It is peripherally relevant geographically but centrally relevant geopolitically. The southernmost continent is the final frontier of 21st century strategic competition; a resource-rich region ripe for territorial expansion opportunities that may yield economic and even military advantage for those states best positioned to capitalise on its vulnerability. To avoid Antarctica devolving into a militarised continent plagued by conflict and resource wars, the international community must establish an Antarctic Security and Defense Forum (ASDF). The ASDF will address these challenges through coordinated global governance initiatives leveraging the longstanding institutional strength of the Antarctic Treaty and offering supplemental dialogue specific to military issues to confront the challenge rather than look the other way. This article examines the leading geostrategic issues for Antarctica, then it tables a blueprint for a viable Antarctic Security and Defence Forum.
{"title":"Towards an Antarctic security and defense forum","authors":"Ryan P. Burke","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205235","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As earth’s lone uninhabited and ungoverned continent, Antarctica contains 70% of all fresh water on the planet in addition to a potential treasure trove of yet undiscovered natural and biological resources1. It is peripherally relevant geographically but centrally relevant geopolitically. The southernmost continent is the final frontier of 21st century strategic competition; a resource-rich region ripe for territorial expansion opportunities that may yield economic and even military advantage for those states best positioned to capitalise on its vulnerability. To avoid Antarctica devolving into a militarised continent plagued by conflict and resource wars, the international community must establish an Antarctic Security and Defense Forum (ASDF). The ASDF will address these challenges through coordinated global governance initiatives leveraging the longstanding institutional strength of the Antarctic Treaty and offering supplemental dialogue specific to military issues to confront the challenge rather than look the other way. This article examines the leading geostrategic issues for Antarctica, then it tables a blueprint for a viable Antarctic Security and Defence Forum.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"6 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46990896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205245
Allaiarov Rustambek
Abstract This paper presents a report on the discussions within the round table of the VIII International Conference ‘The Arctic: Sustainable Development’, which was held on March 02, 2023 in Moscow, Russia. The report include the main ideas and views of Russian experts on International cooperation in the Arctic in view of the current geopolitical realities.
{"title":"International cooperation in the Arctic: opportunities and perspectives","authors":"Allaiarov Rustambek","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2023.2205245","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a report on the discussions within the round table of the VIII International Conference ‘The Arctic: Sustainable Development’, which was held on March 02, 2023 in Moscow, Russia. The report include the main ideas and views of Russian experts on International cooperation in the Arctic in view of the current geopolitical realities.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"166 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45165953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205240
Claudia Estrada-Goic, Jorge González-Ortega, Daniela Mancilla, Ana Latorre, Paulina Cerda, Camila Jalil, José Luis Nenen, Kimberly Hechenleitner, C. López, Mariana Cabanas, Elias Barticevic
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyse the role of a perceived value that may result from identification with the Antarctic region the identity that results from association with the Chilean claim to that territory, and adherence to various ecological beliefs that may bear on a perception of responsibility in the care and protection of Antarctica, by inhabitants of southern Chilean Patagonia. Three general population studies (n1 = 218), (n2 = 401), (n3 = 260) measured what were termed Antarctic values, Antarctic Social Identity (ASI), ecological beliefs, and perceived responsibility for Antarctic care and protection. The first study showed the importance of social identification as a mediating variable between the attributed Antarctic value and the perception of responsibility, showing that the identity variable played a fundamental role in the phenomenon of perceived responsibility. The second study compares three cities that formally share the ‘Antarctic social identity’ label (a sense of belonging to the group of cities linked to the Antarctic). This study reveals that, despite sharing this social category, the orientation related to custodial behaviour towards Antarctica is also linked to other socio-identity variables. Here we refer to all the psychological and social variables involved in the process that leads to feeling part of one social identity; that is, identifying with a group of people with whom one shares, for example, the place where one lives. The third study compares two generations of adults (‘young’ and ‘mature’) and confirms that the older group shows a pattern of social responsibility that considers identity variables more profoundly. These results are discussed within the context of the importance of understanding the role of these variables in attitudes towards the Antarctic region at a time when, from both political and environmental perspectives, opportunities arise for inhabitants living close to this territory to reconsider their roles.
{"title":"Committing to the Antarctic: values, ecological beliefs, and social identity in national perception","authors":"Claudia Estrada-Goic, Jorge González-Ortega, Daniela Mancilla, Ana Latorre, Paulina Cerda, Camila Jalil, José Luis Nenen, Kimberly Hechenleitner, C. López, Mariana Cabanas, Elias Barticevic","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2023.2205240","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyse the role of a perceived value that may result from identification with the Antarctic region the identity that results from association with the Chilean claim to that territory, and adherence to various ecological beliefs that may bear on a perception of responsibility in the care and protection of Antarctica, by inhabitants of southern Chilean Patagonia. Three general population studies (n1 = 218), (n2 = 401), (n3 = 260) measured what were termed Antarctic values, Antarctic Social Identity (ASI), ecological beliefs, and perceived responsibility for Antarctic care and protection. The first study showed the importance of social identification as a mediating variable between the attributed Antarctic value and the perception of responsibility, showing that the identity variable played a fundamental role in the phenomenon of perceived responsibility. The second study compares three cities that formally share the ‘Antarctic social identity’ label (a sense of belonging to the group of cities linked to the Antarctic). This study reveals that, despite sharing this social category, the orientation related to custodial behaviour towards Antarctica is also linked to other socio-identity variables. Here we refer to all the psychological and social variables involved in the process that leads to feeling part of one social identity; that is, identifying with a group of people with whom one shares, for example, the place where one lives. The third study compares two generations of adults (‘young’ and ‘mature’) and confirms that the older group shows a pattern of social responsibility that considers identity variables more profoundly. These results are discussed within the context of the importance of understanding the role of these variables in attitudes towards the Antarctic region at a time when, from both political and environmental perspectives, opportunities arise for inhabitants living close to this territory to reconsider their roles.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"86 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45002757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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