Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0007
It is evident from current debates that an important new trend associated with digitalisation is the emergence of new processes, with wholly new qualities, which can be regarded as a form of ‘self-perpetuation’ (Verselbständigung). This article introduces the concept of self-perpetuation, the topic of this special issue, with the aim of clarifying it, making it visible in academic debates about digitalisation and examining its usefulness as an analytical tool. The contributions to this volume discuss conceptual as well as empirical aspects of this development. In addition to providing critical accounts of how self-perpetuation emerges and illustrating some of the barriers to its expansion, these articles also examine aspects of the discourses that have accompanied its historical development as well as providing glimpses into how these dynamics could be redirected in a more emancipatory fashion in the future. Taken together, these contributions demonstrate the importance of the concept of self-perpetuation for deepening our understanding of digitalisation, both as a social phenomenon and as a topic of academic research.
{"title":"Digitalisation and self-perpetuation","authors":"","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0007","url":null,"abstract":"It is evident from current debates that an important new trend associated with digitalisation is the emergence of new processes, with wholly new qualities, which can be regarded as a form of ‘self-perpetuation’ (Verselbständigung). This article introduces the concept of self-perpetuation, the topic of this special issue, with the aim of clarifying it, making it visible in academic debates about digitalisation and examining its usefulness as an analytical tool. The contributions to this volume discuss conceptual as well as empirical aspects of this development. In addition to providing critical accounts of how self-perpetuation emerges and illustrating some of the barriers to its expansion, these articles also examine aspects of the discourses that have accompanied its historical development as well as providing glimpses into how these dynamics could be redirected in a more emancipatory fashion in the future. Taken together, these contributions demonstrate the importance of the concept of self-perpetuation for deepening our understanding of digitalisation, both as a social phenomenon and as a topic of academic research.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88190142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0012
Konstantin Klur, Sarah Nies
Digitalisation is often associated with the domination of technology over humans. This article aims to develop a concept of self-perpetuation that illuminates the relationship between technology and social domination instead of focusing only on technological properties. Drawing on Marx’s concept of real subsumption and interviews in industrial companies, we analyse specific forms of self-perpetuation that take place in the digitalised working world. In doing so, we critically examine the diagnosis of digital Taylorism which assumes a comprehensive elimination of the subjectivity of workers. In contrast, we show that digital technology allows for other forms of domination based on the flexibility of living labour.
{"title":"Governed by digital technology?","authors":"Konstantin Klur, Sarah Nies","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalisation is often associated with the domination of technology over humans. This article aims to develop a concept of self-perpetuation that illuminates the relationship between technology and social domination instead of focusing only on technological properties. Drawing on Marx’s concept of real subsumption and interviews in industrial companies, we analyse specific forms of self-perpetuation that take place in the digitalised working world. In doing so, we critically examine the diagnosis of digital Taylorism which assumes a comprehensive elimination of the subjectivity of workers. In contrast, we show that digital technology allows for other forms of domination based on the flexibility of living labour.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80011075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0153
Luke Munn
Digitalisation has the capacity to radically transform the nature of work, redefining tasks, requirements and remuneration. Yet technologies have often been used to reduce worker autonomy, exacerbate racial and gendered inequality and intensify labour precarity. How can digitalisation instead support emancipatory labour conditions? This article introduces the concept of ‘tika technology’, drawing together scholarship on convivial tools, appropriate technology and calm computing to theorise its purposes and principles. To illustrate what these look like in practice, the article provides two real-world examples of tika technology. It concludes by exploring potential benefits at the individual, societal and environmental levels.
{"title":"Tika technology","authors":"Luke Munn","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0153","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalisation has the capacity to radically transform the nature of work, redefining tasks, requirements and remuneration. Yet technologies have often been used to reduce worker autonomy, exacerbate racial and gendered inequality and intensify labour precarity. How can digitalisation instead support emancipatory labour conditions? This article introduces the concept of ‘tika technology’, drawing together scholarship on convivial tools, appropriate technology and calm computing to theorise its purposes and principles. To illustrate what these look like in practice, the article provides two real-world examples of tika technology. It concludes by exploring potential benefits at the individual, societal and environmental levels.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75315334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0034
M. Heinlein, N. Huchler
The article proposes an analytical perspective on artificial intelligence (AI) that can be fruitful in the sociology of work. The practical logic of new forms of AI (connectionist AI) is described as an interplay of social and technical processes of opening and closing possibilities of knowledge and action. In order to develop this argument, it is first shown in which sense AI can be understood as a contingency-generating technology in socio-technical contexts. The architecture based on neural networks is elaborated as a decisive feature of connectionist AI that not only opens up technical possibilities but can also shape social processes and structures by ‘selectivity’. However, this shaping does not take place solely on the part of the AI, but only becomes apparent in the interplay with specific restrictions that lie both in the social context of use and in the algorithmic architecture of the AI itself. For research in the sociology of work, this means that contingency theory approaches must be linked with approaches that emphasise the limits of (‘intelligent’) digitalisation. The yield of such a perspective is outlined in relation to the control of work with AI.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence in the practice of work","authors":"M. Heinlein, N. Huchler","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0034","url":null,"abstract":"The article proposes an analytical perspective on artificial intelligence (AI) that can be fruitful in the sociology of work. The practical logic of new forms of AI (connectionist AI) is described as an interplay of social and technical processes of opening and closing possibilities of knowledge and action. In order to develop this argument, it is first shown in which sense AI can be understood as a contingency-generating technology in socio-technical contexts. The architecture based on neural networks is elaborated as a decisive feature of connectionist AI that not only opens up technical possibilities but can also shape social processes and structures by ‘selectivity’. However, this shaping does not take place solely on the part of the AI, but only becomes apparent in the interplay with specific restrictions that lie both in the social context of use and in the algorithmic architecture of the AI itself. For research in the sociology of work, this means that contingency theory approaches must be linked with approaches that emphasise the limits of (‘intelligent’) digitalisation. The yield of such a perspective is outlined in relation to the control of work with AI.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83319176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0117
Ingo Schulz-Schaeffer, Kevin Wiggert, Martin Meister, Tim Clausnitzer
This article employs a narrative approach to explain the self-perpetuation of the promise of care robots. For two decades, care robots have been viewed as a promising digital innovation that will relieve care workers from service tasks and thus improve the situation in the care sector. Though they still show a rather poor performance in real-world applications, the expectations are as high as ever. To explain the self-perpetuation of the promise of care robots, we investigate sensemaking practices in the discourse about care robots and show how a predominant overarching narrative as well as project-related sensemaking practices play out.
{"title":"The self-perpetuation of the promise of care robots","authors":"Ingo Schulz-Schaeffer, Kevin Wiggert, Martin Meister, Tim Clausnitzer","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0117","url":null,"abstract":"This article employs a narrative approach to explain the self-perpetuation of the promise of care robots. For two decades, care robots have been viewed as a promising digital innovation that will relieve care workers from service tasks and thus improve the situation in the care sector. Though they still show a rather poor performance in real-world applications, the expectations are as high as ever. To explain the self-perpetuation of the promise of care robots, we investigate sensemaking practices in the discourse about care robots and show how a predominant overarching narrative as well as project-related sensemaking practices play out.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83537727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0136
Mona-Maria Bardmann, Caroline Ruiner, Laura Künzel, M. Klumpp
Self-reliant digital systems (SDS) can adapt to changing circumstances and environments, evaluate complex situations, make decisions and optimise processes. In this context, work processes also change, since SDS are controlled by workers but are also partly out of control, that is, processing information independently and without worker influence. It can be expected that handling and interacting with SDS impact workers’ perception of autonomy and control and their interrelationship. This paper focuses on these developments at airports and is based on 24 interviews with airport and flight staff. The findings point to a difference between objective control and the perception of control. Moreover, we identify autonomy-enhancing and autonomy-restricting forms of control in contexts using SDS. In this sense, the article contributes to clarifying autonomy and control in the specific context of SDS at airports and conceptualising the interrelation of autonomy and control.
{"title":"In control or out of control?","authors":"Mona-Maria Bardmann, Caroline Ruiner, Laura Künzel, M. Klumpp","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0136","url":null,"abstract":"Self-reliant digital systems (SDS) can adapt to changing circumstances and environments, evaluate complex situations, make decisions and optimise processes. In this context, work processes also change, since SDS are controlled by workers but are also partly out of control, that is, processing information independently and without worker influence. It can be expected that handling and interacting with SDS impact workers’ perception of autonomy and control and their interrelationship. This paper focuses on these developments at airports and is based on 24 interviews with airport and flight staff. The findings point to a difference between objective control and the perception of control. Moreover, we identify autonomy-enhancing and autonomy-restricting forms of control in contexts using SDS. In this sense, the article contributes to clarifying autonomy and control in the specific context of SDS at airports and conceptualising the interrelation of autonomy and control.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89702435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0061
Lene Baumgart, Pauline Boos, Bernd Eckstein
In the context of persistent images of self-perpetuated technologies, we discuss the interplay of digital technologies and organisational dynamics against the backdrop of systems theory. Building on the case of an international corporation that, during an agile reorganisation, introduced an AI-based personnel management platform, we show how technical systems produce a form of algorithmic contingency that subsequently leads to the emergence of formal and informal interaction systems. Using the concept of datafication, we explain how these interactions are barriers to the self-perpetuation of data-based decision-making, making it possible to take into consideration further decision factors and complementing the output of the platform. The research was carried out within the scope of the research project ‘Organisational Implications of Digitalisation: The Development of (Post-)Bureaucratic Organisational Structures in the Context of Digital Transformation’ funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
{"title":"Datafication and algorithmic contingency – how agile organisations deal with technical systems","authors":"Lene Baumgart, Pauline Boos, Bernd Eckstein","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.17.1.0061","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of persistent images of self-perpetuated technologies, we discuss the interplay of digital technologies and organisational dynamics against the backdrop of systems theory. Building on the case of an international corporation that, during an agile reorganisation, introduced an AI-based personnel management platform, we show how technical systems produce a form of algorithmic contingency that subsequently leads to the emergence of formal and informal interaction systems. Using the concept of datafication, we explain how these interactions are barriers to the self-perpetuation of data-based decision-making, making it possible to take into consideration further decision factors and complementing the output of the platform. The research was carried out within the scope of the research project ‘Organisational Implications of Digitalisation: The Development of (Post-)Bureaucratic Organisational Structures in the Context of Digital Transformation’ funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89385236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0088
Jing Hiah
This article addresses the methodological and ethical challenges of ethnographic research on sensitive topics such as clandestine practices in the migrant and ethnic minority economy. Drawing on related criminological and sociology of deviance literature I draw on my experiences of insider-ethnographic research in the Chinese migrant and ethnic minority economy in the Netherlands and Romania to demonstrate how stigmas related to race/ethnicity and clandestine practices can strongly shape access, rapport and researcher’s positionality in the field. Research participants’ concerns about these stigmas also revealed ethical questions on how to report on clandestine and informal practices without contributing to further stigmatisation and racialisation. At the same time, my experiences show that whether clandestine practices and race/ethnicity are considered sensitive topics is an emergent issue. In the Netherlands, due to active enforcement of clandestine practices in the migrant and ethnic minority economy, these practices were a sensitive topic of inquiry. In Romania, by contrast, clandestine practices were not treated as sensitive subject matter as these were normalised by research participants and broader Romanian society, due to a lack of active enforcement and criminalisation.
{"title":"(Shared) ethnicity in ethnographic research on clandestine and informal practices in the migrant and ethnic minority economy","authors":"Jing Hiah","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0088","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the methodological and ethical challenges of ethnographic research on sensitive topics such as clandestine practices in the migrant and ethnic minority economy. Drawing on related criminological and sociology of deviance literature I draw on my experiences of insider-ethnographic research in the Chinese migrant and ethnic minority economy in the Netherlands and Romania to demonstrate how stigmas related to race/ethnicity and clandestine practices can strongly shape access, rapport and researcher’s positionality in the field. Research participants’ concerns about these stigmas also revealed ethical questions on how to report on clandestine and informal practices without contributing to further stigmatisation and racialisation. At the same time, my experiences show that whether clandestine practices and race/ethnicity are considered sensitive topics is an emergent issue. In the Netherlands, due to active enforcement of clandestine practices in the migrant and ethnic minority economy, these practices were a sensitive topic of inquiry. In Romania, by contrast, clandestine practices were not treated as sensitive subject matter as these were normalised by research participants and broader Romanian society, due to a lack of active enforcement and criminalisation.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84247883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0072
Funda Ustek Spilda, Kelle Howson, H. Johnston, Alessio Bertolini, P. Feuerstein, L. Bezuidenhout, O. Alyanak, Mark Graham
Critical research into the gig economy frequently relies on using platform interfaces, platform mobile applications or websites, as intermediaries to contact and recruit participants. Yet, these methods are accompanied by significant ethical implications that are rarely considered. In this article, we look at the organisational features of platform interfaces for research and explore the ways in which, through their intensive knowledge about their users, they present additional challenges to researchers’ abilities to (a) conduct independent research – for example by influencing the participant recruitment process and (b) establish and maintain respondent anonymity and researcher transparency. Our analysis is based on an international study of platform workers which investigates working conditions and fairness in the gig economy in both geographically tethered gig work and cloudwork. We argue that the ethical boundaries of doing research through platform interfaces are shaped not only by researchers, but also by the platforms whose interfaces researchers use. Establishing and protecting the anonymity of research participants provides an acute example of this, as platforms have the potential to scrutinise the activities of researchers on their interfaces, and capture information shared between researchers and participants. The question of anonymity arises also in the reverse order: when platforms share personal information on workers, at a level not required by researchers. After building our argument, we propose a set of suggestions for promoting ethical research in the study of gig economy platforms.
{"title":"Is anonymity dead?","authors":"Funda Ustek Spilda, Kelle Howson, H. Johnston, Alessio Bertolini, P. Feuerstein, L. Bezuidenhout, O. Alyanak, Mark Graham","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0072","url":null,"abstract":"Critical research into the gig economy frequently relies on using platform interfaces, platform mobile applications or websites, as intermediaries to contact and recruit participants. Yet, these methods are accompanied by significant ethical implications that are rarely considered. In this article, we look at the organisational features of platform interfaces for research and explore the ways in which, through their intensive knowledge about their users, they present additional challenges to researchers’ abilities to (a) conduct independent research – for example by influencing the participant recruitment process and (b) establish and maintain respondent anonymity and researcher transparency. Our analysis is based on an international study of platform workers which investigates working conditions and fairness in the gig economy in both geographically tethered gig work and cloudwork. We argue that the ethical boundaries of doing research through platform interfaces are shaped not only by researchers, but also by the platforms whose interfaces researchers use. Establishing and protecting the anonymity of research participants provides an acute example of this, as platforms have the potential to scrutinise the activities of researchers on their interfaces, and capture information shared between researchers and participants. The question of anonymity arises also in the reverse order: when platforms share personal information on workers, at a level not required by researchers. After building our argument, we propose a set of suggestions for promoting ethical research in the study of gig economy platforms.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86368367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0034
Neil H. Spencer, D. Syrdal, Matthew Coates, U. Huws
Due to concerns that respondents to online surveys are different from populations of interest, parallel offline surveys can be undertaken and results compared. In this article we create a set of principles to compare results from online surveys with those from surveys using other survey modes. Rather than just comparing estimates and confidence intervals from the different modes, these principles consider biases that each survey mode introduces and whether the results obtained are compatible with each other, given these different biases. Using the example of a survey of platform work, we demonstrate that this approach can be used effectively and be applied to a variety of social science studies that use online surveys.
{"title":"Assessing bias in online surveys using alternative survey modes","authors":"Neil H. Spencer, D. Syrdal, Matthew Coates, U. Huws","doi":"10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Due to concerns that respondents to online surveys are different from populations of interest, parallel offline surveys can be undertaken and results compared. In this article we create a set of principles to compare results from online surveys with those from surveys using other survey modes. Rather than just comparing estimates and confidence intervals from the different modes, these principles consider biases that each survey mode introduces and whether the results obtained are compatible with each other, given these different biases. Using the example of a survey of platform work, we demonstrate that this approach can be used effectively and be applied to a variety of social science studies that use online surveys.","PeriodicalId":52161,"journal":{"name":"Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87303920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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