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Terminology and Mechanisms of Self-Emulsifying Systems for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review 用于生物医学应用的自乳化系统的术语和机制:全面回顾
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600719
Manish Kumar, C. P. Jain, Ajay Kumar Shukla, Garima Verma, Vimal Kumar Yadav

Abstract

Self-emulsifying systems, such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), particularly used for enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This review comprehensively examines the terminologies and mechanisms involved in self-emulsifying systems. The complex nature of self-emulsification is elucidated, encompassing diffusion, interfacial phenomena, and thermodynamic considerations. Three main mechanisms are explored in this review: diffusion and stranding, negative free energy for nanoemulsion formation, and the liquid crystalline (LC) phases formation at the interface. Diffusion and stranding cause rapid diffusion of water-miscible components, forming fine emulsion droplets. However, it lacks a clear thermodynamic explanation. Concept of negative free energy provides a thermodynamic explanation, while the formation of LC phases at the interface is an intermediary event during diffusion-driven self-emulsification. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing optimum self-emulsifying formulation for pharmaceutical delivery, food bioactive delivery, and cosmetic applications.

摘要自乳化系统,如自乳化给药系统(SEDDS)和自纳米乳化给药系统(SNEDDS),特别用于提高疏水性药物的生物利用度。本综述全面探讨了自乳化系统的术语和相关机制。阐明了自乳化的复杂性质,包括扩散、界面现象和热力学因素。本综述探讨了三种主要机制:扩散和绞合、纳米乳液形成的负自由能以及界面上液晶(LC)相的形成。扩散和绞合会使水溶性成分快速扩散,形成细小的乳液液滴。然而,这缺乏明确的热力学解释。负自由能的概念提供了一种热力学解释,而在界面上形成 LC 相则是扩散驱动自乳化过程中的一个中间事件。了解这些机制对于开发用于药物输送、食品生物活性输送和化妆品应用的最佳自乳化配方至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Aging and Modification on the Interfacial Interaction in Asphalt Mastics 老化和改性对沥青胶料界面相互作用的影响
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600811
T. V. Dudareva, I. A. Krasotkina, I. V. Gordeeva, V. G. Nikolsky, L. A. Gorelisheva, V. N. Garmanov

Abstract

In the temperature range –10–30°С the influence of thermo-oxidative aging, frequency and deformation on the interfacial interaction according to the parameters K–B–G* and К–В–δ in asphalt mastics and modified mastics based on bitumen grade BND 60/90 has been investigated. The filler was introduced into bitumen in the ratio of 1/1 by weight. Active powder of discretely devulcanized rubber (APDDR) as a modifier was introduced in the ratio bitumen/APDDR = 87.5/12.5 by weight. It is shown that the modification of APDDR provides a greater thickness of adsorbed layer on the surface of filler particles under various conditions of external influences compared to mastic, and this thickness depends on the sequence of introduction of filler and APDDR.

摘要 在-10-30°С温度范围内,研究了热氧化老化、频率和变形对沥青胶泥和基于 BND 60/90 级沥青的改性胶泥中 K-B-G* 和 К-В-δ 参数的界面相互作用的影响。填料与沥青的重量比为 1/1。作为改性剂的离散脱硫橡胶活性粉(APDDR)以沥青/APDDR = 87.5/12.5 的重量比加入。结果表明,与胶泥相比,在各种外部影响条件下,改性 APDDR 在填料颗粒表面形成的吸附层厚度更大,而这一厚度取决于引入填料和 APDDR 的顺序。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Inert Fluoropolymer on Equilibrium and Dynamic Hydration Characteristics of MF-4SC Membrane 惰性含氟聚合物对 MF-4SC 膜平衡和动态水合特性的影响
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600732
N. A. Kononenko, S. A. Shkirskaya, M. V. Rybalko, D. A. Zotova

Abstract

The influence of the type and amount of an inert component in perfluorinated MF-4SC sulfonic cation-exchange membrane on its equilibrium physicochemical and transport properties has been studied. The exchange capacity, water content, specific conductivity, and diffusion and electroosmotic permeability of two series of MF-4SC membranes obtained by casting from polymer solutions in dimethylformamide with variable contents of inert fluoropolymers have been investigated. A relationship between the equilibrium and dynamic hydration characteristics of the samples has been found as a result of studying water distribution over water binding energies and effective pore radii and the numbers of water transport in an external electric field. The type and content of an inert component in the perfluorinated membrane have been found to affect more significantly the state of water under equilibrium conditions than the electroosmotic water transport.

摘要 研究了全氟 MF-4SC 磺化阳离子交换膜中惰性成分的类型和数量对其平衡理化和传输特性的影响。研究了两个系列的 MF-4SC 膜的交换容量、含水量、比电导率以及扩散和电渗渗透性,这两个系列的膜是从二甲基甲酰胺中的聚合物溶液与不同含量的惰性含氟聚合物浇铸而成的。通过研究水结合能和有效孔径上的水分布以及外电场中水传输的数量,发现了样品的平衡和动态水合特性之间的关系。研究发现,在平衡条件下,全氟膜中惰性成分的类型和含量对水状态的影响比对电渗水传输的影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
On the Rheology of Thixotropic and Rheopexic Suspensions 关于触变悬浮液和流变悬浮液的流变学
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600628
A. I. Levinsky

Abstract

__ Semi-empirical equations are derived that describe the dependence of shear stress on shear rate during the flow of a one-component suspension. The suspension is considered as consisting of two fractions: single grains of the solid phase and their dimers, between which a reversible dimerization reaction occurs. In this case, the dimerization of single grains is considered as a reaction with an invariable rate constant, and the dissociation of dimers is considered as an inverse reaction with a rate constant that increases linearly with the shear rate. The equations are based on the Krieger−Doherty formula, generalized to the case of a multicomponent suspension.

摘要__ 本文推导出半经验方程,描述了单组分悬浮液流动过程中剪切应力与剪切速率的关系。该悬浮液被认为由两部分组成:固相的单颗粒及其二聚体,它们之间发生可逆的二聚反应。在这种情况下,单颗粒的二聚反应被认为是一种速率常数不变的反应,而二聚体的解离则被认为是一种速率常数随剪切速率线性增加的逆反应。计算公式基于 Krieger-Doherty 公式,并将其推广到多组分悬浮液中。
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引用次数: 0
Models for Stabilization of Charged Particles with Surfactants in Nonpolar Media 非极性介质中带电粒子与表面活性剂的稳定模型
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600823
P. S. Popovetskiy

Abstract

Stabilization of charged particles in nonpolar media is one of the most complicated problems in modern colloid chemistry. The attribution to colloid chemistry is absolutely justified in this case: in nonpolar media, charged particles have, as a rule, a supramolecular nature. Low dielectric permittivity of a medium makes the existence of ions in the classical interpretation energetically disadvantageous. The key condition for the presence of charged particles in nonpolar media is their steric stabilization, which requires some revision of the classical concepts of the structure of the electrical double layer, primarily, its diffuse part. Detailed analyzing the structure of the electrical double layer in nonpolar media is of importance because of the high practical significance of electrokinetic phenomena in such systems. This review considers the main models for steric stabilization of charged particles with surfactants in dispersion media having dielectric permittivities lower than 5. The main attention is focused on not only the concentrations corresponding to the formation of reverse micelles, but also on the concentrations below the critical micelle concentration. In addition, nontypical examples of electrokinetic phenomena in organosols are considered.

摘要 在非极性介质中稳定带电粒子是现代胶体化学中最复杂的问题之一。在这种情况下,将其归因于胶体化学是完全合理的:在非极性介质中,带电粒子通常具有超分子性质。介质的介电常数低,在经典解释中离子的存在在能量上是不利的。带电粒子在非极性介质中存在的关键条件是它们的立体稳定,这就需要对双电层结构的经典概念,主要是其扩散部分进行一些修正。详细分析非极性介质中的电双层结构非常重要,因为此类系统中的电动现象具有高度的实际意义。本综述探讨了带电粒子与表面活性剂在介电常数小于 5 的分散介质中立体稳定的主要模型。主要关注的不仅是形成反向胶束的相应浓度,还包括低于临界胶束浓度的浓度。此外,还考虑了有机溶剂中电动现象的非典型实例。
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引用次数: 0
Noncovalent Stabilization of Water-Soluble Zinc Phthalocyaninate in Graphene Oxide Hydrosol 石墨烯氧化物水溶液中水溶性酞菁酸锌的非共价稳定作用
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600859
A. G. Nugmanova, A. I. Gorshkova, A. V. Yagodin, A. A. Averin, M. A. Kalinina

Abstract

The possibility of stabilization of zinc(II) 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa[(3,5-sodium biscarboxylate)phenoxy] phthalocyaninate (ZnPc16) by its hybridization with the surface of graphene oxide (GO) sheets via van der Waals or coordination bonds with functional groups of the carbon matrix in the GO hydrosols has been investigated. A combination of physicochemical analysis methods (scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy) has been employed to confirm the integration of ZnPc16 with GO nanosheets and to study the morphology and structure of the obtained hybrid materials. Using electronic absorption spectroscopy, it has been found that, regardless of the hybridization method, the binding of the macrocycles to the inorganic particles increases the stability of ZnPc16 in an aqueous medium being irradiated with visible light. The analysis of spectral kinetic data has shown that, in contrast to the system obtained by direct integration of ZnPc16 and GO, the hybrid material formed by coordination bonding of the components via zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2) as a binding metal cluster is able to exhibit photocatalytic properties in oxidative photodegradation of some model organic pollutant substrates (rhodamine 6G, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, and 1,4-nitrophenol). The proposed colloid-chemical approach to the stabilization of photoactive water-soluble phthalocyaninates makes it possible to increase their resistance to photoinduced self-oxidation and can be adapted for various derivatives of tetrapyrrole compounds possessing photosensitizing properties.

摘要 研究了 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-八[(3,5-二羧酸钠)苯氧基]酞菁酸锌(ZnPc16)通过范德华或与 GO 水溶液中碳基质的官能团配位键与氧化石墨烯(GO)片表面杂化而稳定化的可能性。研究人员采用了多种物理化学分析方法(扫描电子显微镜、荧光显微镜、粉末 X 射线衍射和拉曼光谱)来确认 ZnPc16 与 GO 纳米片的结合,并研究了所得杂化材料的形态和结构。利用电子吸收光谱发现,无论采用哪种杂化方法,大环与无机颗粒的结合都会增加 ZnPc16 在水介质中被可见光照射后的稳定性。对光谱动力学数据的分析表明,与 ZnPc16 和 GO 直接结合得到的体系不同,通过醋酸锌(Zn(OAc)2)作为结合金属簇,各组分配位结合形成的杂化材料能够在氧化光降解一些模型有机污染物底物(罗丹明 6G、1,5-二羟基萘和 1,4-硝基苯酚)时表现出光催化特性。所提出的胶体-化学方法可稳定具有光活性的水溶性酞菁,从而提高其抗光诱导自氧化的能力,并可适用于具有光敏特性的四吡咯化合物的各种衍生物。
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引用次数: 0
Metal/Carbon Composites: Precursors for Obtaining New Sorbents-Catalysts 金属/碳复合材料:获得新型吸附剂-催化剂的前驱体
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-10 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600537
V. Gutsanu, O. Petuhov, A.-M. Ipate, G. Lisa, M. Botnaru

Abstract—

Obtaining new sorbents-catalysts with selective properties is of particular interest. A series of metal/activated carbon composites with sorption and catalytic properties has been obtained and studied: AC-Mn1, AC-Mn2, AC-Mn1S, AC-Mn2S, AC-Cu1, AC-Co1, and AC-0. The composites were obtained from local raw materials by the hydrothermal method. SEM EDX methods were used to determine the morphology of the particles of compounds in the carbon phase and the average elemental composition of the surface. The detection of crystalline phases and functional groups of the organic compounds in the samples was carried out with XRD method and FT-IR spectroscopy, respectively. The thermal stability of the researched materials was performed thermogravimetrically in the temperature range 20–700°C. All analyzed samples have a good thermal stability; the decomposition in air atmosphere begins at temperatures higher than 240°C. The physicochemical and sorption characteristics of the materials were studied by N2 sorption at –196°C. The tests have shown that the studied composites have the ability to transform (remove) nitrite ions in solution.

摘要--获得具有选择性的新型吸附剂-催化剂尤其令人感兴趣。我们获得并研究了一系列具有吸附和催化特性的金属/活性炭复合材料:这些复合材料包括:AC-Mn1、AC-Mn2、AC-Mn1S、AC-Mn2S、AC-Cu1、AC-Co1 和 AC-0。这些复合材料是通过水热法从当地原材料中获得的。使用 SEM EDX 方法确定了碳相中化合物颗粒的形态和表面的平均元素组成。XRD 方法和 FT-IR 光谱法分别检测了样品中的结晶相和有机化合物的官能团。研究材料的热稳定性是在 20-700°C 的温度范围内用热重法测定的。所有分析样品都具有良好的热稳定性;在空气中的分解始于高于 240°C 的温度。在 -196°C 的温度下,通过对 N2 的吸附对材料的物理化学和吸附特性进行了研究。测试表明,所研究的复合材料具有转化(去除)溶液中亚硝酸根离子的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Modification of the Stefan’s Rule for the Surface Tension Coefficients of Liquids 修改液体表面张力系数的斯特凡法则
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600616

Abstract

A modification of the “Stefan’s rule” for the surface tension coefficients of liquids has been proposed, with the modification consisting in choosing a liquid as a system of comparison with respect to its surface. An expression for the surface tension coefficients has been derived and employed to interpret their temperature dependences for a number of molecular liquids with different physicochemical properties.

摘要 对液体表面张力系数的 "斯特凡法则 "提出了一种修正方法,即选择一种液体作为与其表面进行比较的系统。推导出了表面张力系数的表达式,并利用该表达式解释了一些具有不同物理化学性质的分子液体的温度依赖性。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Dispersed Particles in the Physicochemical Behavior of Nanofluids 分散颗粒在纳米流体物理化学行为中的作用
IF 1.1 4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600975

Abstract

Nanodispersions can be used to solve various practical problems, such as increasing the efficiency of heating systems, cooling of electrical equipment, intensifying oil recovery, etc., because dispersing nanoparticles in liquid media provides an inexpensive and convenient way to significantly improve various functional properties of a base fluid. Although the influence of dispersed particles on surface phenomena in systems comprising nanofluids has been studied for more than 30 years, due to a number of factors, the problem of appropriate and self-consistent description of the behavior of nanofluids will apparently remain to be the focus of scientific attention in the coming decades. This paper presents a brief review of recently published results that are of general importance for understanding the behavior of the surface tension of nanofluids, as well as the processes accompanying wetting with nanofluids and their spreading over various surfaces.

摘要 纳米分散体可用于解决各种实际问题,如提高加热系统的效率、冷却电气设备、提高石油采收率等,因为在液体介质中分散纳米粒子提供了一种廉价而方便的方法,可显著改善基础流体的各种功能特性。尽管分散颗粒对纳米流体系统中表面现象的影响已经研究了 30 多年,但由于多种因素,对纳米流体行为进行适当和自洽描述的问题显然仍将是未来几十年科学界关注的焦点。本文简要回顾了最近发表的对理解纳米流体表面张力行为以及纳米流体润湿和在各种表面铺展过程具有普遍意义的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of the Aging of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles on their Interaction with Cholesteric DNA Microparticles 超微金纳米粒子老化对其与胆甾醇化DNA微粒相互作用的影响
4区 化学 Q3 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x23600550
M. A. Klimovich, M. A. Kolyvanova, O. V. Dement’eva, O. N. Klimovich, V. M. Rudoy, V. A. Kuzmin, V. N. Morozov
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引用次数: 0
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Colloid Journal
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