Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.198
O. A. H. Rodríguez, César Humberto Rivera Figueroa, Elías E. Díaz Ávila, Damaris Leopoldina Ojeda Barrios, V. Prieto
The use of livestock and plant wastes, as sources of nutrients and organic material to the soil, is a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers, which eventually cause serious risks to agroecosystems. The present study was conducted in 2013 in a greenhouse at FACIATEC-UACH, Chihuahua, Mexico. Four composts made with (a) cow manure, (b) hen manure, (c) sawdust and (d) maize stover were evaluated for their contribution of the soil macronutrients NO3-, P=, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ and compared with urea as a synthetic fertilizer and a control without fertilizer. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design; statistical analysis included an analysis of variance using the statistical package SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.3.1 and comparison of means with the Tukey procedure (a = 0.05). Results suggest that f ive of the compost treatments increased the concentration of NO3-. Hen manure signif icantly outperformed cow manure in providing NO3- and P=. Likewise, the sawdust-based compost signif icantly affected the content of NO3-, outperforming the treatment based on maize stover. The concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ in soils resulting from the applied composts was lower than in the treatment with inorganic fertilizer, but that of Na+ was statistically higher than in the inorganic fertilizer treatment. This evidence suggests that the use of organic fertilizers, of either animal or plant origin, is a benef icial source of soil nutrients with high potential in sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Plant and livestock waste compost compared with inorganic fertilizer: nutrient contribution to soil.","authors":"O. A. H. Rodríguez, César Humberto Rivera Figueroa, Elías E. Díaz Ávila, Damaris Leopoldina Ojeda Barrios, V. Prieto","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.198","url":null,"abstract":"The use of livestock and plant wastes, as sources of nutrients and organic material to the soil, is a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers, which eventually cause serious risks to agroecosystems. The present study was conducted in 2013 in a greenhouse at FACIATEC-UACH, Chihuahua, Mexico. Four composts made with (a) cow manure, (b) hen manure, (c) sawdust and (d) maize stover were evaluated for their contribution of the soil macronutrients NO3-, P=, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ and compared with urea as a synthetic fertilizer and a control without fertilizer. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design; statistical analysis included an analysis of variance using the statistical package SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.3.1 and comparison of means with the Tukey procedure (a = 0.05). Results suggest that f ive of the compost treatments increased the concentration of NO3-. Hen manure signif icantly outperformed cow manure in providing NO3- and P=. Likewise, the sawdust-based compost signif icantly affected the content of NO3-, outperforming the treatment based on maize stover. The concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ in soils resulting from the applied composts was lower than in the treatment with inorganic fertilizer, but that of Na+ was statistically higher than in the inorganic fertilizer treatment. This evidence suggests that the use of organic fertilizers, of either animal or plant origin, is a benef icial source of soil nutrients with high potential in sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85757047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.264
G. García, D. S. F. Reynoso, M. R. M. Menez, J. D. R. Berber, Patricio Sánchez Guzmán, Erasmo Rubio Granados, L. A. I. Castillo
The lack of detailed maps of spatial distribution of soil units is a frequent constraint in decision-making processes, hydrological modeling, and productive assessment of an area. In this work, the Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) technique was applied, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to obtain the spatial distribution of dominant soil units in a watershed. The study area was the Mixteco watershed, which covers an area of 655 903 ha, of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. For DSM, topographic, hydrological, climatic and geological environmental covariables were used. The environmental covariables with greater impact on the spatial distribution of soil units, in order of importance, were geological, topographic and climatic. Digital classification was based on 142 randomly distributed training areas and 60 sites for validation of results. In the watershed, according to the FAO (2014) WRB Classif ication System, the following soil groups were identified satisfactorily (76.67% for overall accuracy and 71.20% for the kappa index): Cambisols (35.8%), Fluvisols (7.16%), Leptosols (48.25%), Regosols (8.00%) and Vertisols 0.79%). DSM satisfactorily determined the spatial distribution of soil units in the watershed and identified the most influential environmental covariables.
{"title":"Clasificación digital de suelos a través de covariables ambientales de la cuenca del río Mixteco","authors":"G. García, D. S. F. Reynoso, M. R. M. Menez, J. D. R. Berber, Patricio Sánchez Guzmán, Erasmo Rubio Granados, L. A. I. Castillo","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.264","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of detailed maps of spatial distribution of soil units is a frequent constraint in decision-making processes, hydrological modeling, and productive assessment of an area. In this work, the Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) technique was applied, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to obtain the spatial distribution of dominant soil units in a watershed. The study area was the Mixteco watershed, which covers an area of 655 903 ha, of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. For DSM, topographic, hydrological, climatic and geological environmental covariables were used. The environmental covariables with greater impact on the spatial distribution of soil units, in order of importance, were geological, topographic and climatic. Digital classification was based on 142 randomly distributed training areas and 60 sites for validation of results. In the watershed, according to the FAO (2014) WRB Classif ication System, the following soil groups were identified satisfactorily (76.67% for overall accuracy and 71.20% for the kappa index): Cambisols (35.8%), Fluvisols (7.16%), Leptosols (48.25%), Regosols (8.00%) and Vertisols 0.79%). DSM satisfactorily determined the spatial distribution of soil units in the watershed and identified the most influential environmental covariables.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77039598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.165
M. R. Herrada, W. Leandro, E. Ferreira
Several studies have demonstrated the benef its of using cover crops to maintain or improve soil quality and crop productivity. However, the effects of this management with organic common bean in conditions of savannah are still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of legumes, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) HUTH, jack or pig bean (Canavalia ensiformis), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) in monoculture and intercropped with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) R. Br. 1810, on grain production in common bean in organic production under systems of conventional and no-tillage soil management. The experiment was conducted with the cultivar BRS Pontal, arranged in a randomized block design. Bean plants were evaluated 90 days after germination, recording the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod (NGV), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (M100G) and grain production. The results showed that the number of pods, number of grains and grain yield of common bean in the organic system were influenced by the cover crops and soil management. Mucuna associated with millet and no-tillage system was outstanding, producing the best performance in these parameters. The highest grain yield was observed with the mucuna associated with maize in the no-tillage system. The average productivity of organic grain was 3.8 Mg ha-1. The cluster analysis showed a remarkable effect of soil management systems on bean production components.
{"title":"Leguminosas isoladas e consorciadas com milheto em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo no feijão orgânico.","authors":"M. R. Herrada, W. Leandro, E. Ferreira","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.165","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have demonstrated the benef its of using cover crops to maintain or improve soil quality and crop productivity. However, the effects of this management with organic common bean in conditions of savannah are still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of legumes, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) HUTH, jack or pig bean (Canavalia ensiformis), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) in monoculture and intercropped with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) R. Br. 1810, on grain production in common bean in organic production under systems of conventional and no-tillage soil management. The experiment was conducted with the cultivar BRS Pontal, arranged in a randomized block design. Bean plants were evaluated 90 days after germination, recording the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod (NGV), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (M100G) and grain production. The results showed that the number of pods, number of grains and grain yield of common bean in the organic system were influenced by the cover crops and soil management. Mucuna associated with millet and no-tillage system was outstanding, producing the best performance in these parameters. The highest grain yield was observed with the mucuna associated with maize in the no-tillage system. The average productivity of organic grain was 3.8 Mg ha-1. The cluster analysis showed a remarkable effect of soil management systems on bean production components.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74573469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.234
F. Paz, E. L. Bautista, M. I. Sosa
La necesidad de desarrollar metodos simplif icados, operativos y coherentes para modelar la relacion precipitacion-escurrimiento a escala de eventos, permanece como uno de los grandes retos en el campo de la hidrologia. Si bien existen propuestas simples de modelacion como el metodo del Numero de Curva o NC, sus bases teoricas no tienen fundamentos hidrologicos. La ventaja del metodo del NC es que solo requiere de un parametro, lo cual lo hace muy atractivo en las aplicaciones. En este trabajo se analizan las bases del metodo del NC. Los resultados muestran que estos intentos simplif icados de modelacion estan limitados. Por otro lado, el modelo expo-lineal de Paz (2013) es flexible en terminos empiricos. Las bases teoricas de este modelo son discutidas en terminos de la hidrologia de area variable, en un formato suf icientemente general para hacer solido su uso. El modelo se aplico a un experimento en un simulador de lluvias con lotes de escurrimiento con diferentes tipos de suelo y coberturas aereas de pastos. Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste experimental a los datos, particularmente en terminos de parametrizar el modelo expo-lineal en forma similar al metodo del NC. De estos desarrollos, se presenta un esquema de estimacion de los parametros del modelo expo-lineal que se puede usar en forma equivalente, por su simplicidad al tener un solo parametro libre, al metodo del NC.
{"title":"Validación del modelo expo-lineal precipitación-escurrimiento en un simulador de lluvia.","authors":"F. Paz, E. L. Bautista, M. I. Sosa","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.234","url":null,"abstract":"La necesidad de desarrollar metodos simplif icados, operativos y coherentes para modelar la relacion precipitacion-escurrimiento a escala de eventos, permanece como uno de los grandes retos en el campo de la hidrologia. Si bien existen propuestas simples de modelacion como el metodo del Numero de Curva o NC, sus bases teoricas no tienen fundamentos hidrologicos. La ventaja del metodo del NC es que solo requiere de un parametro, lo cual lo hace muy atractivo en las aplicaciones. En este trabajo se analizan las bases del metodo del NC. Los resultados muestran que estos intentos simplif icados de modelacion estan limitados. Por otro lado, el modelo expo-lineal de Paz (2013) es flexible en terminos empiricos. Las bases teoricas de este modelo son discutidas en terminos de la hidrologia de area variable, en un formato suf icientemente general para hacer solido su uso. El modelo se aplico a un experimento en un simulador de lluvias con lotes de escurrimiento con diferentes tipos de suelo y coberturas aereas de pastos. Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste experimental a los datos, particularmente en terminos de parametrizar el modelo expo-lineal en forma similar al metodo del NC. De estos desarrollos, se presenta un esquema de estimacion de los parametros del modelo expo-lineal que se puede usar en forma equivalente, por su simplicidad al tener un solo parametro libre, al metodo del NC.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89152344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.317
D. B. Sánchez, B. M. Amador, Alejandra Nieto Garibay, Lilia Alcaraz Meléndez, E. T. Diéguez, L. G. H. Montiel, Carlos Michel Ojeda Silvera
Los bioestimulantes vegetales activan el proceso de germinacion de las semillas; accionan funciones f isiologicas en las plantas, contienen sustancias propias del metabolismo vegetal, que mejoran el uso de nutrientes y son una opcion para mitigar estres por salinidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un bioestimulante de origen natural (FitoMas-E®), como atenuante de la salinidad en la germinacion de las variedades de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) Emily, Napoletano y Nufar. Las semillas se sometieron a concentraciones de NaCl (0, 50, 100 y 150 mM) y dosis de FitoMas-E® (0, 0.5, 1 y 1.5 mL L-1), en un diseno completamente al azar con arreglo factorial con cuatro repeticiones, en condiciones controladas. Se evaluo porcentaje y tasa de germinacion, altura de la plantula, longitud de radicula, biomasa fresca y seca de la radicula, biomasa fresca y seca de la parte aerea. Los resultados mostraron que la altura de la planta, longitud de la radicula, biomasa fresca de parte aerea y biomasa seca de la radicula con 150 mM de NaCl fueron las mas danadas. Napoletano y Nufar mostraron longitud de radicula mayor en 0 mM y conforme la concentracion de NaCl incremento, la longitud de radicula disminuyo signif icativamente para las tres variedades. Las plantulas de semillas tratadas con FitoMas-E®, incrementaron longitud de radicula, destacando Napoletano en 1 mL L‑1 y Nufar con 0.5 mL L 1. Napoletano mostro biomasa fresca de parte aerea mayor en 0 mM con 0.5 mL L-1 de FitoMas-E®. Las plantulas de Napoletano de semillas tratadas con 0.5 mL L‑1 de FitoMas-E® incrementaron la biomasa seca de radicula en 0 y 50 mM de NaCl. Se concluye que el FitoMas-E® con dosis de 0.5 y 1 mL L-1 mitiga el efecto del estres salino de moderado a severo en semillas de albahaca
植物生物刺激剂激活种子萌发过程;它们激活植物的生理功能，含有植物代谢特有的物质，提高营养物质的利用，是减轻盐度压力的一种选择。本研究的目的是评价一种天然生物刺激剂(FitoMas-E®)作为减盐度剂对罗勒品种(Ocimum basilicum L.)萌发的影响。艾米丽，纳波利塔诺和努法尔。在控制条件下，采用完全随机析因设计，4个重复，NaCl浓度(0、50、100和150 mM)和FitoMas-E®剂量(0、0.5、1和1.5 mL L-1)处理种子。本研究的目的是评价在不同条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下，在不同的条件下。结果表明，在150 mM NaCl条件下，株高、根长、鲜生物量和干生物量对根系生物量的影响最大。纳波利塔诺和努法尔的根长在0 mM处较大，随着NaCl浓度的增加，3个品种的根长显著减小。用FitoMas-E®处理的幼苗增加了根系长度，突出Napoletano 1 mL L - 1和Nufar 0.5 mL L 1。纳波利塔诺显示新鲜生物量的空气部分更大的0毫米0.5 mL L-1 fitomas®。用0.5 mL L - 1 FitoMas-E®处理的纳波利塔诺幼苗在0和50 mM NaCl下增加了根的干生物量。结果表明，0.5 mL和1 mL L-1剂量的FitoMas-E®可减轻罗勒种子中至重度盐胁迫的影响
{"title":"Mitigación de NaCl por efecto de un bioestimulante en la germinación de Ocimum basilicum L.","authors":"D. B. Sánchez, B. M. Amador, Alejandra Nieto Garibay, Lilia Alcaraz Meléndez, E. T. Diéguez, L. G. H. Montiel, Carlos Michel Ojeda Silvera","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.317","url":null,"abstract":"Los bioestimulantes vegetales activan el proceso de germinacion de las semillas; accionan funciones f isiologicas en las plantas, contienen sustancias propias del metabolismo vegetal, que mejoran el uso de nutrientes y son una opcion para mitigar estres por salinidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un bioestimulante de origen natural (FitoMas-E®), como atenuante de la salinidad en la germinacion de las variedades de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) Emily, Napoletano y Nufar. Las semillas se sometieron a concentraciones de NaCl (0, 50, 100 y 150 mM) y dosis de FitoMas-E® (0, 0.5, 1 y 1.5 mL L-1), en un diseno completamente al azar con arreglo factorial con cuatro repeticiones, en condiciones controladas. Se evaluo porcentaje y tasa de germinacion, altura de la plantula, longitud de radicula, biomasa fresca y seca de la radicula, biomasa fresca y seca de la parte aerea. Los resultados mostraron que la altura de la planta, longitud de la radicula, biomasa fresca de parte aerea y biomasa seca de la radicula con 150 mM de NaCl fueron las mas danadas. Napoletano y Nufar mostraron longitud de radicula mayor en 0 mM y conforme la concentracion de NaCl incremento, la longitud de radicula disminuyo signif icativamente para las tres variedades. Las plantulas de semillas tratadas con FitoMas-E®, incrementaron longitud de radicula, destacando Napoletano en 1 mL L‑1 y Nufar con 0.5 mL L 1. Napoletano mostro biomasa fresca de parte aerea mayor en 0 mM con 0.5 mL L-1 de FitoMas-E®. Las plantulas de Napoletano de semillas tratadas con 0.5 mL L‑1 de FitoMas-E® incrementaron la biomasa seca de radicula en 0 y 50 mM de NaCl. Se concluye que el FitoMas-E® con dosis de 0.5 y 1 mL L-1 mitiga el efecto del estres salino de moderado a severo en semillas de albahaca","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81006401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.220
Hera Martínez, Maribel Peña Manjarrez, A. Reyes, Cynthia Lizeth González Trevizo, S. L. Fonseca, Gladys Guadalupe López Ávalos
Las actividades antropogenicas aumentan la movilizacion y distribucion de los metales pesados, si se rebasan los estandares permitidos por la normativa internacional resultan un serio problema para la salud de los seres vivos y el medio ambiente. Uno de los casos mas alarmantes es el del arsenico; su presencia en agua potable y suelos (y por ende en alimentos) es tal que hay reportados cientos de casos de intoxicacion severa en paises como China y Bangladesh. Debido a las actividades mineras, en algunas zonas de Mexico como el Estado de Chihuahua, tambien se han encontrado altas concentraciones del elemento. Por el peligro que representa, la necesidad de encontrar alternativas para la remediacion de sitios contaminados con arsenico es de suma importancia. Si bien existen diversos metodos fisicos y quimicos que se han usado desde hace decadas, la biorremediacion constituye una alternativa prometedora que ofrece ventajas economicas y es ef iciente. Esto ultimo se debe a que se han aislado microorganismos que pueden resistir altas concentraciones de arsenico e incorporarlo a procesos metabolicos especif icos gracias a mecanismos como la enzima arsenito oxidasa (AOX). Aun cuando el sistema de oxidacion del arsenico no se ha descifrado completamente ha sido posible identif icarlo en un gran numero de microorganismos a traves de tecnicas de ingenieria genetica, mismas que de manera reciente se han utilizado para potencializar la capacidad de las cepas silvestres. El objetivo de este documento consistio en hacer una revision general sobre la biorremediacion del arsenico y algunas estrategias como la detoxif icacion de arsenico (III) por medio de AOX con el f in de encontrar una solucion factible al problema detectado en el estado de Chihuahua. Tras la vasta cantidad de informacion recabada se determino que la ingenieria genetica resulta una herramienta prometedora para lograr la biorremediacion de los metales pesados y que integrar los genes aox, en microorganismos conocidos parece ser una alternativa viable para disminuir la contaminacion por arsenico en cualquier sitio contaminado, por lo tanto, debe comenzarse con las pruebas de remocion y toxicidad cuanto antes.
{"title":"Biorremediación de arsénico mediada por microorganismos genéticamente modificados","authors":"Hera Martínez, Maribel Peña Manjarrez, A. Reyes, Cynthia Lizeth González Trevizo, S. L. Fonseca, Gladys Guadalupe López Ávalos","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I4.220","url":null,"abstract":"Las actividades antropogenicas aumentan la movilizacion y distribucion de los metales pesados, si se rebasan los estandares permitidos por la normativa internacional resultan un serio problema para la salud de los seres vivos y el medio ambiente. Uno de los casos mas alarmantes es el del arsenico; su presencia en agua potable y suelos (y por ende en alimentos) es tal que hay reportados cientos de casos de intoxicacion severa en paises como China y Bangladesh. Debido a las actividades mineras, en algunas zonas de Mexico como el Estado de Chihuahua, tambien se han encontrado altas concentraciones del elemento. Por el peligro que representa, la necesidad de encontrar alternativas para la remediacion de sitios contaminados con arsenico es de suma importancia. Si bien existen diversos metodos fisicos y quimicos que se han usado desde hace decadas, la biorremediacion constituye una alternativa prometedora que ofrece ventajas economicas y es ef iciente. Esto ultimo se debe a que se han aislado microorganismos que pueden resistir altas concentraciones de arsenico e incorporarlo a procesos metabolicos especif icos gracias a mecanismos como la enzima arsenito oxidasa (AOX). Aun cuando el sistema de oxidacion del arsenico no se ha descifrado completamente ha sido posible identif icarlo en un gran numero de microorganismos a traves de tecnicas de ingenieria genetica, mismas que de manera reciente se han utilizado para potencializar la capacidad de las cepas silvestres. El objetivo de este documento consistio en hacer una revision general sobre la biorremediacion del arsenico y algunas estrategias como la detoxif icacion de arsenico (III) por medio de AOX con el f in de encontrar una solucion factible al problema detectado en el estado de Chihuahua. Tras la vasta cantidad de informacion recabada se determino que la ingenieria genetica resulta una herramienta prometedora para lograr la biorremediacion de los metales pesados y que integrar los genes aox, en microorganismos conocidos parece ser una alternativa viable para disminuir la contaminacion por arsenico en cualquier sitio contaminado, por lo tanto, debe comenzarse con las pruebas de remocion y toxicidad cuanto antes.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-06DOI: 10.28940/terra.v35i2.269
RosaMaria López Atilano
{"title":"Revisores de este número","authors":"RosaMaria López Atilano","doi":"10.28940/terra.v35i2.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v35i2.269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85833087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.252
R. Ramírez, D. R. G. Eguiarte, J. A. R. Corral, Luis Alberto Rendón Salcido, J. G. F. Garnica
El agave azul (Agave tequilana Weber, var. azul) se utiliza, principalmente, para la produccion del Tequila; una bebida espirituosa. El estado de Jalisco, Mexico, contribuye con el 90% de la produccion; esto constituye un importante apoyo a la economia del Estado. El objetivo de la presente investigacion fue determinar la superf icie ocupada por agave azul, que presento restricciones en su produccion en la region Valles, correspondiente a los municipios de Tequila, Amatitan y El Arenal, en el estado de Jalisco, Mexico, por medio de percepcion remota. Se utilizo una imagen adquirida por el satelite LANDSAT 5 el 2 de abril de 2011, la cual se proceso para su calibracion radiometrica, correccion atmosferica y georreferenciacion. La interpretacion digital se hizo a traves del proceso de clasif icacion supervisada utilizando la opcion de maxima probabilidad. Los campos de entrenamiento se seleccionaron de informacion de campo y de la base de datos del Consejo Regulador del Tequila (CRT). Los resultados se plasmaron en mapas tematicos; distribucion de agave y no agave y distribucion de agave con restricciones. El 45% del area ocupada por el cultivo presento restricciones relacionadas con: aspectos economicos (restriccion tipo 1), plagas y enfermedades (restriccion tipo 2) y efectos por exceso de humedad del suelo (restriccion tipo 3). Para evaluar la precision de estos datos se aplico una matriz de error que reporto una precision general del 73%. Este valor es aceptable considerando la resolucion a 30 m del sensor (LANDSAT 5) y la peculiaridad del cultivo. El uso de imagenes LANDSAT por su resolucion espectral y radiometrica es aceptable para el estudio del cultivo del agave azul segun lo observado en campo y lo expresado por el procesamiento de la imagen.
蓝色龙舌兰(agave tequilana Weber, var. azul)主要用于龙舌兰的生产;一种烈酒。墨西哥哈利斯科州贡献了90%的产量;这是对国家经济的重要支持。在墨西哥哈利斯科州的龙舌兰市、阿玛蒂坦市和埃尔阿雷纳尔市的山谷地区，蓝龙舌兰的生产受到了限制，这是一项远程感知研究。利用LANDSAT 5于2011年4月2日获得的图像，对其进行了辐射校准、大气校正和地理参考处理。在本研究中，我们使用了一种新的方法，即使用一种新的方法，在一种新的方法中，在一种新的方法中，在一种新的方法中，在一种新的方法中，在一种新的方法中，在一种新的方法中。培训营是从现场信息和龙舌兰监管委员会(CRT)的数据库中选择的。结果反映在专题地图上;龙舌兰和非龙舌兰的分布，以及有限制的龙舌兰分布。45% area被介绍相关限制:(13)方面(种植,1型)、虫害和疾病(,(2)和类型过多影响土壤湿度(,(3)类型。这些数据用于评估公司precision我错误报告做了一个阵列总precision 73%。考虑到传感器(LANDSAT 5) 30米的分辨率和作物的特性，这个值是可以接受的。利用LANDSAT图像进行光谱和辐射分辨率的研究是可以接受的，根据实地观察和图像处理的表达。
{"title":"Detección de restricciones en la producción de agave azul (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) mediante percepción remota","authors":"R. Ramírez, D. R. G. Eguiarte, J. A. R. Corral, Luis Alberto Rendón Salcido, J. G. F. Garnica","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.252","url":null,"abstract":"El agave azul (Agave tequilana Weber, var. azul) se utiliza, principalmente, para la produccion del Tequila; una bebida espirituosa. El estado de Jalisco, Mexico, contribuye con el 90% de la produccion; esto constituye un importante apoyo a la economia del Estado. El objetivo de la presente investigacion fue determinar la superf icie ocupada por agave azul, que presento restricciones en su produccion en la region Valles, correspondiente a los municipios de Tequila, Amatitan y El Arenal, en el estado de Jalisco, Mexico, por medio de percepcion remota. Se utilizo una imagen adquirida por el satelite LANDSAT 5 el 2 de abril de 2011, la cual se proceso para su calibracion radiometrica, correccion atmosferica y georreferenciacion. La interpretacion digital se hizo a traves del proceso de clasif icacion supervisada utilizando la opcion de maxima probabilidad. Los campos de entrenamiento se seleccionaron de informacion de campo y de la base de datos del Consejo Regulador del Tequila (CRT). Los resultados se plasmaron en mapas tematicos; distribucion de agave y no agave y distribucion de agave con restricciones. El 45% del area ocupada por el cultivo presento restricciones relacionadas con: aspectos economicos (restriccion tipo 1), plagas y enfermedades (restriccion tipo 2) y efectos por exceso de humedad del suelo (restriccion tipo 3). Para evaluar la precision de estos datos se aplico una matriz de error que reporto una precision general del 73%. Este valor es aceptable considerando la resolucion a 30 m del sensor (LANDSAT 5) y la peculiaridad del cultivo. El uso de imagenes LANDSAT por su resolucion espectral y radiometrica es aceptable para el estudio del cultivo del agave azul segun lo observado en campo y lo expresado por el procesamiento de la imagen.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83604315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.190
M. Pérez, Armando Hernández Pérez, Luis Alonso Valdez Aguilar, G. A. P. Arias, J. G. Santiago, Daniela Alvarado Carrillo
It is estimated that in the near future phosphorus (P) sources for manufacturing fertilizers containing this element will become scarce. Phosphorus can be found in the soil; however, it is not in soluble form for plant uptake. In order to take up this element, plants exude organic acids (OA), which can facilitate the solubilization of P. It has been reported that these acids are exuded into the rhizosphere in the presence of aluminum (Al). Given the solubilizing capacity of OA, the present study was designed to assess the effect of using Al on exudation of OA, which in turn would improve root uptake of insoluble P forms, impacting growth and yield of strawberry plants. The experiment consisted of eight treatments that resulted from combining two amounts of phosphoric rock (PR), mixed in the substrate, with applications of Al. The treatments with PR were irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 0.25 meq L‑1 H2PO4‑. Application of Al through the irrigation solution produced the highest yields, up to 380 g plant-1. There was also a positive correlation between yield and citrate concentration and a negative correlation between yield and malate concentration in the substrate. We conclude that increased citrate in the rhizosphere due to the presence of Al increased solubility of PR, thus increasing yield.
{"title":"Aplicaciones de aluminio mantienen el crecimiento de fresa (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) suplementada con roca fosfórica en condiciones de cultivo sin suelo.","authors":"M. Pérez, Armando Hernández Pérez, Luis Alonso Valdez Aguilar, G. A. P. Arias, J. G. Santiago, Daniela Alvarado Carrillo","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.190","url":null,"abstract":"It is estimated that in the near future phosphorus (P) sources for manufacturing fertilizers containing this element will become scarce. Phosphorus can be found in the soil; however, it is not in soluble form for plant uptake. In order to take up this element, plants exude organic acids (OA), which can facilitate the solubilization of P. It has been reported that these acids are exuded into the rhizosphere in the presence of aluminum (Al). Given the solubilizing capacity of OA, the present study was designed to assess the effect of using Al on exudation of OA, which in turn would improve root uptake of insoluble P forms, impacting growth and yield of strawberry plants. The experiment consisted of eight treatments that resulted from combining two amounts of phosphoric rock (PR), mixed in the substrate, with applications of Al. The treatments with PR were irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 0.25 meq L‑1 H2PO4‑. Application of Al through the irrigation solution produced the highest yields, up to 380 g plant-1. There was also a positive correlation between yield and citrate concentration and a negative correlation between yield and malate concentration in the substrate. We conclude that increased citrate in the rhizosphere due to the presence of Al increased solubility of PR, thus increasing yield.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81274432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.133
E. Castillo, Fernando Paz Pellat, M. González
To analyze the relationship between vegetation reflectances obtained through the use of optical sensors with aerial cover and biomass production, a sampling campaign was carried out in the states of Mexico, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Durango, and Queretaro using multispectral radiometers under field conditions. In addition to radiometric data collection, digital photographs were taken to estimate aerial coverage using supervised classification methods. Approximately 15% of the measurement points were aerial biomass sampling. The relationship of vegetation index (NDVIcp, IVCP and β) to biomass and aerial cover were analyzed with a sampling scheme, establishing a relationship between these biophysical variables. Estimation of the biomass and vegetation cover in a faster way, allows estimating the condition, trend or production of natural vegetation in grasslands and scrublands, making it possible to make management decisions more efficiently and expedite. The model used to obtain biomass production in grassland and scrubland, through radiometric data and vegetation cover, considering that the processed data correspond to the linear phase of the vegetative growth stage, gives very good results for this type of vegetation (R2 = 0.98).
{"title":"Estimación de biomasa y cobertura aérea usando radiometría e imágenes digitales a nivel de campo en pastizales y matorrales.","authors":"E. Castillo, Fernando Paz Pellat, M. González","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.133","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze the relationship between vegetation reflectances obtained through the use of optical sensors with aerial cover and biomass production, a sampling campaign was carried out in the states of Mexico, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Durango, and Queretaro using multispectral radiometers under field conditions. In addition to radiometric data collection, digital photographs were taken to estimate aerial coverage using supervised classification methods. Approximately 15% of the measurement points were aerial biomass sampling. The relationship of vegetation index (NDVIcp, IVCP and β) to biomass and aerial cover were analyzed with a sampling scheme, establishing a relationship between these biophysical variables. Estimation of the biomass and vegetation cover in a faster way, allows estimating the condition, trend or production of natural vegetation in grasslands and scrublands, making it possible to make management decisions more efficiently and expedite. The model used to obtain biomass production in grassland and scrubland, through radiometric data and vegetation cover, considering that the processed data correspond to the linear phase of the vegetative growth stage, gives very good results for this type of vegetation (R2 = 0.98).","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87390309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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