Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.193
Oziel Lugo Espinosa, Gregorio Arellano Ostoa, Diego Hernández Cote
Un Sistema de Inmersion Temporal (SIT) permite la micropropagacion de plantas en ambientes esterilizados y hermeticos; sin embargo, es una tecnologia complicada y costosa. En este trabajo, se presenta una alternativa de automatizacion con base en plataformas abiertas de harware y software, con los objetivos de reducir costos y aumentar las prestaciones frente a sistemas comerciales, mediante la reconf iguracion por software de rutinas para la aplicacion de nutrientes, monitoreo constante y control a distancia del sistema. Para el desarrollo del hadware se utilizo la metodologia Bottom Up, y para el software, la metodologia Kanban. El sistema propuesto tiene un costo promedio de un 10% en comparacion con dispositivos electronicos comerciales utilizados en la industria para resolver problemas de automatizacion de procesos. Sin embargo, es necesario una evaluacion de crecimiento de los explantes para corroborar las ventajas competitivas del prototipo equiparadas a los sistemas tradicionales de inmersion temporal.
{"title":"Automatización de un sistema de inmersión temporal con base en plataformas abiertas de hardware y software","authors":"Oziel Lugo Espinosa, Gregorio Arellano Ostoa, Diego Hernández Cote","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.193","url":null,"abstract":"Un Sistema de Inmersion Temporal (SIT) permite la micropropagacion de plantas en ambientes esterilizados y hermeticos; sin embargo, es una tecnologia complicada y costosa. En este trabajo, se presenta una alternativa de automatizacion con base en plataformas abiertas de harware y software, con los objetivos de reducir costos y aumentar las prestaciones frente a sistemas comerciales, mediante la reconf iguracion por software de rutinas para la aplicacion de nutrientes, monitoreo constante y control a distancia del sistema. Para el desarrollo del hadware se utilizo la metodologia Bottom Up, y para el software, la metodologia Kanban. El sistema propuesto tiene un costo promedio de un 10% en comparacion con dispositivos electronicos comerciales utilizados en la industria para resolver problemas de automatizacion de procesos. Sin embargo, es necesario una evaluacion de crecimiento de los explantes para corroborar las ventajas competitivas del prototipo equiparadas a los sistemas tradicionales de inmersion temporal.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85245906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.224
L. M. Rivera, Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez, Norman Mercado-Silva, Diego García de Jalón-Lastra, Marta González del Tánago-Del Rio, Miguel Marchamalo-Sacristán, C. Orozco
El caudal superf icial a nivel cuenca, constituye hoy en dia un proceso clave para los estudios hidrologicos de cualquier indole. El presente trabajo explora la reconstruccion del regimen natural de caudales de la cuenca del Rio Ayuquila-Armeria para el periodo 1963‑1991, su importancia radica en que el metodo usado, puede ser extrapolado a otras cuencas en Mexico y Latinoamerica, donde se carece de datos hidrometricos puntuales. El campo de interes esta centrado en la tecnica de reconstruccion del caudal natural basandose en las precipitaciones y las temperaturas, en situaciones donde se carece de informacion hidrologica puntual, utilizando el modelo deterministico “precipitacion-escurrimiento”. Es un modelo que requiere de pocos parametros para su implementacion, usando los procesos climaticos y fisicos en el ambito espacial y temporal, con la utilizacion del Sistema de Informacion Geograf ica (SIG). A partir de caudales calibrados en la misma area geograf ica, es posible extrapolar el modelo de prediccion a toda la cuenca. El resultado fue una base de datos de 29 anos de regimen natural de caudales, con un caudal aproximado de 71.5 (m3 s-1), y con un volumen anual de 2254 (hm3 ano-1), donde se observaron las pautas estacionales y su fluctuacion a lo largo del ano. El uso de esta metodologia servira de apoyo para la nueva norma NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012, donde el principio cientif ico para la determinacion de caudal ecologico es el paradigma del regimen hidrologico natural.
{"title":"Régimen natural de caudales del río Ayuquila-Armería en el occidente de México","authors":"L. M. Rivera, Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez, Norman Mercado-Silva, Diego García de Jalón-Lastra, Marta González del Tánago-Del Rio, Miguel Marchamalo-Sacristán, C. Orozco","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.224","url":null,"abstract":"El caudal superf icial a nivel cuenca, constituye hoy en dia un proceso clave para los estudios hidrologicos de cualquier indole. El presente trabajo explora la reconstruccion del regimen natural de caudales de la cuenca del Rio Ayuquila-Armeria para el periodo 1963‑1991, su importancia radica en que el metodo usado, puede ser extrapolado a otras cuencas en Mexico y Latinoamerica, donde se carece de datos hidrometricos puntuales. El campo de interes esta centrado en la tecnica de reconstruccion del caudal natural basandose en las precipitaciones y las temperaturas, en situaciones donde se carece de informacion hidrologica puntual, utilizando el modelo deterministico “precipitacion-escurrimiento”. Es un modelo que requiere de pocos parametros para su implementacion, usando los procesos climaticos y fisicos en el ambito espacial y temporal, con la utilizacion del Sistema de Informacion Geograf ica (SIG). A partir de caudales calibrados en la misma area geograf ica, es posible extrapolar el modelo de prediccion a toda la cuenca. El resultado fue una base de datos de 29 anos de regimen natural de caudales, con un caudal aproximado de 71.5 (m3 s-1), y con un volumen anual de 2254 (hm3 ano-1), donde se observaron las pautas estacionales y su fluctuacion a lo largo del ano. El uso de esta metodologia servira de apoyo para la nueva norma NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012, donde el principio cientif ico para la determinacion de caudal ecologico es el paradigma del regimen hidrologico natural.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81307374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.134
Rosalía Castelán Vega, Leticia Citlaly López Teloxa, José Víctor Tamariz Flores, G. Fleites, Abel Cruz Montalvo
Soil is a natural component of great importance to ecosystem sustainability. Degradation of hillside soil conditions is due, in most cases, to poor management, which diminishes soil productivity and its ability to sustain human life. Production of sediment and nutrient loss during 2013 was evaluated in agricultural systems representative of the periurban zone of the city of Puebla, Mexico, to weight the enrichment coefficient of these sediments, and thus identify the agricultural system that generates less fertility loss. Delimited plots 3 m wide and 9 m long with a homogeneous slope of 9% were installed in maize, maize-squash and maize-oats crop systems. The sediments were collected, and concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were determined, as marked by NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000. Sediment yield and runoff were significantly higher in maize (54.6 mm and 37.9 Mg ha‑1, respectively) and lower in maize-squash plots. The enrichment coefficients of the eroded sediments were mostly higher than one, and organic matter had the highest coefficients. There was a strong correlation between sediment production and losses of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural systems. The results obtained demonstrate that the current management of agricultural crops in the study area favors soil degradation. Likewise, the results generated are an important basis for establishing agricultural strategies and reducing degraded areas of the rural periurban area of the city of Puebla, Mexico.
土壤是对生态系统可持续性具有重要意义的自然组成部分。在大多数情况下，山坡土壤条件的退化是由于管理不善，这降低了土壤生产力及其维持人类生命的能力。对2013年墨西哥普埃布拉市城郊代表性农业系统的沉积物产量和养分损失进行了评估，以加权这些沉积物的富集系数，从而确定产生较少肥力损失的农业系统。在玉米、玉米-南瓜和玉米-燕麦作物系统中设置了宽3米、长9米的划界地块，均匀坡度为9%。收集沉积物，测定有机质、氮、磷浓度，标记为NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000。玉米的产沙量和径流量显著较高(分别为54.6 mm和37.9 Mg ha - 1)，而玉米-南瓜地块的产沙量和径流量显著较低。侵蚀沉积物富集系数大多大于1，有机质富集系数最高。在农业系统中，沉积物的产生与有机质、氮和磷的损失有很强的相关性。结果表明，研究区目前的农作物管理有利于土壤退化。同样，所产生的结果是制定农业战略和减少墨西哥普埃布拉市城郊农村退化地区的重要基础。
{"title":"Erosión y pérdida de nutrientes en diferentes sistemas agrícolas de una microcuenca en la zona periurbana de la ciudad de Puebla, México.","authors":"Rosalía Castelán Vega, Leticia Citlaly López Teloxa, José Víctor Tamariz Flores, G. Fleites, Abel Cruz Montalvo","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.134","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is a natural component of great importance to ecosystem sustainability. Degradation of hillside soil conditions is due, in most cases, to poor management, which diminishes soil productivity and its ability to sustain human life. Production of sediment and nutrient loss during 2013 was evaluated in agricultural systems representative of the periurban zone of the city of Puebla, Mexico, to weight the enrichment coefficient of these sediments, and thus identify the agricultural system that generates less fertility loss. Delimited plots 3 m wide and 9 m long with a homogeneous slope of 9% were installed in maize, maize-squash and maize-oats crop systems. The sediments were collected, and concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were determined, as marked by NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000. Sediment yield and runoff were significantly higher in maize (54.6 mm and 37.9 Mg ha‑1, respectively) and lower in maize-squash plots. The enrichment coefficients of the eroded sediments were mostly higher than one, and organic matter had the highest coefficients. There was a strong correlation between sediment production and losses of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural systems. The results obtained demonstrate that the current management of agricultural crops in the study area favors soil degradation. Likewise, the results generated are an important basis for establishing agricultural strategies and reducing degraded areas of the rural periurban area of the city of Puebla, Mexico.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89014458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/terra.v35i3.214
Néstor Jorge Rojas Victoria, J. Estrada, F. V. C. Martínez, J. A. M. Contreras, Ramón Díaz Ruiz
The ayocote bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) is a legume native to Mexico with potential as a foodstuff. To achieve greater spatial distribution to capture solar radiation and produce dry matter (MS), the climbing ayocote needs trellises. Conventional trellises raise the cost of production, but ayocote can be grown using maize as a trellis. To increase grain yield, management of population density and topological arrangement have been used. This study was conducted in Montecillo, Mexico, in the spring-summer season of 2014 to determine how the number of ayocote bean plants and maize per hill affects biomass production, harvest index, and grain yield and its components. The nine treatments were the result of the combination of 1, 2 and 3 ayocote bean plants and 1, 2 and 3 maize plants per hill. We recorded days to each phenological stage, total biomass (TB), harvest index (HI), grain yield (GY) and yield components of both crops. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four repetitions. The duration of the phenological phases of ayocote bean and maize were similar among treatments. In the association maize-ayocote the changes in the number of plants per hill of both crops affected TB, HI, GY and yield components of both ayocote bean and maize. In the agrosystem ayocote-maize, TB, GY and yield components are affected by the number of plants of bean ayocote and maize per hill. The combination that achieved the highest TB, GY and net income was three ayocote plants and one maize plant.
{"title":"Rendimiento del frijol ayocote y maíz del agrosistema asociado en función del número de plantas por mata","authors":"Néstor Jorge Rojas Victoria, J. Estrada, F. V. C. Martínez, J. A. M. Contreras, Ramón Díaz Ruiz","doi":"10.28940/terra.v35i3.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v35i3.214","url":null,"abstract":"The ayocote bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) is a legume native to Mexico with potential as a foodstuff. To achieve greater spatial distribution to capture solar radiation and produce dry matter (MS), the climbing ayocote needs trellises. Conventional trellises raise the cost of production, but ayocote can be grown using maize as a trellis. To increase grain yield, management of population density and topological arrangement have been used. This study was conducted in Montecillo, Mexico, in the spring-summer season of 2014 to determine how the number of ayocote bean plants and maize per hill affects biomass production, harvest index, and grain yield and its components. The nine treatments were the result of the combination of 1, 2 and 3 ayocote bean plants and 1, 2 and 3 maize plants per hill. We recorded days to each phenological stage, total biomass (TB), harvest index (HI), grain yield (GY) and yield components of both crops. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four repetitions. The duration of the phenological phases of ayocote bean and maize were similar among treatments. In the association maize-ayocote the changes in the number of plants per hill of both crops affected TB, HI, GY and yield components of both ayocote bean and maize. In the agrosystem ayocote-maize, TB, GY and yield components are affected by the number of plants of bean ayocote and maize per hill. The combination that achieved the highest TB, GY and net income was three ayocote plants and one maize plant.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78894059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.132
Steinger Cortés Jiménez, J. E. Barra, C. Moreno, H. N. Garza
Approximately 3600 hectares are planted with roses (Rosa spp.) in the state of Puebla, Mexico. This activity has an estimated value of 625 million pesos per year and allows the participation of women in the regional economy. The use of high nitrogen fertilization on market roses, which surpasses 7000 kg ha-1, is excessive and affects soil health and the economy of the producers. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the current conditions of soil fertility in greenhouses that produce roses in Irrigation District 05 San Martin Texmelucan and (2) to study the effect of three sources of organic matter on the production, quality, and nutritional status of roses, and (3) to assess the physical condition of the treated soils. One hundred and twelve greenhouses located in four edaphoclimatic conditions were selected for the study. Soil samples were collected and their chemical properties evaluated to determine soil fertility. In a second experiment, three sources of organic matter (OM) were tested in one site: compost, cattle manure and chicken manure was applied on three varieties of rose: Anastasia, Selena and Latin. A modified completely randomized design was used. Number of stems/plant and stem length were measured, and analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed. Soils had contrasting soil fertility properties. The quality of the roses increased with the three sources of OM three months after application but decreased in the ninth month. Chicken manure increased performance of the Anastasia variety and compost in the Selena variety. The OM sources increased the percentage of macroaggregates and the compost added to Anastasia and Selena produced the highest percentage. However, macronutrient concentrations in all rose plants were similar.
{"title":"Estado nutrimental del agroecosistema rosa (Rosa spp.) en la ladera este del Iztaccíhuatl","authors":"Steinger Cortés Jiménez, J. E. Barra, C. Moreno, H. N. Garza","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I3.132","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 3600 hectares are planted with roses (Rosa spp.) in the state of Puebla, Mexico. This activity has an estimated value of 625 million pesos per year and allows the participation of women in the regional economy. The use of high nitrogen fertilization on market roses, which surpasses 7000 kg ha-1, is excessive and affects soil health and the economy of the producers. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the current conditions of soil fertility in greenhouses that produce roses in Irrigation District 05 San Martin Texmelucan and (2) to study the effect of three sources of organic matter on the production, quality, and nutritional status of roses, and (3) to assess the physical condition of the treated soils. One hundred and twelve greenhouses located in four edaphoclimatic conditions were selected for the study. Soil samples were collected and their chemical properties evaluated to determine soil fertility. In a second experiment, three sources of organic matter (OM) were tested in one site: compost, cattle manure and chicken manure was applied on three varieties of rose: Anastasia, Selena and Latin. A modified completely randomized design was used. Number of stems/plant and stem length were measured, and analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed. Soils had contrasting soil fertility properties. The quality of the roses increased with the three sources of OM three months after application but decreased in the ninth month. Chicken manure increased performance of the Anastasia variety and compost in the Selena variety. The OM sources increased the percentage of macroaggregates and the compost added to Anastasia and Selena produced the highest percentage. However, macronutrient concentrations in all rose plants were similar.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82793170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.129
M. C. Gutiérrez-Castorena, Beatriz Stephanie Fernández Galán, C. A. O. Solorio, Edgar Vladimir Gutiérrez Castorena, T. G. Vargas
A pesar de que el Codice de Santa Maria Asuncion (CSMA) ha sido ampliamente estudiado, el levantamiento de suelos en el cual se sustento para interpretar los glifos de diferentes clases de tierras, fue realizado fuera del area de influencia del codice. Reinterpretar los glifos de clases de tierras a traves de un estudio de suelos, geomorfologia y materiales parentales es el objetivo de la presente investigacion. Cinco barrios que aparecen en el CSMA fueron estudiados y se cuantif ico la frecuencia de los glifos en cada uno de ellos. Posteriormente, se realizaron recorridos de campo parcela por parcela y se colectaron muestras de suelos y tobas (tepetates) para su analisis en el laboratorio y clasif icacion taxonomica. Los resultados indicaron que el area de influencia del CSMA esta integrada por Regosols/Leptosols (formados a partir de riolita, andesita y tobas), Anthrosols (terrazas) y Fluvisols. Por la frecuencia de los glifos y el tipo de suelo se puede indicar que Tepetatlalli (tepetates) puede representar a las terrazas, Xalallis a agregados granulares (< 3 mm) y suaves y no suelos arenosos; el Tezoquilt a los bloques subangulares/granulares, duros o suaves (< 2 cm) o tierra; Tlalcoztli a las tierras amarillas polvosas y de baja calidad agricola; en tanto, Atoctlis y Tezoquitl/Xalalli a los suelos aluviales activos y pasivos. Respecto a lo anterior se concluyo que los nahuas clasif icaban a las tierras con base en el tamano de los agregados, consistencia del suelo y origen (natural y artif icial) y no por textura ni por color.
{"title":"Los suelos del área de influencia del Códice Santa María Asunción y su representación pictórica","authors":"M. C. Gutiérrez-Castorena, Beatriz Stephanie Fernández Galán, C. A. O. Solorio, Edgar Vladimir Gutiérrez Castorena, T. G. Vargas","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.129","url":null,"abstract":"A pesar de que el Codice de Santa Maria Asuncion (CSMA) ha sido ampliamente estudiado, el levantamiento de suelos en el cual se sustento para interpretar los glifos de diferentes clases de tierras, fue realizado fuera del area de influencia del codice. Reinterpretar los glifos de clases de tierras a traves de un estudio de suelos, geomorfologia y materiales parentales es el objetivo de la presente investigacion. Cinco barrios que aparecen en el CSMA fueron estudiados y se cuantif ico la frecuencia de los glifos en cada uno de ellos. Posteriormente, se realizaron recorridos de campo parcela por parcela y se colectaron muestras de suelos y tobas (tepetates) para su analisis en el laboratorio y clasif icacion taxonomica. Los resultados indicaron que el area de influencia del CSMA esta integrada por Regosols/Leptosols (formados a partir de riolita, andesita y tobas), Anthrosols (terrazas) y Fluvisols. Por la frecuencia de los glifos y el tipo de suelo se puede indicar que Tepetatlalli (tepetates) puede representar a las terrazas, Xalallis a agregados granulares (< 3 mm) y suaves y no suelos arenosos; el Tezoquilt a los bloques subangulares/granulares, duros o suaves (< 2 cm) o tierra; Tlalcoztli a las tierras amarillas polvosas y de baja calidad agricola; en tanto, Atoctlis y Tezoquitl/Xalalli a los suelos aluviales activos y pasivos. Respecto a lo anterior se concluyo que los nahuas clasif icaban a las tierras con base en el tamano de los agregados, consistencia del suelo y origen (natural y artif icial) y no por textura ni por color.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72543154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-06DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.139
Alejandra Paula Espinosa Texis, D. Hernández, M. Hernandez, F. H. Hernández
Microscopic fungi and actinomycetes associated with human infections are widely distributed in nature. Soil and plants are the habitat of numerous fungi and bacteria. Farmers are highly vulnerable as they often sustain wounds contaminated by these microorganisms. In order to determine the number of natural colonies of fungi and actinomycetes that cause human subcutaneous infections, the respective microorganisms from soil and plants in 11 municipalities in the State of Puebla were isolated. Fifty samples from each municipality were taken, each consisting of 10 g of soil and 10 g of leaves of the nearest plant. Suspensions were prepared, inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar, incubated at 28 °C, and periodically examined to identify the microorganisms of interest based on their morphological characteristics. Of 1100 samples processed, 441 isolates were obtained, of which 281 were fungi (133 from soil and 148 from plants) and 160 were actinomycetes (96 from soil and 64 from plants). Fungi were identified by their macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Actinomycetes were identified by their macroscopic and microscopic morphology, and by biochemical tests. The main microorganisms isolated were agents of chromoblastomycosis (Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora verrucosa), followed by the agent of sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii) and agents of actinomycetoma (Nocardia brasiliensis and N. otitidis-caviarum). The soil and plants from Cholula and Tecali de Herrera had the highest density of fungal isolates. From the soil and plants in Chignahuapan and Izucar de Matamoros the highest number of actinomycetes was obtained. In soils from 11 municipalities in the state of Puebla, we found a high diversity of fungi and actinomycetes that cause subcutaneous infections in humans in plants and in proportions similar to the frequency of the respective pathologies reported in the Mexican literature.
与人类感染有关的微小真菌和放线菌在自然界中广泛分布。土壤和植物是许多真菌和细菌的栖息地。农民非常脆弱，因为他们的伤口经常受到这些微生物的污染。为了确定引起人类皮下感染的真菌和放线菌的自然菌落数量，从普埃布拉州11个城市的土壤和植物中分离出相应的微生物。从每个城市采集了50个样本，每个样本由10克土壤和10克最近植物的叶子组成。制备悬浮液，接种于Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂上，在28°C下孵育，并根据其形态特征定期检查以识别感兴趣的微生物。1100份样品分离得到441株，其中真菌281株(土壤133株，植物148株)，放线菌160株(土壤96株，植物64株)。真菌通过其宏观和微观形态进行鉴定。对放线菌进行了宏观、微观形态鉴定和生化鉴定。分离到的主要微生物是嗜铬菌病病原(褐索菌和疣状Cladophialophora verrucosa)，其次是孢子丝菌病病原(schenckisporothrix)和放线菌瘤病原(巴西诺卡菌和中耳诺卡菌-鱼子蟹)。土壤和植物真菌分离密度最高的地区为乔卢拉和泰卡利。从Chignahuapan和Izucar de Matamoros的土壤和植物中获得的放线菌数量最多。在普埃布拉州11个城市的土壤中，我们发现了高度多样性的真菌和放线菌，这些真菌和放线菌导致人类和植物的皮下感染，其比例与墨西哥文献中报道的相应病理的频率相似。
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En los ecosistemas aridos y semiaridos la vegetacion natural usualmente se presenta en forma de agrupaciones denominadas islas de fertilidad, separadas unas de otras por amplios espacios desprovistos de plantas. Se piensa que estas islas actuan como unidades funcionales basicas del ecosistema en su conjunto. Se ha observado que el suelo debajo de las islas de fertilidad muestra mejores condiciones de calidad y fertilidad en comparacion con el suelo de afuera. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del suelo dentro y fuera de las islas de fertilidad, asi como contrastar propiedades fisicas y quimicas tanto del suelo interior como del exterior. Para esto se seleccionaron 25 islas de fertilidad de una terraza fluvial del valle de Zapotitlan, region semiarida de Tehuacan Puebla. En cada isla debajo del dosel del arbusto nodriza se tomaron tres muestras de suelo superf icial, fuera de la isla alrededor se levantaron otras tres procediendo de la misma manera. Las muestras se analizaron en el laboratorio para evaluar nueve propiedades fisicas y ocho quimico-biologicas relacionadas con funciones ecologicas que el suelo realiza, estas propiedades se utilizaron para obtener un indice de calidad del suelo. Para el analisis de los datos se aplico la prueba de t-test Student para muestras independientes. No hubo diferencias signif icativas en el indice de calidad entre los suelos fuera y dentro de las islas de fertilidad, sin embargo a nivel de propiedades individuales como: arena, densidad aparente, materia organica, pH, magnesio, nitrogeno total y retencion de humedad si se presentaron diferencias signif icativas. Se concluye que la vegetacion de la isla de fertilidad modif ica algunas propiedades y funciones del suelo para crear un microambiente mas favorable, logrando que en su interior se reduzca el estres hidrico y se propicie una realimentacion constante de nutrientes, gracias a los mecanismos de captura y aporte de materia organica.
{"title":"Cambios edáficos en islas de fertilidad y su importancia en el funcionamiento de un ecosistema del valle de Tehuacán Puebla, México","authors":"Daniel Jesús Muñoz Iniestra, Mauricio Chávez Mosqueda, Héctor Godínez Álvarez, Norma Alejandra Cuéllar Arellano","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V35I2.142","url":null,"abstract":"En los ecosistemas aridos y semiaridos la vegetacion natural usualmente se presenta en forma de agrupaciones denominadas islas de fertilidad, separadas unas de otras por amplios espacios desprovistos de plantas. Se piensa que estas islas actuan como unidades funcionales basicas del ecosistema en su conjunto. Se ha observado que el suelo debajo de las islas de fertilidad muestra mejores condiciones de calidad y fertilidad en comparacion con el suelo de afuera. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del suelo dentro y fuera de las islas de fertilidad, asi como contrastar propiedades fisicas y quimicas tanto del suelo interior como del exterior. Para esto se seleccionaron 25 islas de fertilidad de una terraza fluvial del valle de Zapotitlan, region semiarida de Tehuacan Puebla. En cada isla debajo del dosel del arbusto nodriza se tomaron tres muestras de suelo superf icial, fuera de la isla alrededor se levantaron otras tres procediendo de la misma manera. Las muestras se analizaron en el laboratorio para evaluar nueve propiedades fisicas y ocho quimico-biologicas relacionadas con funciones ecologicas que el suelo realiza, estas propiedades se utilizaron para obtener un indice de calidad del suelo. Para el analisis de los datos se aplico la prueba de t-test Student para muestras independientes. No hubo diferencias signif icativas en el indice de calidad entre los suelos fuera y dentro de las islas de fertilidad, sin embargo a nivel de propiedades individuales como: arena, densidad aparente, materia organica, pH, magnesio, nitrogeno total y retencion de humedad si se presentaron diferencias signif icativas. Se concluye que la vegetacion de la isla de fertilidad modif ica algunas propiedades y funciones del suelo para crear un microambiente mas favorable, logrando que en su interior se reduzca el estres hidrico y se propicie una realimentacion constante de nutrientes, gracias a los mecanismos de captura y aporte de materia organica.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78085259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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