Pub Date : 2019-04-15DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.479
Urley Adrian Pérez Moncada, María Margarita Ramírez Gómez, Diana Paola Serralde Ordoñez, Andrea María Peñaranda Rolon, Wilma Ortiz, L. Ramírez, G. Estrada
Colombia is among the countries of Latin America that produce about 80% of f ine or “prime” cocoa of the world; however, cocoa in Colombia has limitations related to the presence of cadmium (Cd) in some soils where it is grown and this reduces the safety of the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of cadmium in a cocoa pattern (IMC 67) in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to determine their potential use as Cd immobilizers in medium and long-term. A randomized complete block design with three replications and 20 treatments was established, in 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, one control, three types of mycorrhizae (Glomus macrocarpum, Rhizoglomus intraradices and AMF-native) and f ive Cd doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg kg-1). Plant height, dry weight of stem, leaves and roots as well as Cd concentration in stems, leaves and roots were measured. The results showed that cacao plants translocate the Cd easily, that is, they can live under these conditions since it was found in all organs (stems, leaves and roots); however, the treatment inoculated with AMF‑native decreased signif icantly the accumulation of Cd in all the organs evaluated. These results conf irm the benef icial effects that AMF have to alleviate the stress that plants shows when translocating heavy metals such as cadmium.
{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a strategy to reduce the absorption of cadmium in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plants","authors":"Urley Adrian Pérez Moncada, María Margarita Ramírez Gómez, Diana Paola Serralde Ordoñez, Andrea María Peñaranda Rolon, Wilma Ortiz, L. Ramírez, G. Estrada","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.479","url":null,"abstract":"Colombia is among the countries of Latin America that produce about 80% of f ine or “prime” cocoa of the world; however, cocoa in Colombia has limitations related to the presence of cadmium (Cd) in some soils where it is grown and this reduces the safety of the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of cadmium in a cocoa pattern (IMC 67) in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to determine their potential use as Cd immobilizers in medium and long-term. A randomized complete block design with three replications and 20 treatments was established, in 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, one control, three types of mycorrhizae (Glomus macrocarpum, Rhizoglomus intraradices and AMF-native) and f ive Cd doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg kg-1). Plant height, dry weight of stem, leaves and roots as well as Cd concentration in stems, leaves and roots were measured. The results showed that cacao plants translocate the Cd easily, that is, they can live under these conditions since it was found in all organs (stems, leaves and roots); however, the treatment inoculated with AMF‑native decreased signif icantly the accumulation of Cd in all the organs evaluated. These results conf irm the benef icial effects that AMF have to alleviate the stress that plants shows when translocating heavy metals such as cadmium.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"28 1","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80648052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-15DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.393
Jesús Enrique López Avendaño, Julio C. Rodríguez, J. Gallardo, Ramón Lizárraga Jiménez, Tomás Díaz Valdés
Estimar la evapotranspiracion de los cultivos (ETc) es esencial para la planif icacion y manejo del agua en una zona agricola, particularmente en las regiones aridas y semiaridas; la separacion de ETc en la evaporacion del suelo (E) y la transpiracion de la planta (T) permitiria el uso de estrategias mas ef icientes de gestion del agua. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron estimar la evapotranspiracion diaria de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) y sus componentes, utilizando los metodos FAO-56 con la aproximacion del coef iciente dual de cultivo (Kc dual) y cintilometro, asi como, determinar los coef icientes de cultivo unicos (Kc) y basales (Kcb) para las diferentes etapas de desarrollo de sorgo. Los resultados demostraron que usar la aproximacion del Kc dual permite una estimacion razonable de ETc en comparacion con los valores estimados utilizando el metodo del cintilometro. La ETc estimada con ambos metodos fue 413.8 y 406.3 mm, respectivamente, lo que arrojo una sobreestimacion del 1.8% para FAO-56. El error cuadratico medio (RMSE) entre ETc estimada fue 0.584 mm d-1 y el coef iciente de concordancia de Willmott (d) fue 0.91. La evaporacion representa el 17.1% de ETc estimada con FAO-56 y el 21.6% con el metodo del cintilometro; el RMSE entre los valores de E estimados con ambos metodos fue 0.397 mm d-1 y d = 0.94, mientras que, cuando se comparo T, el RMSE calculado fue 0.371 mm d-1 y d = 0.98. Los valores de Kc estimados con el metodo FAO-56 fueron 0.68, 1.06 y 0.4 para las etapas inicial, media y f inal del cultivo, mientras que con el cintilometro los valores fueron 0.75, 0.94 y 0.41, respectivamente.
估算作物蒸散量(ETc)对农业地区，特别是干旱和半干旱地区的水规划和管理至关重要;土壤蒸发(E)和植物蒸腾(T)中ETc的分离将允许使用更有效的水管理策略。本研究的目标都被估计evapotranspiracion日常的高粱(Sorghum l .)及其部件,采用metodos FAO-56 aproximacion用coef iciente双重双轨(Kc)和cintilometro耕作,就是,确定coef icientes基底骚动种植(Kc)和(Kcb)开发各个阶段高粱。采用双Kc近似方法，对闪烁计法估算的ETc值进行了合理的估计。用两种方法估算的ETc分别为413.8和406.3 mm，高估了FAO-56的1.8%。估计ETc之间的均方根误差(RMSE)为0.584 mm d-1，威尔莫特一致性系数(d)为0.91。用FAO-56估算的蒸发率为17.1%，用闪烁计法估算的蒸发率为21.6%;两种方法估算的E值RMSE分别为0.397 mm d-1和d = 0.94, T比较计算的RMSE分别为0.371 mm d-1和d = 0.98。采用FAO-56法估算作物初始、中期和后期Kc值分别为0.68、1.06和0.4，闪烁计估算Kc值分别为0.75、0.94和0.41。
{"title":"Use of FAO-56 and scintillometer to estimate evapotranspiration of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and its components: soil evaporation and plant transpiration","authors":"Jesús Enrique López Avendaño, Julio C. Rodríguez, J. Gallardo, Ramón Lizárraga Jiménez, Tomás Díaz Valdés","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V37I2.393","url":null,"abstract":"Estimar la evapotranspiracion de los cultivos (ETc) es esencial para la planif icacion y manejo del agua en una zona agricola, particularmente en las regiones aridas y semiaridas; la separacion de ETc en la evaporacion del suelo (E) y la transpiracion de la planta (T) permitiria el uso de estrategias mas ef icientes de gestion del agua. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron estimar la evapotranspiracion diaria de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) y sus componentes, utilizando los metodos FAO-56 con la aproximacion del coef iciente dual de cultivo (Kc dual) y cintilometro, asi como, determinar los coef icientes de cultivo unicos (Kc) y basales (Kcb) para las diferentes etapas de desarrollo de sorgo. Los resultados demostraron que usar la aproximacion del Kc dual permite una estimacion razonable de ETc en comparacion con los valores estimados utilizando el metodo del cintilometro. La ETc estimada con ambos metodos fue 413.8 y 406.3 mm, respectivamente, lo que arrojo una sobreestimacion del 1.8% para FAO-56. El error cuadratico medio (RMSE) entre ETc estimada fue 0.584 mm d-1 y el coef iciente de concordancia de Willmott (d) fue 0.91. La evaporacion representa el 17.1% de ETc estimada con FAO-56 y el 21.6% con el metodo del cintilometro; el RMSE entre los valores de E estimados con ambos metodos fue 0.397 mm d-1 y d = 0.94, mientras que, cuando se comparo T, el RMSE calculado fue 0.371 mm d-1 y d = 0.98. Los valores de Kc estimados con el metodo FAO-56 fueron 0.68, 1.06 y 0.4 para las etapas inicial, media y f inal del cultivo, mientras que con el cintilometro los valores fueron 0.75, 0.94 y 0.41, respectivamente.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"6 1","pages":"141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79847052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/terra.v36i2.334
Fernando Niño, Yolanda Lourdes Maya Delgado, E. T. Diéguez
El suelo se concibe como soporte de infraestructura y medio de produccion agricola, en tanto que los servicios ambientales que provee son poco valorados y reconocidos. Entre ellos, la captura y almacenamiento de carbono (C) son un punto focal de interes cientif ico por la enorme cantidad que almacena el suelo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (1) revisar los diferentes componentes, procesos y caracteristicas que se presentan en los suelos aridos para el almacenamiento de C y (2) estimar el flujo y contenido de C en los suelos de la region semiarida de La Paz, BCS, noroeste de Mexico, mediante dos estudios de caso. Dieciseis perf iles de suelo fueron descritos y muestreados considerando la geomorfologia representativa para determinar los contenidos de carbono organico (COS) e inorganico del suelo (CIS). Los valores estimados en 0.15 a 44.25 Mg ha‑1 para COS y 0.045 a 28.19 Mg ha‑1 para CIS, superan lo reportado para los suelos de Baja California Sur con 16 Mg ha-1. Valores de flujos de CO2 obtenidos de 22 meses de mediciones mensuales fueron muy variables (-0.058 a 0.828 µmol s-1 m-2), valores positivos de respiracion solo se registraron tras el paso de lluvias extraordinarias. Valores negativos se asocian a la captura de CO2 a traves de organismos fotosinteticamente activos como las costras biologicas del suelo, las cuales, bajo condiciones especif icas de humedad y temperatura, en conjunto con los microorganismos del suelo, presentan evidencias de funcionamiento como fuente y sumidero de C. El presente estudio contribuye al entendimiento sobre el potencial que tienen los suelos de la region arida del noroeste de Mexico en la provision de SA por captura de C y coadyuva a incrementar el conocimiento de las CBS y su funcion en la relacion suelo-ecosistema.
{"title":"Almacenamiento y flujo de carbono en suelos áridos como servicio ambiental: Un ejemplo en el noroeste de México","authors":"Fernando Niño, Yolanda Lourdes Maya Delgado, E. T. Diéguez","doi":"10.28940/terra.v36i2.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v36i2.334","url":null,"abstract":"El suelo se concibe como soporte de infraestructura y medio de produccion agricola, en tanto que los servicios ambientales que provee son poco valorados y reconocidos. Entre ellos, la captura y almacenamiento de carbono (C) son un punto focal de interes cientif ico por la enorme cantidad que almacena el suelo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (1) revisar los diferentes componentes, procesos y caracteristicas que se presentan en los suelos aridos para el almacenamiento de C y (2) estimar el flujo y contenido de C en los suelos de la region semiarida de La Paz, BCS, noroeste de Mexico, mediante dos estudios de caso. Dieciseis perf iles de suelo fueron descritos y muestreados considerando la geomorfologia representativa para determinar los contenidos de carbono organico (COS) e inorganico del suelo (CIS). Los valores estimados en 0.15 a 44.25 Mg ha‑1 para COS y 0.045 a 28.19 Mg ha‑1 para CIS, superan lo reportado para los suelos de Baja California Sur con 16 Mg ha-1. Valores de flujos de CO2 obtenidos de 22 meses de mediciones mensuales fueron muy variables (-0.058 a 0.828 µmol s-1 m-2), valores positivos de respiracion solo se registraron tras el paso de lluvias extraordinarias. Valores negativos se asocian a la captura de CO2 a traves de organismos fotosinteticamente activos como las costras biologicas del suelo, las cuales, bajo condiciones especif icas de humedad y temperatura, en conjunto con los microorganismos del suelo, presentan evidencias de funcionamiento como fuente y sumidero de C. El presente estudio contribuye al entendimiento sobre el potencial que tienen los suelos de la region arida del noroeste de Mexico en la provision de SA por captura de C y coadyuva a incrementar el conocimiento de las CBS y su funcion en la relacion suelo-ecosistema.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"45 1","pages":"93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83779350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.226
A. J. González, Fernando Paz Pellat, M. Marín, E. L. Bautista, J. Chavez, Martínez Bolaños, J. L. Oropeza
The multi-angular reflectance information has been proposed for discrimination of classes of natural vegetation under different characterization approaches. Although apparently this method enables reliable definition of typical multi-angular spectral signatures, its widespread use has not been analyzed. This paper presents a model of the effects of viewing and illumination zenith angle and lighting on reflectance and is validated in a set of experiments with eight contrasting plant species plus bare ground, under bi-conical vision lighting conditions. The results show that the proposed model is robust and reliable and can thus be used operationally. Analyses to determine the effect of soil and plant density show that there are important areas of confusion (overlapping information) between species when considering combined effects for different azimuthal angles. These results challenge the widespread use of multi-angular spectral information and justify this approach only if the vegetation background and plant density (amount of foliage) are fixed.
{"title":"Factor de la reflectancia bi-cónica en especies vegetales contrastantes: modelación de los ángulos cenitales","authors":"A. J. González, Fernando Paz Pellat, M. Marín, E. L. Bautista, J. Chavez, Martínez Bolaños, J. L. Oropeza","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.226","url":null,"abstract":"The multi-angular reflectance information has been proposed for discrimination of classes of natural vegetation under different characterization approaches. Although apparently this method enables reliable definition of typical multi-angular spectral signatures, its widespread use has not been analyzed. This paper presents a model of the effects of viewing and illumination zenith angle and lighting on reflectance and is validated in a set of experiments with eight contrasting plant species plus bare ground, under bi-conical vision lighting conditions. The results show that the proposed model is robust and reliable and can thus be used operationally. Analyses to determine the effect of soil and plant density show that there are important areas of confusion (overlapping information) between species when considering combined effects for different azimuthal angles. These results challenge the widespread use of multi-angular spectral information and justify this approach only if the vegetation background and plant density (amount of foliage) are fixed.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"61 1","pages":"105-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84569033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.231
Fernando Paz Pellat, Martínez Bolaños, Fermín Pascual Ramírez, J. Escamilla, M. Cuesta, José Inés Zuñiga
The operational implementation of schemes for climate risk management, primarily insurance products, is an option to mitigate the effects of climate change and make efficient use of financial resources at regional and country levels. In this study the operational experience in implementing parametric insurance products in Mexico, based on the conceptual-theoretical development of the implementation framework, is presented. Parametric design of livestock insurance satellite products is based on the relation Bm = kVI, where Bm is the total aerial biomass, VI is a spectral vegetation index and k is an empirical constant. To achieve this relationship, a linear relationship between the spectral index NDVIcp and the Bm, which becomes the index IVCP (1/NDVIcp) is used. The advantage of using the transformed 1/NDVIcp index is having linear patterns over time, which can be used for parameterization in operational terms. This development is discussed by using an algorithmic approach that considers the parameterization of vegetation growth curves, index 1/NDVIcp, for the AVHRR sensor. It also presents the operational experience of implementation in Mexico and validation campaigns are included. From operational experience, it is concluded that, in a complete cycle, even if the scheme developed reduces the basic risks associated with the use of short periods of insurance, the problem of growth cycle lags remains, constituting an inherent restriction when considering the beginning and end date of parametric insurance cover. Recommendations are given to improve the insurance products.
{"title":"Diseño de seguros ganaderos paramétricos satelitales de tipo catastrófico: implementación operacional en México.","authors":"Fernando Paz Pellat, Martínez Bolaños, Fermín Pascual Ramírez, J. Escamilla, M. Cuesta, José Inés Zuñiga","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.231","url":null,"abstract":"The operational implementation of schemes for climate risk management, primarily insurance products, is an option to mitigate the effects of climate change and make efficient use of financial resources at regional and country levels. In this study the operational experience in implementing parametric insurance products in Mexico, based on the conceptual-theoretical development of the implementation framework, is presented. Parametric design of livestock insurance satellite products is based on the relation Bm = kVI, where Bm is the total aerial biomass, VI is a spectral vegetation index and k is an empirical constant. To achieve this relationship, a linear relationship between the spectral index NDVIcp and the Bm, which becomes the index IVCP (1/NDVIcp) is used. The advantage of using the transformed 1/NDVIcp index is having linear patterns over time, which can be used for parameterization in operational terms. This development is discussed by using an algorithmic approach that considers the parameterization of vegetation growth curves, index 1/NDVIcp, for the AVHRR sensor. It also presents the operational experience of implementation in Mexico and validation campaigns are included. From operational experience, it is concluded that, in a complete cycle, even if the scheme developed reduces the basic risks associated with the use of short periods of insurance, the problem of growth cycle lags remains, constituting an inherent restriction when considering the beginning and end date of parametric insurance cover. Recommendations are given to improve the insurance products.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"41 1","pages":"141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.235
Fernando Paz Pellat, H. Díaz-Solís
La precipitacion (P) es uno de los factores principales que explican la produccion de biomasa en pastizales y matorrales. La ef iciencia en el uso de la precipitacion (EUP), relacion entre la produccion de biomasa y la precipitacion, permite el uso de paradigmas simples de modelos (Simple Ecological Sustainability Simulator o SESS) que pueden ser parametrizados con informacion meteorologica existente en el pais. La relacion EUP-Precipitacion se analizo de acuerdo con la evidencia experimental disponible, estableciendose la relacion matematica congruente con esta evidencia, a efecto de replantear la relacion que se uso en el modelo SESS. Para parametrizar la EUP en funcion de indices de vegetacion, se analizo un ejemplo en Coahuila, Mexico, de corridas del modelo SESS y de estimaciones del indice NVDIcp a traves del uso de imagenes del sensor AVHRR, para establecer relaciones funcionales entre la EUP espectral (NDVIcp/P) y la biomasa verde estimada con el modelo SESS. Al f inal se discuten opciones de desarrollo para enfoques de integracion de modelos y sensores remotos.
{"title":"Relaciones entre la precipitación, producción de biomasa e índices espectrales de la vegetación: alcances y limitaciones","authors":"Fernando Paz Pellat, H. Díaz-Solís","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.235","url":null,"abstract":"La precipitacion (P) es uno de los factores principales que explican la produccion de biomasa en pastizales y matorrales. La ef iciencia en el uso de la precipitacion (EUP), relacion entre la produccion de biomasa y la precipitacion, permite el uso de paradigmas simples de modelos (Simple Ecological Sustainability Simulator o SESS) que pueden ser parametrizados con informacion meteorologica existente en el pais. La relacion EUP-Precipitacion se analizo de acuerdo con la evidencia experimental disponible, estableciendose la relacion matematica congruente con esta evidencia, a efecto de replantear la relacion que se uso en el modelo SESS. Para parametrizar la EUP en funcion de indices de vegetacion, se analizo un ejemplo en Coahuila, Mexico, de corridas del modelo SESS y de estimaciones del indice NVDIcp a traves del uso de imagenes del sensor AVHRR, para establecer relaciones funcionales entre la EUP espectral (NDVIcp/P) y la biomasa verde estimada con el modelo SESS. Al f inal se discuten opciones de desarrollo para enfoques de integracion de modelos y sensores remotos.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"61 1","pages":"153-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76683640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.217
L. M. Orozco, Ivan Orozco
El estado de Michoacan, Mexico, es el principal productor mundial de aguacate, con un impacto social y economico en funcion de la superf icie cultivada. Productos secundarios de esta actividad, son los esquilmos agricolas derivados de las podas de mantenimiento de los arboles. El biocarbon (biochar) de subproductos de aguacate, se vislumbra como una alternativa economica, ambiental y socialmente viable, para producir biocarbon en grandes volumenes, sin extraccion de maderas de bosque y selvas pristinas. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue construir y evaluar el desempeno en condiciones de campo, de un prototipo de biocarbon-pirolisis autotermico y movil, con volumen util de 1.7 m3 de biomasa triturada. El equipo fue construido de acero inoxidable, para darle un periodo de vida util de 7 anos bajo condiciones intensivas de uso, con movilidad dentro de los campos agricolas y auto termico para no depender de una fuente de calor externa. El equipo fue de bajo costo comparado con equipos comerciales ($ 700 000.00 pesos MN) y con un potencial futuro en la cogeneracion de energia. La principal variable en el costo de fabricacion es el precio del acero inoxidable en el mercado. El equipo reporto una tasa de conversion de biomasa a biocarbon, en condiciones de campo, de entre 300 y 400 kg por dia, con una tasa promedio de recuperacion del 16% en biocarbon. Las principales variables en la transformacion de la biomasa a biocarbon fueron: humedad, el tamano de la astilla y condiciones atmosfericas. Se encontro una Capacidad de Intercambio Cationico (CIC) de 46 Cmolc kg-1 y pH 10.25. El equipo transformo satisfactoriamente la biomasa de aguacate y el biocarbon presento caracteristicas adecuadas para su uso en suelos volcanicos.
{"title":"Prototipo autotérmico móvil para producción de biocarbón con biomasa de esquilmos de aguacate","authors":"L. M. Orozco, Ivan Orozco","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.217","url":null,"abstract":"El estado de Michoacan, Mexico, es el principal productor mundial de aguacate, con un impacto social y economico en funcion de la superf icie cultivada. Productos secundarios de esta actividad, son los esquilmos agricolas derivados de las podas de mantenimiento de los arboles. El biocarbon (biochar) de subproductos de aguacate, se vislumbra como una alternativa economica, ambiental y socialmente viable, para producir biocarbon en grandes volumenes, sin extraccion de maderas de bosque y selvas pristinas. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue construir y evaluar el desempeno en condiciones de campo, de un prototipo de biocarbon-pirolisis autotermico y movil, con volumen util de 1.7 m3 de biomasa triturada. El equipo fue construido de acero inoxidable, para darle un periodo de vida util de 7 anos bajo condiciones intensivas de uso, con movilidad dentro de los campos agricolas y auto termico para no depender de una fuente de calor externa. El equipo fue de bajo costo comparado con equipos comerciales ($ 700 000.00 pesos MN) y con un potencial futuro en la cogeneracion de energia. La principal variable en el costo de fabricacion es el precio del acero inoxidable en el mercado. El equipo reporto una tasa de conversion de biomasa a biocarbon, en condiciones de campo, de entre 300 y 400 kg por dia, con una tasa promedio de recuperacion del 16% en biocarbon. Las principales variables en la transformacion de la biomasa a biocarbon fueron: humedad, el tamano de la astilla y condiciones atmosfericas. Se encontro una Capacidad de Intercambio Cationico (CIC) de 46 Cmolc kg-1 y pH 10.25. El equipo transformo satisfactoriamente la biomasa de aguacate y el biocarbon presento caracteristicas adecuadas para su uso en suelos volcanicos.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"1 1","pages":"121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76425408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.363
Felipe Zúñiga Ugalde, Jenny Lucia Huertas Delgado, G. Obando, José Dörner Fernández, J. Bravo, H. Orjuela
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) stated: “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself.” How can we get the soil closer to society so that this sentence does not become reality? One alternative is to develop didactic tools that allow socializing the information that soil profiles can provide. Soil morphological properties associated with paramo ecosystems and their link with ecosystem services (SE) were studied in Narino, Southern Colombia through a pedotransference function (FPTs) with an instructive approach, oriented to the environmental regulation of the study area. Forty-two soil horizons were described morphologically in a range of 9 ecosystems (paramos to crops). In general, the deepest soils are found in paramos and native forest systems. These soils are also dark, evidence of accumulation of soil organic carbon. Soil bulk density varied between 0.13 and 1.35 Mg m-3, and soil organic carbon ranged between 0.60 and 23.77%. This property explains soil bulk density (P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.83) and is described by an inverse first order equation. Soil organic carbon is a useful indicator to estimate quantitative aspects of the soil pore system and to infer the ecosystem services of water, air and nutrient regulation of the paramos. Finally, “Land information cards” are proposed as tools to will inform and raise awareness of the society regarding the importance of the soil as natural capital and prevent the sentence of F.D. Roosevelt from becoming an uncomfortable reality.
{"title":"Propiedades morfológicas de los suelos asociadas a los ecosistemas de Páramo, Nariño, Sur de Colombia","authors":"Felipe Zúñiga Ugalde, Jenny Lucia Huertas Delgado, G. Obando, José Dörner Fernández, J. Bravo, H. Orjuela","doi":"10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/TERRA.V36I2.363","url":null,"abstract":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) stated: “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself.” How can we get the soil closer to society so that this sentence does not become reality? One alternative is to develop didactic tools that allow socializing the information that soil profiles can provide. Soil morphological properties associated with paramo ecosystems and their link with ecosystem services (SE) were studied in Narino, Southern Colombia through a pedotransference function (FPTs) with an instructive approach, oriented to the environmental regulation of the study area. Forty-two soil horizons were described morphologically in a range of 9 ecosystems (paramos to crops). In general, the deepest soils are found in paramos and native forest systems. These soils are also dark, evidence of accumulation of soil organic carbon. Soil bulk density varied between 0.13 and 1.35 Mg m-3, and soil organic carbon ranged between 0.60 and 23.77%. This property explains soil bulk density (P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.83) and is described by an inverse first order equation. Soil organic carbon is a useful indicator to estimate quantitative aspects of the soil pore system and to infer the ecosystem services of water, air and nutrient regulation of the paramos. Finally, “Land information cards” are proposed as tools to will inform and raise awareness of the society regarding the importance of the soil as natural capital and prevent the sentence of F.D. Roosevelt from becoming an uncomfortable reality.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"3 1","pages":"183-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73605741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.28940/terra.v36i2.249
Marcos Casiano Dominguez, F. P. Pellat
It is important to characterize the phenological patterns of flowering and foliage development in vegetation that has some degree of deciduous behavior due to its relation to the carbon cycle and water. Field techniques and use of digital photograph observation towers have limited geographical scope, so that remote sensing technology is a cost-effective option. In this work a flowering-foliage phenology model was revised and a new model that includes the use of vegetation index of flowering and foliage (VIFF) to characterize and differentiate the patterns is presented. To correlate the VIFF coverage flowering (CF) in vegetation, we conducted a validation experiment that included a low-growing shrub, in which different coverages (<15%) of white flowers were placed. The results showed that the VIFF correlates linearly with the coverage of flowers and the relationship depends on the coverage of the foliage where they are placed. The proposed development allowed establishing clear correlations between VIFF and floral vegetation cover of different coverage area, which was signif icantly effective, even with low percentages of flowering, undetectable with other techniques. Because it uses only red and near infrared bands, the proposed tool is accessible for most applications of remote sensing.
{"title":"Development of a spectral vegetation index for simultaneous characterization of flowering and foliage development","authors":"Marcos Casiano Dominguez, F. P. Pellat","doi":"10.28940/terra.v36i2.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v36i2.249","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to characterize the phenological patterns of flowering and foliage development in vegetation that has some degree of deciduous behavior due to its relation to the carbon cycle and water. Field techniques and use of digital photograph observation towers have limited geographical scope, so that remote sensing technology is a cost-effective option. In this work a flowering-foliage phenology model was revised and a new model that includes the use of vegetation index of flowering and foliage (VIFF) to characterize and differentiate the patterns is presented. To correlate the VIFF coverage flowering (CF) in vegetation, we conducted a validation experiment that included a low-growing shrub, in which different coverages (<15%) of white flowers were placed. The results showed that the VIFF correlates linearly with the coverage of flowers and the relationship depends on the coverage of the foliage where they are placed. The proposed development allowed establishing clear correlations between VIFF and floral vegetation cover of different coverage area, which was signif icantly effective, even with low percentages of flowering, undetectable with other techniques. Because it uses only red and near infrared bands, the proposed tool is accessible for most applications of remote sensing.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"12 1","pages":"169-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80440099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-22DOI: 10.28940/terra.v36i1.374
D. Juárez, A. A. Espinosa, Gilberto Esquivel Esquivel, Eva Segundo Pedraza, H. Rojas
Pantoea agglomerans has been reported as the cause of chlorotic streaks on maize leaves in the Central High Valleys of Mexico (CVHM), but there are no current data of how the infection of this new pathogen in Mexico affects production and yield of the crop. To understand the development of the disease in the crop, two experiments with a split-plot design and three replications were established during spring-summer 2010 in different microenvironments: Ayapango and Temamatla. Three cultivars of maize (a tri-linear HS2 hybrid, the single-cross hybrid Triunfo and the native Cacahuacintle) were evaluated with three P. agglomerans isolates. In the three maize cultivars, chlorotic streaks appeared on new leaves; at the ripening stage, the symptoms were less perceptible. The average incidence of plants with chlorotic streaks was higher in the town of Temamatla than in Ayapango, and in both microenvironments, the average degree of severity was less than 40%. Isolate A was the most virulent (P < 0.0001) on the three cultivars evaluated. These results will provide the basis for effective management of the disease under environmental conditions similar to those evaluated in this research.
{"title":"Interaction microenvironment - Pantoea agglomerans limits maize yield","authors":"D. Juárez, A. A. Espinosa, Gilberto Esquivel Esquivel, Eva Segundo Pedraza, H. Rojas","doi":"10.28940/terra.v36i1.374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v36i1.374","url":null,"abstract":"Pantoea agglomerans has been reported as the cause of chlorotic streaks on maize leaves in the Central High Valleys of Mexico (CVHM), but there are no current data of how the infection of this new pathogen in Mexico affects production and yield of the crop. To understand the development of the disease in the crop, two experiments with a split-plot design and three replications were established during spring-summer 2010 in different microenvironments: Ayapango and Temamatla. Three cultivars of maize (a tri-linear HS2 hybrid, the single-cross hybrid Triunfo and the native Cacahuacintle) were evaluated with three P. agglomerans isolates. In the three maize cultivars, chlorotic streaks appeared on new leaves; at the ripening stage, the symptoms were less perceptible. The average incidence of plants with chlorotic streaks was higher in the town of Temamatla than in Ayapango, and in both microenvironments, the average degree of severity was less than 40%. Isolate A was the most virulent (P < 0.0001) on the three cultivars evaluated. These results will provide the basis for effective management of the disease under environmental conditions similar to those evaluated in this research.","PeriodicalId":52301,"journal":{"name":"Terra Latinoamericana","volume":"16 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79866193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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