Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3716
D. Ushakov, Oksana Novosad, R. Mikhel, Oksana V. Borysova, D. Hryniuk
Over the past 70 years, tourism has always been at the forefront of business transnationalization, as it has consistently used all the advantages of the transnational production and distribution system, thereby creating additional competitive advantages on a truly global scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the international travel market, as well as to identify a number of historical stages of its development, which the market has passed on the way to establishing strong international relations and interaction. In this article, transnationalization is defined as a modern form of organizing tourism and hotel business. It was proposed directly by entrepreneurs as one of the possible solutions to classic market problems (including limited demand and factors of production). These market problems intensified in the second half of the last century, and all of them directly influenced the development of tourism. The study analyzed the driving forces of transnationalization of the tourism and hospitality sectors, taking into account the economic effect of the synergy of transnationalization. Expansion of tourist activities of the sectoral transnational corporations along with their gradual transformation into influential subject of the world economy. All of the considered in the article synergy effects from tourist business transnationalization have nearly simultaneous impact on the process of tourist services’ production.
{"title":"Historical Forms of Tourism Gradual Transnationalization and the Perpetuum Mobile Behind it","authors":"D. Ushakov, Oksana Novosad, R. Mikhel, Oksana V. Borysova, D. Hryniuk","doi":"10.33687/ijae.009.00.3716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.00.3716","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 70 years, tourism has always been at the forefront of business transnationalization, as it has consistently used all the advantages of the transnational production and distribution system, thereby creating additional competitive advantages on a truly global scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the international travel market, as well as to identify a number of historical stages of its development, which the market has passed on the way to establishing strong international relations and interaction. In this article, transnationalization is defined as a modern form of organizing tourism and hotel business. It was proposed directly by entrepreneurs as one of the possible solutions to classic market problems (including limited demand and factors of production). These market problems intensified in the second half of the last century, and all of them directly influenced the development of tourism. The study analyzed the driving forces of transnationalization of the tourism and hospitality sectors, taking into account the economic effect of the synergy of transnationalization. Expansion of tourist activities of the sectoral transnational corporations along with their gradual transformation into influential subject of the world economy. All of the considered in the article synergy effects from tourist business transnationalization have nearly simultaneous impact on the process of tourist services’ production.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84016822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.33687/ijae.009.00.3722
N. Komilova, Nilufar N. Ermatova, T. Rakhimova, Lolakhon K. Karshibaeva, Mukhtor O. Hamroyev
With the intensification of the urbanization process, the nosogeographic situation in different regions, population morbidity, types of diseases occurring among them, especially the nervous system and mental disorders, malignant tumors, allergic diseases are more characteristic of highly urbanized areas. This article covers issues related to the development of cities and the consequences of population growth, factors affecting the urban environment, problems related to public health. The amount of toxic gases emitted into the atmosphere in Uzbekistan was also analyzed. The health of mothers is extremely important in the health of the next generation, that is why the authors have developed a system of factors that affect maternal and child health. Analysis and study of regional aspects of these problems is one of the main tasks of medical geography. In medical geographical research, the analysis of regions in terms of nosogeographic situation is of great importance. Analyzes show that the deterioration of the environment, man's unlimited domination of nature, the deterioration of the ecological situation, as well as the spread of related diseases on earth pose new challenges to medical geography, which studies the causes and patterns. The rapid development of science and technology, the steady increase in human impact on nature and consequently, a number of negative changes in the natural environment have a significant impact on human health. The acceleration of the process of urbanization which in turn causes problems such: as air, water and soil pollution.
{"title":"Urboekological Situation and Regional Analysis of Population Health In Uzbekistan","authors":"N. Komilova, Nilufar N. Ermatova, T. Rakhimova, Lolakhon K. Karshibaeva, Mukhtor O. Hamroyev","doi":"10.33687/ijae.009.00.3722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.00.3722","url":null,"abstract":"With the intensification of the urbanization process, the nosogeographic situation in different regions, population morbidity, types of diseases occurring among them, especially the nervous system and mental disorders, malignant tumors, allergic diseases are more characteristic of highly urbanized areas. This article covers issues related to the development of cities and the consequences of population growth, factors affecting the urban environment, problems related to public health. The amount of toxic gases emitted into the atmosphere in Uzbekistan was also analyzed. The health of mothers is extremely important in the health of the next generation, that is why the authors have developed a system of factors that affect maternal and child health. Analysis and study of regional aspects of these problems is one of the main tasks of medical geography. In medical geographical research, the analysis of regions in terms of nosogeographic situation is of great importance. Analyzes show that the deterioration of the environment, man's unlimited domination of nature, the deterioration of the ecological situation, as well as the spread of related diseases on earth pose new challenges to medical geography, which studies the causes and patterns. The rapid development of science and technology, the steady increase in human impact on nature and consequently, a number of negative changes in the natural environment have a significant impact on human health. The acceleration of the process of urbanization which in turn causes problems such: as air, water and soil pollution.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88398014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3563
M. Javed, M. Afzal, Shazia Sajid, Amjad Ali, M. Safdar, M. Asif, Muhammad Adnan
This study aimed at assessing the role of water users’ associations (WUAs) in conflicts resolution among water users. A sample of 100 executive members of WUAs was selected purposefully from twenty randomly selected registered and improved watercourses. The data was collected through a detailed, validated and pre-tested interview schedule and analysed through SPSS. Findings showed that social conflicts (x̄=2.00), repair and maintenances of watercourse (x̄=1.91) and disputes on watercourse design, route and section to be lined (x̄=1.81) were the top most causes of conflicts among the water users. Uprooting of trees (86.0%), payment of farmers’ share (79.0%), quality of materials used (73.0%), section of watercourses to be lined (71.0%), working of farmers’ labor (70.0%) and provision of labour (69.0%) were the important reasons for differences among water users. Satisfaction level of water users regarding contribution of WUAs in conflict resolution (x̄=3.98) was lying between medium to high tending towards high while, effectiveness of WUAs in conflict resolution (x̄=4.17) was lying between high and very high tending towards very high. There exist a stronger association between the role of WUAs as dependent and strategy to resolve the conflicts as independent variables while, the role of WUAs was strongly dependent on their response to the complaints and it was also dependent on determining the causes of these conflicts. Thus, WUAs must be promoted at every level for enhancing their role for conflicts resolution through regular trainings to improve their conflicts resolution abilities on modern lines and must be made more powerful in terms of authority to decide common conflicts at the spot.
{"title":"Water users’ associations: an effective approach for conflicts resolution among water users in Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"M. Javed, M. Afzal, Shazia Sajid, Amjad Ali, M. Safdar, M. Asif, Muhammad Adnan","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3563","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at assessing the role of water users’ associations (WUAs) in conflicts resolution among water users. A sample of 100 executive members of WUAs was selected purposefully from twenty randomly selected registered and improved watercourses. The data was collected through a detailed, validated and pre-tested interview schedule and analysed through SPSS. Findings showed that social conflicts (x̄=2.00), repair and maintenances of watercourse (x̄=1.91) and disputes on watercourse design, route and section to be lined (x̄=1.81) were the top most causes of conflicts among the water users. Uprooting of trees (86.0%), payment of farmers’ share (79.0%), quality of materials used (73.0%), section of watercourses to be lined (71.0%), working of farmers’ labor (70.0%) and provision of labour (69.0%) were the important reasons for differences among water users. Satisfaction level of water users regarding contribution of WUAs in conflict resolution (x̄=3.98) was lying between medium to high tending towards high while, effectiveness of WUAs in conflict resolution (x̄=4.17) was lying between high and very high tending towards very high. There exist a stronger association between the role of WUAs as dependent and strategy to resolve the conflicts as independent variables while, the role of WUAs was strongly dependent on their response to the complaints and it was also dependent on determining the causes of these conflicts. Thus, WUAs must be promoted at every level for enhancing their role for conflicts resolution through regular trainings to improve their conflicts resolution abilities on modern lines and must be made more powerful in terms of authority to decide common conflicts at the spot.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80902744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3465
N. K̲h̲ān̲, Shabbir Ahmad, Wang Libin, Shakeel Imran, A. Shah, A. R. Aslam, Q. A. Raza, Muhammad S Akhtar, Hafizah Latif, Arsalan Mumtaz
Pakistan is the home to a large number of poor, constituting about one-third of its population. The government of Pakistan launched several poverty reductions and rural development programs to increase the productivity of the rural poor through agricultural growth and other human-resource-related measures. This study has reviewed 14 community development programs by dividing them into five major phases, i.e., Rural Development Programs, Land Reforms, Employment Creation Schemes based on Direct Credit, Human Development Programs, and Poverty Alleviation Programs. The present study has demonstrated that the country, since its inception, been struggling for poverty reduction by introducing multi-dimensional approaches from time to time. Despite numerous efforts, the poverty rate remained at around 30.0% of the population during the last five to six decades. This article overviews the incidence and leading causes of poverty, major poverty reduction, and community-based rural development programs carried out in Pakistan with the assistance of international and national agencies. It further debates the country’s experiences with poverty reduction, achieved targets, challenges faced, and lessons learned. This study provides significant implications for future initiatives to acquire tangible results in poverty reduction and rural development.
{"title":"Analyzing poverty reduction and community development programs of Pakistan: outcomes, challenges and lessons learned","authors":"N. K̲h̲ān̲, Shabbir Ahmad, Wang Libin, Shakeel Imran, A. Shah, A. R. Aslam, Q. A. Raza, Muhammad S Akhtar, Hafizah Latif, Arsalan Mumtaz","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3465","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is the home to a large number of poor, constituting about one-third of its population. The government of Pakistan launched several poverty reductions and rural development programs to increase the productivity of the rural poor through agricultural growth and other human-resource-related measures. This study has reviewed 14 community development programs by dividing them into five major phases, i.e., Rural Development Programs, Land Reforms, Employment Creation Schemes based on Direct Credit, Human Development Programs, and Poverty Alleviation Programs. The present study has demonstrated that the country, since its inception, been struggling for poverty reduction by introducing multi-dimensional approaches from time to time. Despite numerous efforts, the poverty rate remained at around 30.0% of the population during the last five to six decades. This article overviews the incidence and leading causes of poverty, major poverty reduction, and community-based rural development programs carried out in Pakistan with the assistance of international and national agencies. It further debates the country’s experiences with poverty reduction, achieved targets, challenges faced, and lessons learned. This study provides significant implications for future initiatives to acquire tangible results in poverty reduction and rural development.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86776914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3587
Joseph Ondunga, C. Olweny, R. Mosi
In Kenya, many government policies target apiculture farmer groups as the vehicle for agricultural development. However, it has been realised that there is low level of membership to these groups both at individual and household levels with a marked regional dimension for apiculture farmers. As a result, commercialization of apiculture remains a major challenge. The objective of this study was to identify socio-economic and cultural factors that influence group participation for commercialization of apiculture among small holder farmers. The study used survey method. Five farmer groups were purposely selected for focus group discussion to capture various determinants of group participation among the apiculture small holder farmers. Data were collected through face-to-face interview technique. Analysis involved both descriptive and inferential whereby Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24 was used to process and analyse the collected data. Descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency such as frequencies, means and standard deviation were applied to the data. For inferential statistics t-test, chi-square and regression of the independent variables was used to test the rate of influence of independent variables on dependent variable. Results unveiled that for every unit increase of socio-economic and cultural factors leads to an increase in commercialization of apiculture through group participation among small holder farmers by 0.741 (β= 0.741) units and was statistically significant (p=0.007, p 0.05). Therefore, household income, farm size, age and family size were the major socio-economic and cultural factors that are significant and strongly influence group participation for commercialization of apiculture. From the findings, socio-economic and cultural factors influence farmer group participation most hence they should be addressed appropriately to enhance commercialization of apiculture.
在肯尼亚，许多政府政策将养蜂业农民群体作为农业发展的工具。然而，人们已经认识到，在个人和家庭层面上，这些群体的成员水平都很低，养蜂人的区域维度明显。因此，养蜂业的商业化仍然是一个重大挑战。本研究的目的是确定影响小农群体参与养蜂商业化的社会经济和文化因素。本研究采用问卷调查法。有针对性地选择了五个农民小组进行焦点小组讨论，以了解影响养蜂小农群体参与的各种因素。采用面对面访谈法收集数据。分析涉及描述性和推断性，即社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)版本24被用来处理和分析收集的数据。描述性统计包括集中趋势的测量，如频率，平均值和标准偏差应用于数据。推论统计采用t检验、卡方检验和自变量回归检验自变量对因变量的影响程度。结果表明，社会经济和文化因素每增加1个单位，导致小农群体参与养蜂商业化增加0.741个单位(β= 0.741)，具有统计学意义(p=0.007, p 0.05)。因此，家庭收入、农场规模、年龄和家庭规模是影响群体参与养蜂商业化的主要社会经济和文化因素。从研究结果来看，社会经济和文化因素对农民群体参与的影响最大，因此应适当解决这些因素，以提高养蜂业的商业化。
{"title":"Socio-economic and cultural factors influencing farmers’ group participation for commercialization of apiculture among small holder farmers in Homa bay county, Kenya","authors":"Joseph Ondunga, C. Olweny, R. Mosi","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3587","url":null,"abstract":"In Kenya, many government policies target apiculture farmer groups as the vehicle for agricultural development. However, it has been realised that there is low level of membership to these groups both at individual and household levels with a marked regional dimension for apiculture farmers. As a result, commercialization of apiculture remains a major challenge. The objective of this study was to identify socio-economic and cultural factors that influence group participation for commercialization of apiculture among small holder farmers. The study used survey method. Five farmer groups were purposely selected for focus group discussion to capture various determinants of group participation among the apiculture small holder farmers. Data were collected through face-to-face interview technique. Analysis involved both descriptive and inferential whereby Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24 was used to process and analyse the collected data. Descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency such as frequencies, means and standard deviation were applied to the data. For inferential statistics t-test, chi-square and regression of the independent variables was used to test the rate of influence of independent variables on dependent variable. Results unveiled that for every unit increase of socio-economic and cultural factors leads to an increase in commercialization of apiculture through group participation among small holder farmers by 0.741 (β= 0.741) units and was statistically significant (p=0.007, p 0.05). Therefore, household income, farm size, age and family size were the major socio-economic and cultural factors that are significant and strongly influence group participation for commercialization of apiculture. From the findings, socio-economic and cultural factors influence farmer group participation most hence they should be addressed appropriately to enhance commercialization of apiculture.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84686720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3369
M. Yaseen, S. Abid, M. Luqman, M. T. Chaudhry
Professional competencies are considered as key to perform job responsibilities. Training professionals of Agricultural Training Institutes (ATIs) are engaged in imparting various skills and expertise to extension field staff in the form of training so that they would perform their tasks and responsibilities in a better way to disseminate advanced agricultural knowledge. In this scenario, the present study was designed to investigate various competencies possessed by the training professionals of ATIs in the Punjab province of Pakistan. For this purpose, data was collected from all training professionals working in all ATIs of Punjab Province in Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was developed as an instrument of the study. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means and standard deviations were applied through Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. Results reveal that training professional of ATIs possess computer skill especially MS word and email skills. Motivational skills, lecture delivery skills and communication skills were ranked at top, which are being possessed by training professionals. Moreover, the results recommend that the government should launch capacity building programs to develop professional competencies of training professionals on regular basis.
{"title":"Competencies possessed by the training professionals of agricultural training institutes in Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"M. Yaseen, S. Abid, M. Luqman, M. T. Chaudhry","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3369","url":null,"abstract":"Professional competencies are considered as key to perform job responsibilities. Training professionals of Agricultural Training Institutes (ATIs) are engaged in imparting various skills and expertise to extension field staff in the form of training so that they would perform their tasks and responsibilities in a better way to disseminate advanced agricultural knowledge. In this scenario, the present study was designed to investigate various competencies possessed by the training professionals of ATIs in the Punjab province of Pakistan. For this purpose, data was collected from all training professionals working in all ATIs of Punjab Province in Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was developed as an instrument of the study. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means and standard deviations were applied through Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. Results reveal that training professional of ATIs possess computer skill especially MS word and email skills. Motivational skills, lecture delivery skills and communication skills were ranked at top, which are being possessed by training professionals. Moreover, the results recommend that the government should launch capacity building programs to develop professional competencies of training professionals on regular basis.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86682114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3626
Nguyen X. Dinh, Nguyen Mau Dung
This paper aims to identify the determinants on the adoption of modern agricultural technology at farm level in Dong Anh district, Hanoi city, Vietnam. A total of 300 farm households from Dong Anh district were randomly interviewed face to face for the necessary data collection. Logit regression model was used to explore the impact of different factors on the adoption of the modern agricultural technology. Findings indicated that the farmer’ education, households’ income, farm size, access to extension services and access to credit had statistically significant and positive impacts on the adoption. Meanwhile the number of land plot reflected the negative impact on the adoption. To foster the level of adoption, this study urges stimulating land accumulation for larger farm size and reduced number of land plots. In addition, demonstration models and more training courses for the farmers emphasizing on how to apply the modern agricultural technology and credit program providing loan with preferential interest rate should be provided for the farm households in the district.
{"title":"Determinants on the adoption of modern agricultural technology at farm household level: a case study in Dong Anh District, Hanoi city, Vietnam","authors":"Nguyen X. Dinh, Nguyen Mau Dung","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.02.3626","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify the determinants on the adoption of modern agricultural technology at farm level in Dong Anh district, Hanoi city, Vietnam. A total of 300 farm households from Dong Anh district were randomly interviewed face to face for the necessary data collection. Logit regression model was used to explore the impact of different factors on the adoption of the modern agricultural technology. Findings indicated that the farmer’ education, households’ income, farm size, access to extension services and access to credit had statistically significant and positive impacts on the adoption. Meanwhile the number of land plot reflected the negative impact on the adoption. To foster the level of adoption, this study urges stimulating land accumulation for larger farm size and reduced number of land plots. In addition, demonstration models and more training courses for the farmers emphasizing on how to apply the modern agricultural technology and credit program providing loan with preferential interest rate should be provided for the farm households in the district.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73017243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3616
B. C. Tuei, C. Onyango, B. Bebe, E. Kiptot, S. Carsan
The growing demand for animal products in developing countries presents opportunities for smallholder dairy farmers to participate in markets. However, seasonal fodder scarcity is a pervasive limitation to dairy productivity and disrupts market participation. The objective of this paper was to determine the influence of seasonal fodder availability on the participation of smallholder farmers in fodder and milk markets. Primary data was collected in a cross-sectional survey involving a random sample of 176 farmers, in Mosop sub-County, Nandi County of Kenya. Complete data for computation of fodder scarcity and market participation was available from 130 farmers. Data was processed in Excel and subsequently analysed in Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS version 21) software using descriptive and logistic regression statistics. Study results revealed that an increase in fodder deficit was associated with a decline in milk sales (β= -.95, p=0.002), leading to an increase in milk price (β= 0.59, p=0.024) and increase in the quantity of purchased concentrate feed (β=0.17, p=0.038). The study concludes that fodder scarcity leads to low farmer market participation and recommends the strengthening of producer organizations to facilitate feed and milk marketing, capacity building on feed formulation and utilization, conservation and processing. These capacities would enable farmers to meet fodder demands in the dry season and would stabilize milk prices if supported with incentives for private and public partnerships investments in the feed value chain.
发展中国家对动物产品的需求不断增长，为小农奶农参与市场提供了机会。然而，季节性饲料短缺普遍限制了乳制品生产率，并扰乱了市场参与。本文的目的是确定季节性饲料供应对小农参与饲料和牛奶市场的影响。主要数据是在横断面调查中收集的，该调查随机抽样了176名肯尼亚南迪县莫索普县的农民。从130名农民那里获得了计算饲料短缺和市场参与的完整数据。数据在Excel中处理，随后在Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS version 21)软件中使用描述性和逻辑回归统计进行分析。研究结果表明，饲料短缺的增加与牛奶销售的下降有关(β= -)。95, p=0.002)，导致牛奶价格上涨(β= 0.59, p=0.024)，精料采购量增加(β=0.17, p=0.038)。该研究的结论是，饲料短缺导致农民市场参与度低，并建议加强生产者组织，以促进饲料和牛奶的销售，以及饲料配方和利用、保存和加工方面的能力建设。这些能力将使农民能够满足旱季的饲料需求，如果在饲料价值链中鼓励私营和公共伙伴关系投资，将稳定牛奶价格。
{"title":"Effect of seasonal fodder availability on smallholder dairy farmers’ participation in markets in Mosop sub-county, Kenya","authors":"B. C. Tuei, C. Onyango, B. Bebe, E. Kiptot, S. Carsan","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3616","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for animal products in developing countries presents opportunities for smallholder dairy farmers to participate in markets. However, seasonal fodder scarcity is a pervasive limitation to dairy productivity and disrupts market participation. The objective of this paper was to determine the influence of seasonal fodder availability on the participation of smallholder farmers in fodder and milk markets. Primary data was collected in a cross-sectional survey involving a random sample of 176 farmers, in Mosop sub-County, Nandi County of Kenya. Complete data for computation of fodder scarcity and market participation was available from 130 farmers. Data was processed in Excel and subsequently analysed in Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS version 21) software using descriptive and logistic regression statistics. Study results revealed that an increase in fodder deficit was associated with a decline in milk sales (β= -.95, p=0.002), leading to an increase in milk price (β= 0.59, p=0.024) and increase in the quantity of purchased concentrate feed (β=0.17, p=0.038). The study concludes that fodder scarcity leads to low farmer market participation and recommends the strengthening of producer organizations to facilitate feed and milk marketing, capacity building on feed formulation and utilization, conservation and processing. These capacities would enable farmers to meet fodder demands in the dry season and would stabilize milk prices if supported with incentives for private and public partnerships investments in the feed value chain. ","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85176470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3568
S. Nasir, M. Yasin, M. U. Mehmood, M. Luqman, M. Yaseen, M. Majeed, Manan Aslam, M. Imran
The building of functional linkages between non-profit/non-state organizations and other collaborators at various levels is a necessity to benefit the welfare of the rural poor. Pakistan is also embracing its inclusion in the list of economies that are considered to have weak social capital. Strengthening of social capital has a valuable contribution by the NGOs especially in the rangelands of Pakistan. The current study is designed to examine the role of non-governmental and non-state organizations in building up social capital. Data were taken from three different localities in the Mansehra district of Hazara region in Pakistan adopting qualitative and quantitative approaches. A weak organizational infrastructure in terms of horizontal and vertical principles (transparency, viability, integrity, accountability etc.) was found in all three study areas. The access to social capital at sites I II obtained 1.98 and 1.78 respectively and residents of site III were found deprived. The study showed that rural people with low income (often referred to as poor) have lower social incomes compared to people with high- and medium-income levels (often referred as well off and better off). The limitations of time availability and social confidence results in no contact or social interaction among poor. A significant role of NGOs has been observed in bringing poor and oppressed people into mainstream social capital. The study delineates the increased involvement of registered and unregistered local groups/organizations in the development of rural community. Findings of the research also conclude that local community groups are more vital than that of the registered organizations due to their informal culture and true representation of practical needs of the community. The volunteers played an important role in creating social grants, and their inclusion in the form of a comprehensive social capital plan will result in refinement of services and overall betterment of society.
{"title":"Role of non-state organizations in strengthening social capital: case study of Mansehra district of KP province, Pakistan","authors":"S. Nasir, M. Yasin, M. U. Mehmood, M. Luqman, M. Yaseen, M. Majeed, Manan Aslam, M. Imran","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3568","url":null,"abstract":"The building of functional linkages between non-profit/non-state organizations and other collaborators at various levels is a necessity to benefit the welfare of the rural poor. Pakistan is also embracing its inclusion in the list of economies that are considered to have weak social capital. Strengthening of social capital has a valuable contribution by the NGOs especially in the rangelands of Pakistan. The current study is designed to examine the role of non-governmental and non-state organizations in building up social capital. Data were taken from three different localities in the Mansehra district of Hazara region in Pakistan adopting qualitative and quantitative approaches. A weak organizational infrastructure in terms of horizontal and vertical principles (transparency, viability, integrity, accountability etc.) was found in all three study areas. The access to social capital at sites I II obtained 1.98 and 1.78 respectively and residents of site III were found deprived. The study showed that rural people with low income (often referred to as poor) have lower social incomes compared to people with high- and medium-income levels (often referred as well off and better off). The limitations of time availability and social confidence results in no contact or social interaction among poor. A significant role of NGOs has been observed in bringing poor and oppressed people into mainstream social capital. The study delineates the increased involvement of registered and unregistered local groups/organizations in the development of rural community. Findings of the research also conclude that local community groups are more vital than that of the registered organizations due to their informal culture and true representation of practical needs of the community. The volunteers played an important role in creating social grants, and their inclusion in the form of a comprehensive social capital plan will result in refinement of services and overall betterment of society.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85427096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3598
A. Raza, M. Nawaz, M. U. Chattha, I. Khan, M. B. Chattha, M. Kharal, F. Anjum, F. Hussain, M. Iqbal, M. T. Aslam, M. Amin, M. Hassan
Weeds are major threat to global wheat production and cause serious threat to food security. Likewise, water scarcity is also a major threat to food production and its intensity is continuously soaring up across the globe. Organic mulches have potential to reduce weeds growth and conserve the soil moisture thus ensures the better crop growth and yield. Therefore, present study was conducted to compare the performance of different organic mulches in improving wheat growth and productivity. The study was comprised of different organic mulches; M1= No mulch (control) M2= maize straw mulch, M3= wheat straw mulch, M4= sorghum straw mulch and M5= rice straw mulch and three nitrogen levels N1 = 90 kg, N2 = 120 kg and N3= 150 kg/ha. The results indicated that both organic mulches and N rates had significant impact on growth, and yield traits. The maximum leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), productive tillers (307 m-2), grains/spike (46.22), 1000 grain weight (42.33 g) biological yield (13.76 t/ha) and grain yield 4.75 t/ha was obtained with sorghum straw mulch and minimum productive tillers (255.33 m-2), grains/spike (36.22), biological yield (11.46 t/ha) and grain yield (3.59 t/ha) was recorded in no mulch (control). Among nitrogen levels maximum productive tillers (290.6 m-2), grains/spike (42.80), 1000 grain weight (40.65 g), biological yield (13.44 t/ha) and grain yield (4.32 t/ha) was obtained with 150 kg/ha N and minimum productive tillers (274 m-2), grains/spike (38.13), 1000 grain weight (36.94 g) biological yield (11.98 t/ha) and grain yield (3.90 t/ha) was obtained with 90 N kg/ha. Thus, farmers can use sorghum straw mulch and N (150 kg ha-1) to improve the wheat productivity. However, farmers must be educated by government institute and adoptive research farms in order to understand and adaption of this approach.
{"title":"Comparative study of different organic mulches for increased wheat productivity district Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"A. Raza, M. Nawaz, M. U. Chattha, I. Khan, M. B. Chattha, M. Kharal, F. Anjum, F. Hussain, M. Iqbal, M. T. Aslam, M. Amin, M. Hassan","doi":"10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/IJAE.009.03.3598","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds are major threat to global wheat production and cause serious threat to food security. Likewise, water scarcity is also a major threat to food production and its intensity is continuously soaring up across the globe. Organic mulches have potential to reduce weeds growth and conserve the soil moisture thus ensures the better crop growth and yield. Therefore, present study was conducted to compare the performance of different organic mulches in improving wheat growth and productivity. The study was comprised of different organic mulches; M1= No mulch (control) M2= maize straw mulch, M3= wheat straw mulch, M4= sorghum straw mulch and M5= rice straw mulch and three nitrogen levels N1 = 90 kg, N2 = 120 kg and N3= 150 kg/ha. The results indicated that both organic mulches and N rates had significant impact on growth, and yield traits. The maximum leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), productive tillers (307 m-2), grains/spike (46.22), 1000 grain weight (42.33 g) biological yield (13.76 t/ha) and grain yield 4.75 t/ha was obtained with sorghum straw mulch and minimum productive tillers (255.33 m-2), grains/spike (36.22), biological yield (11.46 t/ha) and grain yield (3.59 t/ha) was recorded in no mulch (control). Among nitrogen levels maximum productive tillers (290.6 m-2), grains/spike (42.80), 1000 grain weight (40.65 g), biological yield (13.44 t/ha) and grain yield (4.32 t/ha) was obtained with 150 kg/ha N and minimum productive tillers (274 m-2), grains/spike (38.13), 1000 grain weight (36.94 g) biological yield (11.98 t/ha) and grain yield (3.90 t/ha) was obtained with 90 N kg/ha. Thus, farmers can use sorghum straw mulch and N (150 kg ha-1) to improve the wheat productivity. However, farmers must be educated by government institute and adoptive research farms in order to understand and adaption of this approach.","PeriodicalId":52390,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agricultural Extension","volume":"1980 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90544388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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