The Late Pleistocene, Early and Middle Holocene Nubian cultural sequence was constructed after the pioneering work done in Nubia in the 1960s (Irwin et al., 1968; Wendorf ed. 1968c; Marks 1970; Nordström ed. 1972). Most of the prehistoric sites located by the expeditions during the Nubian Campaign were surface concentrations and their dating was made on the basis of their location on ancient Nile deposits attested at different levels: the Dibeira-Jer, Ballana, Sahaba, Birbet and Arkin formations (De Heinzelin 1968). Absolute elevation was also considered as relevant to a site’s date. Within this cultural sequence, the Qadan (Shiner 1968a) was usually associated with the Sahaba Formation, whose beginning was more or less established at 16,500 BP (De Heinzelin 1968), and the Jebel Sahaba cemetery (site 117) was attributed to this same cultural phase. The Qadan sequence has been already discussed by the author (Usai 2008a) in a paper demonstrating that Shiner’s hypothesis that the Abkan Neolithic complex originated directly from the Qadan needed revision. This contribution continues this discussion but to suggest that it now appears that the Jebel Sahaba cemetery cannot be possibly associated with the Qadan. In doing so, it notes some possible discrepancies and some important factors.
晚更新世、早全新世和中全新世努比亚文化序列是在20世纪60年代在努比亚进行开创性工作后构建的(Irwin et al.， 1968;文德芬。1968;标志着1970;Nordström . 1972)。在努比亚战役期间，探险队发现的大多数史前遗址都是地表集中的，它们的年代是根据它们在古尼罗河不同层次沉积物上的位置确定的:Dibeira-Jer、Ballana、Sahaba、Birbet和Arkin地层(De Heinzelin 1968)。绝对海拔也被认为与遗址的日期有关。在这个文化序列中，Qadan (Shiner 1968a)通常与Sahaba组联系在一起，Sahaba组的开始或多或少建立在16500 BP (De Heinzelin 1968)， Jebel Sahaba墓地(遗址117)被归因于同一文化阶段。卡丹序列已经被作者(Usai 2008a)在一篇论文中讨论过，证明Shiner关于阿布坎新石器复合体直接起源于卡丹的假设需要修正。这篇文章继续了这一讨论，但表明现在看来，杰贝勒·萨哈巴墓地不可能与卡丹有联系。在这样做时，它注意到一些可能的差异和一些重要因素。
{"title":"The Qadan, the Jebel Sahaba Cemetery and the Lithic Collection","authors":"D. Usai","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.006","url":null,"abstract":"The Late Pleistocene, Early and Middle Holocene Nubian cultural sequence was constructed after the pioneering work done in Nubia in the 1960s (Irwin et al., 1968; Wendorf ed. 1968c; Marks 1970; Nordström ed. 1972). Most of the prehistoric sites located by the expeditions during the Nubian Campaign were surface concentrations and their dating was made on the basis of their location on ancient Nile deposits attested at different levels: the Dibeira-Jer, Ballana, Sahaba, Birbet and Arkin formations (De Heinzelin 1968). Absolute elevation was also considered as relevant to a site’s date. Within this cultural sequence, the Qadan (Shiner 1968a) was usually associated with the Sahaba Formation, whose beginning was more or less established at 16,500 BP (De Heinzelin 1968), and the Jebel Sahaba cemetery (site 117) was attributed to this same cultural phase. The Qadan sequence has been already discussed by the author (Usai 2008a) in a paper demonstrating that Shiner’s hypothesis that the Abkan Neolithic complex originated directly from the Qadan needed revision. This contribution continues this discussion but to suggest that it now appears that the Jebel Sahaba cemetery cannot be possibly associated with the Qadan. In doing so, it notes some possible discrepancies and some important factors.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a number of countries, the collecting of archaeological artefacts is regarded as a valid manner of public engagement with the past and has experienced an explosive growth in the last fifty years. This is due to two factors: the spread in the 1970s of the use of metal detectors for hobby artefact hunting, and then in the mid 1990s internet trading changed the face of the antiquities market and placed the commerce in archaeological artefacts at the reach of everybody. This in turn is currently deeply affecting public perceptions of archaeology in those countries. Thousands of people, in Europe and North America in particular, engage in collecting either through artefact hunting on local sites, while others acquire objects through purchase, driving a growing international antiquities market. This paper attempts to explore some of the wider material consequences of this general phenomenon, focusing on the collection of and commerce in prehistoric lithic material from the Sahara region. Part of it is framed around a detailed search in 2019 of the major internet portals handling this type of material. Popular interest in the indigenous cultures of the Sahara was a legacy of European colonialism and a growing interest (from about the mid 1950s) in western societies in owning and collecting “ethnic” and “tribal art” (Graburn ed. 1977: 315; Corbey 2000) associated with an idyllic sentimentalist vision of the bon sauvage living in harmony with nature. Imaginations were fired in the 1950s and 1960s by the discoveries and popular publications of Henri Lhote (e.g., 1958) about the prehistory of the desert regions of North Africa. The enigmatic rock art he described appealed to modern aesthetics as well as New Agers; the whole issue of a primordial “Green Sahara” raised questions that resonated with environmentalists. These factors encouraged the growth of a market for collectables from this region. In the 1960s to 1980s, trade in antiquities and ethnographic objects was in the hands of knowledgeable and experienced specialist dealers with brick-and-mortar “galleries”, high overheads, and limited clientele (e.g., Ede 1976). This dictated the quality, nature and cost
{"title":"Green Saharas, Grey Markets: Commercial Exploitation of North African Prehistory, an Overview","authors":"P. Barford","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.018","url":null,"abstract":"In a number of countries, the collecting of archaeological artefacts is regarded as a valid manner of public engagement with the past and has experienced an explosive growth in the last fifty years. This is due to two factors: the spread in the 1970s of the use of metal detectors for hobby artefact hunting, and then in the mid 1990s internet trading changed the face of the antiquities market and placed the commerce in archaeological artefacts at the reach of everybody. This in turn is currently deeply affecting public perceptions of archaeology in those countries. Thousands of people, in Europe and North America in particular, engage in collecting either through artefact hunting on local sites, while others acquire objects through purchase, driving a growing international antiquities market. This paper attempts to explore some of the wider material consequences of this general phenomenon, focusing on the collection of and commerce in prehistoric lithic material from the Sahara region. Part of it is framed around a detailed search in 2019 of the major internet portals handling this type of material. Popular interest in the indigenous cultures of the Sahara was a legacy of European colonialism and a growing interest (from about the mid 1950s) in western societies in owning and collecting “ethnic” and “tribal art” (Graburn ed. 1977: 315; Corbey 2000) associated with an idyllic sentimentalist vision of the bon sauvage living in harmony with nature. Imaginations were fired in the 1950s and 1960s by the discoveries and popular publications of Henri Lhote (e.g., 1958) about the prehistory of the desert regions of North Africa. The enigmatic rock art he described appealed to modern aesthetics as well as New Agers; the whole issue of a primordial “Green Sahara” raised questions that resonated with environmentalists. These factors encouraged the growth of a market for collectables from this region. In the 1960s to 1980s, trade in antiquities and ethnographic objects was in the hands of knowledgeable and experienced specialist dealers with brick-and-mortar “galleries”, high overheads, and limited clientele (e.g., Ede 1976). This dictated the quality, nature and cost","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marta Osypińska, P. Osypiński, M. Chłodnicki, Michał Kuc, Paweł Wiktorowicz, Robert Ryndziewicz
Current work on the PalaeoAffad Project allows us to contribute greatly to the legacy of prehistoric research in the Middle Nile Valley. This paper presents the state of research on Late Pleistocene settlement on both banks of the river. Based on absolute dates obtained in the Affad Basin (since MIS5 up to the 5th millennium BP), the prehistory of the area has become an important reference point for general NE-African studies. We were able to investigate most of the Palaeolithic sites there before the landscape was totally changed by the industrial farms in areas that had been inaccessible for traditional agriculture up to now.
{"title":"The PalaeoAffad Project and the Prehistory of the Middle Nile","authors":"Marta Osypińska, P. Osypiński, M. Chłodnicki, Michał Kuc, Paweł Wiktorowicz, Robert Ryndziewicz","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"Current work on the PalaeoAffad Project allows us to contribute greatly to the legacy of prehistoric research in the Middle Nile Valley. This paper presents the state of research on Late Pleistocene settlement on both banks of the river. Based on absolute dates obtained in the Affad Basin (since MIS5 up to the 5th millennium BP), the prehistory of the area has become an important reference point for general NE-African studies. We were able to investigate most of the Palaeolithic sites there before the landscape was totally changed by the industrial farms in areas that had been inaccessible for traditional agriculture up to now.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"58 1","pages":"79-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global climatic changes which occurred at the beginning of the Holocene had a huge impact on cultural development in northeast Africa. The shift of the tropical rain zone to the north led to the transformation of the desert into a savannah. The appearance of vegetation and animals also attracted people to considerable areas of the southern part of the Western Desert in Egypt. Settlement was concentrated around natural depressions or deflation troughs, which during periods of rain would fill with water creating seasonal lakes or playas. One such place is the playa located in Bargat El-Shab. Particularly intense traces of settlement dated to the climatic optimum of the Holocene was discovered on the eastern shore of the palaeolake (Site E-05-1). Artefacts are dispersed over an area of over 2 ha. Excavation conducted in a few locations also uncovered the remains of storage pits, hearths, wells, etc., the fills of which are characterised by an enhanced magnetization of features in the ground. The geophysical survey conducted during the last season of research provided exceptionally interesting data allowing the partial recreation of the actual extent of the site and its relation with the lake basin.
{"title":"Results of Geophysical Survey in Bargat El-Shab in Southern Egypt. Insight into the Early Holocene Settlement Pattern of the El Nabta / Al Jerar Interphase","authors":"F. Welc, Przemysław Bobrowski","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.012","url":null,"abstract":"Global climatic changes which occurred at the beginning of the Holocene had a huge impact on cultural development in northeast Africa. The shift of the tropical rain zone to the north led to the transformation of the desert into a savannah. The appearance of vegetation and animals also attracted people to considerable areas of the southern part of the Western Desert in Egypt. Settlement was concentrated around natural depressions or deflation troughs, which during periods of rain would fill with water creating seasonal lakes or playas. One such place is the playa located in Bargat El-Shab. Particularly intense traces of settlement dated to the climatic optimum of the Holocene was discovered on the eastern shore of the palaeolake (Site E-05-1). Artefacts are dispersed over an area of over 2 ha. Excavation conducted in a few locations also uncovered the remains of storage pits, hearths, wells, etc., the fills of which are characterised by an enhanced magnetization of features in the ground. The geophysical survey conducted during the last season of research provided exceptionally interesting data allowing the partial recreation of the actual extent of the site and its relation with the lake basin.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
while recruiting young archaeolo-gists to work on the excavation of the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic camps of a Stone A fresh archaeology, During project, young Kobusiewicz turned out to be a competent, eager student and a good field companion. We spent the next field season together on a foot-survey along the Late Glacial left bank Vistula terrace between Włocławek and Płock in Central Poland. We slept in farmers’ barns, cooked one-dish meals in a pot that we carried fastened to our backpacks, and duly recorded many, today classic, Mesolithic sandy sites. Since these early years of our acquaintance, our professional, as well as private lives, became closely intertwined. We worked jointly in many Combined Prehistoric Expedition (CPE) missions in Egypt and at several sites in his cherished “prehistoric Arcadia”, or the Wojnowo Region in Western Poland.
{"title":"The African Chapter in the Scientific Life of Professor Michał Kobusiewicz","authors":"R. Schild","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"while recruiting young archaeolo-gists to work on the excavation of the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic camps of a Stone A fresh archaeology, During project, young Kobusiewicz turned out to be a competent, eager student and a good field companion. We spent the next field season together on a foot-survey along the Late Glacial left bank Vistula terrace between Włocławek and Płock in Central Poland. We slept in farmers’ barns, cooked one-dish meals in a pot that we carried fastened to our backpacks, and duly recorded many, today classic, Mesolithic sandy sites. Since these early years of our acquaintance, our professional, as well as private lives, became closely intertwined. We worked jointly in many Combined Prehistoric Expedition (CPE) missions in Egypt and at several sites in his cherished “prehistoric Arcadia”, or the Wojnowo Region in Western Poland.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces one of the largest rock art sites found in the central Dakhleh Oasis. Firstly, an overview of all the panels with petroglyphs is provided and the images briefly described. The panels’ description contains basic information on their location and visibility, motifs and their compositional aspects, and chronology. This is followed by a brief summary of the presented data and a discussion situating the site in the broader context of Dakhleh and the surrounding Western Desert. Particular motifs and their arrangements, like a herd of giraffes, are further briefly discussed, and parallels from the Dakhleh region and the Nile valley cited in order to compare the CO178 rock art.
{"title":"Animal Hill – a Large Prehistoric Rock Art Site CO178 in the Central Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt","authors":"Paweł Lech Polkowski","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.017","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces one of the largest rock art sites found in the central Dakhleh Oasis. Firstly, an overview of all the panels with petroglyphs is provided and the images briefly described. The panels’ description contains basic information on their location and visibility, motifs and their compositional aspects, and chronology. This is followed by a brief summary of the presented data and a discussion situating the site in the broader context of Dakhleh and the surrounding Western Desert. Particular motifs and their arrangements, like a herd of giraffes, are further briefly discussed, and parallels from the Dakhleh region and the Nile valley cited in order to compare the CO178 rock art.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the function and dating of two rectangular flint tools found at different posi‐ tions along the Darb el‐Tawil caravan route. This route directly connecting the Dakhla Oasis with the Nile Valley has seen caravan transport during almost 4500 years from the Old Kingdom to the 20th century. The two flint objects are a rarity along this route but are also not well‐known from archaeological sites elsewhere in Egypt. In bringing together the evidence from the site contexts of the current flint tools with parallels related to morphology and technical aspects of types of flint tools known from Egypt or beyond, it is concluded that these artefacts are likely to be interpreted as a sickle element in the one case and a gunflint in the other.
本文探讨了在Darb el - Tawil商队路线的不同位置发现的两个矩形燧石工具的功能和年代。这条直接连接达赫拉绿洲和尼罗河谷的路线见证了从古王国到20世纪近4500年的商队运输。这两件燧石在这条路线上是罕见的，但在埃及其他地方的考古遗址中也不为人所知。将目前的燧石工具的现场背景证据与埃及或其他地区已知的燧石工具类型的形态和技术方面的相似之处结合起来，得出的结论是，这些人工制品可能被解释为镰刀元件，而另一种则被解释为火石。
{"title":"Flints from the Road: on the Significance of two Enigmatic Stone Tools Found along the Darb el Tawil","authors":"Heiko Riemer, Karin Kindermann","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the function and dating of two rectangular flint tools found at different posi‐ tions along the Darb el‐Tawil caravan route. This route directly connecting the Dakhla Oasis with the Nile Valley has seen caravan transport during almost 4500 years from the Old Kingdom to the 20th century. The two flint objects are a rarity along this route but are also not well‐known from archaeological sites elsewhere in Egypt. In bringing together the evidence from the site contexts of the current flint tools with parallels related to morphology and technical aspects of types of flint tools known from Egypt or beyond, it is concluded that these artefacts are likely to be interpreted as a sickle element in the one case and a gunflint in the other.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the very beginning of his studies in Northeastern Africa, Professor Michał Kobusiewicz concentrated on the prehistory of this region. His interests went beyond the Palaeolithic to encompass later periods during which the foundations were laid for the unified Egyptian state. This is well evidenced by his paper on “Neolithic and Predynastic Development in the Egyptian Nile Valley”, presented at a meeting of the members of the International Commission of the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa in Cologne and published in 2002 (Kobusiewicz 2002). Professor Kobusiewicz delivered both a very detailed overview of the contemporary state of research on the period in question as well as an outline of the most important research problems for further investigations. Since the publication of that paper, further research on the prehistory of Northeastern Africa has shed new light on the issues pointed out by M. Kobusiewicz. This article reviews the most recent studies on one of those issues, e.g., the origins of the Neolithic in Northeastern Africa.
{"title":"Recent Research on Neolithic and Predynastic Development in the Egyptian Nile Valley","authors":"A. Mączyńska","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.013","url":null,"abstract":"From the very beginning of his studies in Northeastern Africa, Professor Michał Kobusiewicz concentrated on the prehistory of this region. His interests went beyond the Palaeolithic to encompass later periods during which the foundations were laid for the unified Egyptian state. This is well evidenced by his paper on “Neolithic and Predynastic Development in the Egyptian Nile Valley”, presented at a meeting of the members of the International Commission of the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa in Cologne and published in 2002 (Kobusiewicz 2002). Professor Kobusiewicz delivered both a very detailed overview of the contemporary state of research on the period in question as well as an outline of the most important research problems for further investigations. Since the publication of that paper, further research on the prehistory of Northeastern Africa has shed new light on the issues pointed out by M. Kobusiewicz. This article reviews the most recent studies on one of those issues, e.g., the origins of the Neolithic in Northeastern Africa.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The site of Fox Hill (SBK.W-20) constitutes the second locality in the Sixth Nile Cataract region where a large communal burial ground of Early Khartoum hunter-gatherers was partially uncovered. In several aspects, this cemetery resembles in its characteristics the Early Khartoum burial ground explored between 2012 and 2015 at the site of Sphinx (SBK.W-60), located some 4 km to the north-east. The co-occurrence of these burial grounds with intensively occupied coeval settlements as well as the characteristics of the burial rite enable us to interpret these complex sites not only as mere places of life and death, but also as centres of collective identity based on social memory.
{"title":"The First Notes on the Second Khartoum Mesolithic Cemetery at Jebel Sabaloka (Sudan)","authors":"Lenka Varadzinová, Ladislav Varadzin","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"The site of Fox Hill (SBK.W-20) constitutes the second locality in the Sixth Nile Cataract region where a large communal burial ground of Early Khartoum hunter-gatherers was partially uncovered. In several aspects, this cemetery resembles in its characteristics the Early Khartoum burial ground explored between 2012 and 2015 at the site of Sphinx (SBK.W-60), located some 4 km to the north-east. The co-occurrence of these burial grounds with intensively occupied coeval settlements as well as the characteristics of the burial rite enable us to interpret these complex sites not only as mere places of life and death, but also as centres of collective identity based on social memory.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"58 1","pages":"121-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Jórdeczka, Ł.M. Stanaszek, Przemysław Bobrowski, M. Chłodnicki, I. Sobkowiak-Tabaka
Ever since Arkell launched research excavation in Shaheinab, many Neolithic sites of varying scientific value have been discovered in Central Sudan. These discoveries included both sites and cemeteries that shed some light not only on the economy, but also on the social structure and beliefs of ancient populations. Sites such as Kadero, el‑Geili, el‑Ghaba, Shaqadud and el‑Kadada have become benchmarks for describing and understanding the Neolithic in Central Sudan. In recent years, another exceptional site has joined this group – Khor Shambat 1 (KSH 1). Research here has revealed a Mesolithic and Neolithic site. The investigation of about 1% of the area of KSH 1 uncovered 66 graves, including about 30 Neolithic ones. Yet this relatively low number of occur‑ rences included burials which shed a very interesting light on the local communities. Especially noteworthy is the extraordinary approach to burials of children and in particular the youngest members of the community, newborns and fetuses; their graves are by far the richest. Some of them were buried in ceramic vessels and equipped with numerous gifts. The most distinctive grave in terms of the wealth of its burial goods is that of a female who died in advanced pregnancy. The chronology of the Neolithic site and cemetery, determined on the basis of a series of radio‑ carbon dates and ceramics analyses, is generally set in the second half of the 5th millennium BC.
{"title":"Neolithic Inhabitants of Khor Shambat 1, Sudan","authors":"M. Jórdeczka, Ł.M. Stanaszek, Przemysław Bobrowski, M. Chłodnicki, I. Sobkowiak-Tabaka","doi":"10.23858/apa58.2020.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa58.2020.008","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since Arkell launched research excavation in Shaheinab, many Neolithic sites of varying scientific value have been discovered in Central Sudan. These discoveries included both sites and cemeteries that shed some light not only on the economy, but also on the social structure and beliefs of ancient populations. Sites such as Kadero, el‑Geili, el‑Ghaba, Shaqadud and el‑Kadada have become benchmarks for describing and understanding the Neolithic in Central Sudan. In recent years, another exceptional site has joined this group – Khor Shambat 1 (KSH 1). Research here has revealed a Mesolithic and Neolithic site. The investigation of about 1% of the area of KSH 1 uncovered 66 graves, including about 30 Neolithic ones. Yet this relatively low number of occur‑ rences included burials which shed a very interesting light on the local communities. Especially noteworthy is the extraordinary approach to burials of children and in particular the youngest members of the community, newborns and fetuses; their graves are by far the richest. Some of them were buried in ceramic vessels and equipped with numerous gifts. The most distinctive grave in terms of the wealth of its burial goods is that of a female who died in advanced pregnancy. The chronology of the Neolithic site and cemetery, determined on the basis of a series of radio‑ carbon dates and ceramics analyses, is generally set in the second half of the 5th millennium BC.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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