Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.2736
A. Pelisiak
The Neolithic and Bronze Age communities that settled the eastern Carpathian Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used a variety of local and non-local siliceous raw materials. Raw materials identified in the archaeological record differ in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, chocolate flint, or Świeciechów and Volhynian flints represent the best quality. On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in use, most popular among them being siliceous marls and cherts. Sources of siliceous marls and cherts are known from many locations in the Dynów, Strzyżów and Przemyśl foothills. Moreover, systematic field surveys in this area have provided new information on the availability of cherts and siliceous marls at many new locations in the region. They appear in the primary autochthonous, secondary autochthonous, and more rarely in sub-autochthonous or residual, sources. Exposures on steep hill slopes and dissected river valleys provide easy access to the best quality raw materials in the primary autochthonous sources. Raw materials from secondary autochthonous sources in the riverbeds were also available, but they were of lesser quality than those from the exposures. The aim of this paper is to present natural exposures of siliceous marls and cherts and discuss them as a potential source of raw materials for the Neolithic and Bronze Age communities inhabiting loess areas of the eastern Carpathian foreland (Rzeszów Settlement Region).
{"title":"Mapping Natural Exposures of Siliceous Marls and Cherts as Potential Zones of Raw Material Acquisition. The Case of the Eastern Polish Carpathian Foothills and the Rzeszów Settlement Region (SE Poland) in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Preliminary Results","authors":"A. Pelisiak","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.2736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.2736","url":null,"abstract":"The Neolithic and Bronze Age communities that settled the eastern Carpathian Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used a variety of local and non-local siliceous raw materials. Raw materials identified in the archaeological record differ in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, chocolate flint, or Świeciechów and Volhynian flints represent the best quality. On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in use, most popular among them being siliceous marls and cherts. Sources of siliceous marls and cherts are known from many locations in the Dynów, Strzyżów and Przemyśl foothills. Moreover, systematic field surveys in this area have provided new information on the availability of cherts and siliceous marls at many new locations in the region. They appear in the primary autochthonous, secondary autochthonous, and more rarely in sub-autochthonous or residual, sources. Exposures on steep hill slopes and dissected river valleys provide easy access to the best quality raw materials in the primary autochthonous sources. Raw materials from secondary autochthonous sources in the riverbeds were also available, but they were of lesser quality than those from the exposures. The aim of this paper is to present natural exposures of siliceous marls and cherts and discuss them as a potential source of raw materials for the Neolithic and Bronze Age communities inhabiting loess areas of the eastern Carpathian foreland (Rzeszów Settlement Region).","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3077
Magdalena Malak
This article presents the literature referring to the striped flint mine in Krzemionki Opatowskie published within the first few years after the discovery of the site until 1939. The exceptional significance of the mine in Krzemionki inspired many scholars and authors of both scientific as well as popular-scientific texts. Information about this prehistoric mine also appeared in articles related to disciplines of science other than archaeology, as well as in the general press and a sightseeing guide.
{"title":"Krzemionki in the Literature Published in the Years 1923–1939","authors":"Magdalena Malak","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3077","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the literature referring to the striped flint mine in Krzemionki Opatowskie published within the first few years after the discovery of the site until 1939. The exceptional significance of the mine in Krzemionki inspired many scholars and authors of both scientific as well as popular-scientific texts. Information about this prehistoric mine also appeared in articles related to disciplines of science other than archaeology, as well as in the general press and a sightseeing guide.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3179
Andrzej Przychodni, Artur Jedynak
Undoubtedly, the exploitation field in Krzemionki, situated within the properties of the present villages of Sudół, Stoki Stare and Ruda Kościelna, constitutes a unique relic – the monument of prehistory whose preservation in as good state as possible accompanied with skilful facilitating it to the public is going to be the subject of our concern throughout the upcoming century. From one hand, one could be surprised that the monument did not become a symbol equally recognizable to the Biskupin fortified town. On the other, it should be admitted with delight that the whole range of activities completed regarding the monument have not caused any significant alterations to the object as specified. They might possibly occur along with vaster popularization and commercialization of Krzemionki mines. Of course, some interference took place here indeed. However, luckily their scale have not caused loss which we could reckon as considerable, taking into account the number of intact mining shafts or post-mining landscape, visible until today at substantial stretch of the field. It seems that in the case of this archaeological monument a successful compromise was obtained. It merges a strive for retaining as little changed state as possible, getting knowledge in the course of research and finally the need for the knowledge and the object as it is to be presented. If we manage to keep the situation like that it will be possible to claim that intergenerational actions of various environments in the service of Krzemionki monument led to proper effects.
{"title":"The centenary jubilee of the discovery of prehistoric striped flint mines in Krzemionki","authors":"Andrzej Przychodni, Artur Jedynak","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3179","url":null,"abstract":"Undoubtedly, the exploitation field in Krzemionki, situated within the properties of the present villages of Sudół, Stoki Stare and Ruda Kościelna, constitutes a unique relic – the monument of prehistory whose preservation in as good state as possible accompanied with skilful facilitating it to the public is going to be the subject of our concern throughout the upcoming century. From one hand, one could be surprised that the monument did not become a symbol equally recognizable to the Biskupin fortified town. On the other, it should be admitted with delight that the whole range of activities completed regarding the monument have not caused any significant alterations to the object as specified. They might possibly occur along with vaster popularization and commercialization of Krzemionki mines. Of course, some interference took place here indeed. However, luckily their scale have not caused loss which we could reckon as considerable, taking into account the number of intact mining shafts or post-mining landscape, visible until today at substantial stretch of the field. It seems that in the case of this archaeological monument a successful compromise was obtained. It merges a strive for retaining as little changed state as possible, getting knowledge in the course of research and finally the need for the knowledge and the object as it is to be presented. If we manage to keep the situation like that it will be possible to claim that intergenerational actions of various environments in the service of Krzemionki monument led to proper effects.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.2828
Anne Hauzeur Anne Hauzeur, G. Monin, Harold Lethrosne, P. Fernandes, Vincent Delvigne
for axe head production in Bartonian (Eocene) silicite close to the mining complex of Jablines. They are attributed by the associated set of tools and the archaeological background to the later part of the Paris Basin Middle Neolithic (c. 4300–3700 BCE). The main characteristics of the knapping places are bifacial shaping to produce axe head preforms. Petrographical analyses show at first examination a close relation to the same silicite beds as those exploited at Jablines. Beside this, some of the artefacts indicate another way of raw material gathering which could match with the Bartonian silicite procurement on a larger scale. The workshop places may be distinguished as places of different function, mostly devoted to the first steps of preparation (roughing and shaping processes), but another to shaping stages, and a last one essentially concerned with the finishing of manufacturing rough-outs. Considering the very rare fragments of preforms collected on the site and the high quality of the rejected waste products, the skill level was high. From the first flaking of the block, contrary to what is usually inferred, indirect percussion was used since the first flaking of the block. These workshops add to the information from the other known similar places in this region of the Marne area, including the mining complex of Jablines itself. There were no settlements next to the mines, but in the surrounding areas, and the related distance remains to be explained.
{"title":"Workshop Places at Chessy (Seine-et-Marne Dpt., France): Contextual and Technological Aspects","authors":"Anne Hauzeur Anne Hauzeur, G. Monin, Harold Lethrosne, P. Fernandes, Vincent Delvigne","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.2828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.2828","url":null,"abstract":"for axe head production in Bartonian (Eocene) silicite close to the mining complex of Jablines. They are attributed by the associated set of tools and the archaeological background to the later part of the Paris Basin Middle Neolithic (c. 4300–3700 BCE). The main characteristics of the knapping places are bifacial shaping to produce axe head preforms. Petrographical analyses show at first examination a close relation to the same silicite beds as those exploited at Jablines. Beside this, some of the artefacts indicate another way of raw material gathering which could match with the Bartonian silicite procurement on a larger scale. The workshop places may be distinguished as places of different function, mostly devoted to the first steps of preparation (roughing and shaping processes), but another to shaping stages, and a last one essentially concerned with the finishing of manufacturing rough-outs. Considering the very rare fragments of preforms collected on the site and the high quality of the rejected waste products, the skill level was high. From the first flaking of the block, contrary to what is usually inferred, indirect percussion was used since the first flaking of the block. These workshops add to the information from the other known similar places in this region of the Marne area, including the mining complex of Jablines itself. There were no settlements next to the mines, but in the surrounding areas, and the related distance remains to be explained.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3043
Elżbieta Trela-Kieferling, Damian Stefański
In the second half of the fifth millennium BC, a new model of supply and processing of siliceous rocks appeared in western Lesser Poland (Małopolska). The existing methods of production of blades and flakes from small cores obtained at a short distance from the settlement were supplemented by those enabling the production of much longer blades from cores made from raw material obtained by mining. The significant increase in the size of lithics meant that this moment was referred to as “the metric change” (Polish: przełom metryczny). It was assumed that this was due to internal technological development within the early Neolithic communities of the Lengyel-Polgár cycle. This paper introduces a different explanation for this phenomenon. It is argued that the new model of supply appeared as an already developed model that was implemented by experienced outsiders. A thesis that the indicated technological caesura is not categorical and new patterns in a relatively small area could co-exist with previous ones.
{"title":"Workshop Places at Chessy (Seine-et-Marne Dpt., France): Contextual and Technological Aspects","authors":"Elżbieta Trela-Kieferling, Damian Stefański","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3043","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the fifth millennium BC, a new model of supply and processing of siliceous rocks appeared in western Lesser Poland (Małopolska). The existing methods of production of blades and flakes from small cores obtained at a short distance from the settlement were supplemented by those enabling the production of much longer blades from cores made from raw material obtained by mining. The significant increase in the size of lithics meant that this moment was referred to as “the metric change” (Polish: przełom metryczny). It was assumed that this was due to internal technological development within the early Neolithic communities of the Lengyel-Polgár cycle. This paper introduces a different explanation for this phenomenon. It is argued that the new model of supply appeared as an already developed model that was implemented by experienced outsiders. A thesis that the indicated technological caesura is not categorical and new patterns in a relatively small area could co-exist with previous ones.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3144
Antonio Tarriño Antonio Tarriño, I. Elorrieta, Diego Alonso-Herrero, Christina Lopez-Tascon, Hugo Hernández-Hernández, N. Castañeda, David Larreina, Mikel Aguirre, José Antonio Mujika
This paper presents the current state of research on the Early Neolithic flint quarry of Pozarrate (Treviño, Burgos) in the north of Spain. This site is part of the Prehistoric Flint Mining Complex of Treviño. The geological features of the territory made it a suitable place for the exploitation of the Treviño flint since Paleolithic times, especially during the Neolithic. Recent research at the site has revealed interesting findings, such as antler and dolerite mining equipment and different flint tools, among other recoveries. Radiocarbon dates indicate an Early Neolithic activity which makes Pozarrate one of the few flint procurement sites in the Iberian Peninsula from this period. Moreover, a considerable number of elements link Pozarrate to the Early European Neolithic flint mining phenomenon.
{"title":"The Flint Quarry of Pozarrate (Treviño, Spain) in the Context of Iberian and Early European Neolithic Mining","authors":"Antonio Tarriño Antonio Tarriño, I. Elorrieta, Diego Alonso-Herrero, Christina Lopez-Tascon, Hugo Hernández-Hernández, N. Castañeda, David Larreina, Mikel Aguirre, José Antonio Mujika","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3144","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the current state of research on the Early Neolithic flint quarry of Pozarrate (Treviño, Burgos) in the north of Spain. This site is part of the Prehistoric Flint Mining Complex of Treviño. The geological features of the territory made it a suitable place for the exploitation of the Treviño flint since Paleolithic times, especially during the Neolithic. Recent research at the site has revealed interesting findings, such as antler and dolerite mining equipment and different flint tools, among other recoveries. Radiocarbon dates indicate an Early Neolithic activity which makes Pozarrate one of the few flint procurement sites in the Iberian Peninsula from this period. Moreover, a considerable number of elements link Pozarrate to the Early European Neolithic flint mining phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3148
Artur Jedynak, P. Wroniecki
Non-invasive research has been undertaken in the southern arm of the archaeological area of the Krzemionki exploitation field, which is one of the least excavated of its regions. Geophysical prospection covered an area of 3.5 ha, and in addition, an area of more than 5 ha was examined by surface collection. The image of the underground structures was obtained thanks to a comprehensive comparison of the results of magnetic, earth resistance and GPR measurements, as well as the distribution of archaeological finds on the ground surface. The study was supplemented with data obtained from the analysis of archival aerial photos and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) derivatives. On the basis of these complementary data, it was possible to create a general image of the distribution of archaeological sources in the study area. When trying to determine the potential range of the exploitation field, the most legible results were obtained from earth resistance survey and magnetic gradiometry methods. In the most fully explored fragment of the area, anomalies suggesting the presence of prehistoric mining facilities are located in a strip 40–60 m wide, running in the NW-SE direction. Surface studies showed the presence of anthropogenic limestone debris in a zone of similar width (50–75 m) and the direction of its course, while the spread of flint and erratic stone finds turned out to be even greater (a belt 70–90 m wide). Geophysical surveys indicate the possibility of the existence of flint workshops and settlement facilities around the mining field. This can be confirmed in future by further systematic studies of its surroundings.
{"title":"Non-invasive Investigation of Segment C of the Krzemionki Exploitation Field. Initial Research Results","authors":"Artur Jedynak, P. Wroniecki","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3148","url":null,"abstract":"Non-invasive research has been undertaken in the southern arm of the archaeological area of the Krzemionki exploitation field, which is one of the least excavated of its regions. Geophysical prospection covered an area of 3.5 ha, and in addition, an area of more than 5 ha was examined by surface collection. The image of the underground structures was obtained thanks to a comprehensive comparison of the results of magnetic, earth resistance and GPR measurements, as well as the distribution of archaeological finds on the ground surface. The study was supplemented with data obtained from the analysis of archival aerial photos and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) derivatives. On the basis of these complementary data, it was possible to create a general image of the distribution of archaeological sources in the study area. When trying to determine the potential range of the exploitation field, the most legible results were obtained from earth resistance survey and magnetic gradiometry methods. In the most fully explored fragment of the area, anomalies suggesting the presence of prehistoric mining facilities are located in a strip 40–60 m wide, running in the NW-SE direction. Surface studies showed the presence of anthropogenic limestone debris in a zone of similar width (50–75 m) and the direction of its course, while the spread of flint and erratic stone finds turned out to be even greater (a belt 70–90 m wide). Geophysical surveys indicate the possibility of the existence of flint workshops and settlement facilities around the mining field. This can be confirmed in future by further systematic studies of its surroundings.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3099
Magdalena Sudoł-procyk, Magdalena Malak, Hubert Binnebesel, Maciej T. Krajcarz
Many varieties of siliceous raw materials can be found in the territory of Poland. Known exclusively from in situ outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains area until recently, striped flint is distinctive in terms of its technical and visual features. The authors present the state of knowledge about the variety of striped flint from the Ryczów Upland, the outcrops of which were found only about a decade ago. New data obtained from the central part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland has cast interesting light on the issues of the origin of striped flint and the ways it was used by the prehistoric communities inhabiting the region. Identifying the sites of siliceous rocks outcrops, extraction and distribution are extremely important at not only the local but also trans-regional level.
{"title":"Striped Flint in Archaeological Materials Around the Outcrops of the Kraków-Częstochowa Striped Flint Variety","authors":"Magdalena Sudoł-procyk, Magdalena Malak, Hubert Binnebesel, Maciej T. Krajcarz","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3099","url":null,"abstract":"Many varieties of siliceous raw materials can be found in the territory of Poland. Known exclusively from in situ outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains area until recently, striped flint is distinctive in terms of its technical and visual features. The authors present the state of knowledge about the variety of striped flint from the Ryczów Upland, the outcrops of which were found only about a decade ago. New data obtained from the central part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland has cast interesting light on the issues of the origin of striped flint and the ways it was used by the prehistoric communities inhabiting the region. Identifying the sites of siliceous rocks outcrops, extraction and distribution are extremely important at not only the local but also trans-regional level.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68896020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3071
J. Baczkowski
This paper will summarise evidence for Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age flint extraction at the Southern English mines, beginning with a brief synopsis of their chronology and followed by a summary of mine lithics. It is argued that understanding later mining is equally important as examining its beginning, because the Neolithic is framed by the pursuit of flint from deep mines with significant episodes of extraction at its beginning and end. A focus is maintained on the flint mines located in the county of Sussex because these are the best researched of the English mines. This research represents a limited study of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age activity at the Early Neolithic mines, because it is far from exhaustive. Nonetheless, this paper will attempt to define the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age flint working activity at the mines and will question if this activity is associated with new episodes of shaft-mining or informal methods of extraction, such as quarrying or surface collection of earlier mine waste.
{"title":"Re-working the Past: Evidence for Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Flint Extraction at the Early Neolithic Mines of Sussex","authors":"J. Baczkowski","doi":"10.23858/apa60.2022.3071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.3071","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will summarise evidence for Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age flint extraction at the Southern English mines, beginning with a brief synopsis of their chronology and followed by a summary of mine lithics. It is argued that understanding later mining is equally important as examining its beginning, because the Neolithic is framed by the pursuit of flint from deep mines with significant episodes of extraction at its beginning and end. A focus is maintained on the flint mines located in the county of Sussex because these are the best researched of the English mines. This research represents a limited study of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age activity at the Early Neolithic mines, because it is far from exhaustive. Nonetheless, this paper will attempt to define the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age flint working activity at the mines and will question if this activity is associated with new episodes of shaft-mining or informal methods of extraction, such as quarrying or surface collection of earlier mine waste.","PeriodicalId":52408,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologia Polona","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68895941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.23858/apa60.2022.3084
Norbert Faragó, R. Péter, Orsolya Viktorik, László Máté, Zsolt Mester
From the period of the Neanderthals to those of the Late Neolithic populations, the Bükk Mountains region played an important part in the lives of various prehistoric societies, and the varied geological history of this territory provided distinct circumstances for the production of stone implements. The major goal of our research is to outline the current state of information concerning the prehistoric use of the diverse silicified source materials of the Bükk mountains. The results of these studies are presented concerning four selected local rock types, cited in the archaeological literature as the silicified sandstone of Egerbakta, the radiolarite and hornstone (black chert), the silicified marlstone and the quartz-porphyry (metarhyolite). Except for the latter, little attention has previously been paid to studying them in detail. Our new petrographic analyses revealed two variants of the raw material from Egerbakta: a silicified sandstone and a diatomaceous detrital chert. The other samples turned out to be radiolarites. This result confirmed what was already suggested for the hornstones (black cherts), however, it has new consequences for the “silicified marlstone”. Regarding the prehistoric use of the selected raw materials, archaeological data show interesting dynamics through time. The Mousterian groups of the region used a large spectrum of rocks for lithic tools with a preference for hornstone (black cherts) and radiolarite in the southern part, and the quartz-porphyry (metarhyolite) in the northeastern part. The Bábonyian/Micoquian assemblages are characterized by a bifacial toolkit and an apparent preference for quartz-porphyry (metarhyolite). At the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic, a new attitude appears in the region: the Aurignacian groups almost completely ignored local sources. During the Neolithization of the Carpathian Basin, the lithic assemblages of the Alföld Linear Pottery culture became more and more habituated to the locally available rock types, albeit their raw material economy was based on limnosilicites and obsidian. Another change took place during the Late Neolithic when supra-regional sources became dominant over local or regional sources.
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