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Letter to a Young Scientist 给一位年轻科学家的信
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-12-27 DOI: 10.18061/ojs.v119i2.7325
Emily E. Wieringa
No abstract available.
没有摘要。
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引用次数: 0
A 137-Year History of the Summer Avian Community at the Winous Point Marsh, Port Clinton, Ohio, USA 美国俄亥俄州克林顿港Winous Point沼泽夏季鸟类群落的137年历史
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-10-31 DOI: 10.18061/ojs.v119i2.6649
Brendan T. Shirkey, J. W. Simpson, M. Picciuto
The Winous Point Marsh Conservancy and the Winous Point Shooting Club, with landholdings in both Sandusky and Ottawa Counties, Ohio, has completed a survey of the summer resident bird population on the property 4 times spanning 137 years. Although achieving a true census is unrealistic, these surveys have provided a unique, long-term history of changes in the avian community in northwest Ohio since the 1880s. Surveys were completed in 1880, 1930, 1960, and 2017. Draining and deforestation of the wetlands in northwest Ohio, by the late 1870s, resulted in the loss of many forested-wetland dependent species such as Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria), and Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis) after the 1880 survey. Intensification of agricultural practices after the 1930 survey likely resulted in the loss of the early successional habitat that was associated with smaller, less intensive, agricultural practices and consequently the loss of many grassland nesting species such as Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), and Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata). Several new species were documented during the 2017 survey including Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Sandhill Crane (Antigone canadensis), Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), and American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). This long-term dataset provides a unique opportunity to investigate the avian immigration, extirpation, and recolonization of a specific site over the past 137 years, providing insight into how landscape-level habitat changes affected the avian community.
在俄亥俄州桑达斯基和渥太华县拥有土地的威诺斯波因特沼泽保护协会和威诺斯波因特射击俱乐部,在137年的时间里完成了对该地区夏季留鸟数量的4次调查。虽然实现真正的人口普查是不现实的,但这些调查提供了自19世纪80年代以来俄亥俄州西北部鸟类群落变化的独特而长期的历史。调查分别于1880年、1930年、1960年和2017年完成。到19世纪70年代末,俄亥俄州西北部湿地的排水和森林砍伐导致了许多依赖森林湿地的物种的消失,如蓝灰捕蚊(Polioptila caerulea)、孤矶鹬(Tringa solitaria)和北方水鸫(Parkesia noveboracensis)。1930年调查后农业实践的强化可能导致了早期演代栖息地的丧失,这些栖息地与规模较小、集约化程度较低的农业实践有关,从而导致了许多草地筑巢物种的丧失,如食米鸟(Dolichonyx oryzivorus)、东草地鹨(Sturnella magna)、北山齿鹑(Colinus virginianus)、蓝翅Teal (Anas discors)、北凤尾鸭(Anas acuta)和北雪鸭(Anas clypeata)。在2017年的调查中记录了几个新物种,包括鱼鹰(Pandion haliaetus),沙丘鹤(Antigone canadensis),小号天鹅(Cygnus buccinator)和美国白鹈鹕(Pelecanus erythrorhynchos)。这个长期数据集提供了一个独特的机会来调查过去137年来特定地点的鸟类迁徙、灭绝和再定居,从而深入了解景观级栖息地变化如何影响鸟类群落。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape Factors that Influence European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Nest Box Occupancy at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, USA 美国俄亥俄州伊利县NASA梅溪站(PBS)影响欧洲星(Sturnus vulgaris)巢箱占用的景观因素
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.18061/ojs.v119i2.6694
M. Pfeiffer, T. Seamans, Bruce N. Buckingham, B. F. Blackwell
During the last decade at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, United States, there has been a nearly 50% decrease in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) occupancy (nests with ≥1 egg) of nest boxes designed to be used by starlings. Increased availability of natural cavities, from invertebrate pests, might have altered nest box occupation rates. It was hypothesized that starling nest box occupation rates would be a function of an index of potentially suitable tree cavities for nesting starlings, the semi-colonial nature of breeding starlings, and access to foraging areas (e.g., mowed lawns near buildings). Specifically, it was predicted that starling occupancy of nest boxes would correlate positively with a low density of potentially suitable tree cavities (calculated from a constructed index based on characteristics preferred by nesting starlings), and proximity of other starling occupied nest boxes and anthropogenic structures or mowed lawns. The objective was to quantify landscape factors around nest boxes with known starling occupation rates. Potentially suitable tree cavities were readily available near nest boxes. However, starling nest box occupation was instead a function of proximity to buildings, a factor associated with additional nesting sites and preferred foraging areas (mowed lawns). Nesting starlings in this study were influenced by anthropogenic structures and associated resources.
在过去的十年里,在美国俄亥俄州伊利县的美国国家航空航天局梅溪站(PBS),设计用于八哥的巢箱中,欧洲八哥(Sturnus vulgaris)的占有率(≥1个蛋的巢)下降了近50%。无脊椎动物害虫自然洞穴的增加可能改变了巢箱的占用率。据推测,八哥巢箱占用率将是一个指数的函数,该指数包括可能适合筑巢八哥的树穴、繁殖八哥的半殖民地性质以及进入觅食区(例如,建筑物附近修剪过的草坪)的机会。具体而言,据预测,八哥对巢箱的占用将与潜在合适树穴的低密度(根据筑巢八哥喜欢的特征构建的指数计算)以及其他八哥占用的巢箱和人为结构或修剪草坪的接近度呈正相关。目的是量化已知八哥占用率的巢箱周围的景观因素。巢箱附近很容易找到可能合适的树洞。然而,八哥巢箱的占用是由于靠近建筑物,这是一个与额外的筑巢地点和首选觅食区(修剪过的草坪)有关的因素。在这项研究中,筑巢的八哥受到人为结构和相关资源的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Influence of Process Methods on the Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin Analogs Synthesized from Culilawan Oil in Mice (Mus musculus L.) with CCl4 Induced Liver Damage 炮制方法对芫荽油合成姜黄素类似物对CCl4肝损伤小鼠肝保护作用的影响
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-09-05 DOI: 10.18061/ojs.v119i2.6652
I. B. D. Kapelle, W. Manalu, Meillisa Carlen Mainassy
One of the downstream products which can be synthesized from culilawan oil is an analog curcumin compound (AKS) with a dioxolane ring. AKS products can be synthesized using conventional and microwave methods. The method of synthesis can influence physical properties, compound geometry, and pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the processing method on the hepatoprotective ability of AKS, and to determine a protective dose. AKS was synthesized using insulated safrole compounds from Lawang oil and involved isomerization, oxidation, and aldol condensation of curcumin analogues. At the final stage of the analog curcumin synthesis process, 2 different methods were employed: the conventional method heated the chemical in a water bath at 30 °C for 3 hours, the microwave method heated the chemical using 140 watts of power for 2 minutes. Analogs were tested in vivo in mice (Mus musculus L.) with CCl4 induced liver damage. Hepatoprotective efficacy of AKS products processed by the conventional method and the microwave method were compared using histology and liver enzyme (AST and ALT) assessment. Animals treated with conventionally produced AKS products had lower AST and lower ALT levels—and fewer histological signs of liver damage at a lower dose of AKS—than seen in either untreated animals or those treated with microwave produced AKS. Thus, products that are processed by conventional methods are more hepatoprotective.
葫芦巴油的下游产物之一是具有二氧环的姜黄素类化合物(AKS)。AKS产品可以用常规方法和微波方法合成。合成方法可以影响物理性质、化合物几何形状和药理作用。本研究的目的是确定加工方法对AKS肝保护能力的影响,并确定其保护剂量。AKS是用从Lawang油中分离的黄樟酚化合物合成的,并涉及姜黄素类似物的异构化、氧化和醛醇缩合。在模拟姜黄素合成过程的最后阶段,采用了两种不同的方法:常规方法在30°C的水浴中加热化学物质3小时,微波方法使用140瓦的功率加热化学物质2分钟。对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝损伤进行了体内类似物实验。采用组织学和肝酶(AST和ALT)评价方法,比较常规法和微波法处理的AKS产品的保肝效果。用常规生产的AKS产品治疗的动物比未治疗的动物或用微波生产的AKS治疗的动物有更低的谷丙转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平,并且在较低剂量的AKS下肝脏损伤的组织学迹象更少。因此,用传统方法加工的产品对肝脏更有保护作用。
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引用次数: 2
Attitudinal and Mathematical Assessments as Measures of Student Success in a College General Chemistry II Course 态度和数学评估作为衡量学生在大学普通化学II课程中成功的指标
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-08-20 DOI: 10.18061/OJS.V119I2.6626
Larry Kolopajlo
This study reports results from administering unannounced attitudinal and mathematical assessments to 118 students, at the beginning of the term, in second-semester general chemistry classes (designed for science majors) at Eastern Michigan University. Testing was conducted during the 2010-2011 school year. The question to be answered was: which is more important in determining student course grades, attitudes toward chemistry and mathematics, or mathematical skill? The hypothesis was that attitudes and mathematical skill equally affect final course grade. A modified Wiebe instrument was selected to evaluate student attitudes toward chemistry and mathematics. To evaluate student mathematical skills, this study employed a mathematics assessment developed and performed at the University of Minnesota, and hence will be called the Minnesota Mathematics Assessment or MMA—a 20-question, multiple choice quiz designed for second-semester general chemistry students. Results were inter-correlated to determine what factors influenced student success. This study found a strong correlation between mathematics attitudes and chemistry attitudes, with a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) of 0.50. Between course grade vs. either chemical attitudes or mathematics attitudes, the r values were 0.25 and 0.23 respectively, showing weak correlations. The correlation of course grade versus total MMA score gave an r value of 0.35, a moderate correlation. Comparison of the current study's MMA results with those of a previous Minnesota study demonstrates that the MMA is reproducible. The correlation coefficient found for course grade vs. total MMA score was comparable to that found in the Minnesota study. Analysis of the 20-question MMA data resulted in a 10-question subgroup whose r = 0.41. Although some gender attitude differences were found, these did not correlate with course grade.
本研究报告了东密歇根大学第二学期普通化学课(专为理科生设计)的118名学生在学期开始时进行的态度和数学评估的结果。测试在2010-2011学年进行。要回答的问题是:在决定学生的课程成绩方面,对化学和数学的态度,还是数学技能,哪个更重要?他们的假设是,态度和数学技能对期末成绩的影响是一样的。采用改良的Wiebe仪器来评估学生对化学和数学的态度。为了评估学生的数学能力,这项研究采用了明尼苏达大学开发和实施的数学评估,因此被称为明尼苏达数学评估或mma——一个为第二学期普通化学学生设计的20道选择题测验。结果是相互关联的,以确定影响学生成功的因素。本研究发现数学态度和化学态度之间有很强的相关性,Pearson积矩相关系数(r)为0.50。课程成绩与化学态度或数学态度的r值分别为0.25和0.23,呈弱相关。课程成绩与MMA总分的相关r值为0.35,为中度相关。当前研究的MMA结果与先前明尼苏达州的研究结果的比较表明,MMA是可重复的。课程成绩与MMA总分的相关系数与明尼苏达研究的相关系数相当。对20个问题的MMA数据进行分析,得到10个问题的亚组,其r = 0.41。虽然发现了一些性别态度差异,但这些差异与课程成绩无关。
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引用次数: 1
Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Parts: Effects of Process Parameters 3D打印零件的尺寸稳定性:工艺参数的影响
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-07-12 DOI: 10.18061/OJS.V119I2.6593
E. Azhikannickal, Aaron Uhrin
The three-dimensional (3D) printing manufacturing process begins with the creation of a 3D model—using computer aided design (CAD) software—of the part to be printed. Using a type of 3D printing known as fused deposition modeling (FDM®), the 3D printer extrudes molten plastic to scan lines to create individual layers (i.e., the infill): one on top of the other. (Note that "scan" in this context refers to the movement of the extruder head, along an x,y coordinate path, while depositing molten plastic.) This process is repeated until the overall geometry, specified by the 3D model, is built. This process is attractive for producing proof of concept or prototype parts in various fields including automotive, aerospace, and medical. However, FDM subjects the material to rapid heating and cooling; therefore, some degree of undesirable warpage of the part occurs post fabrication. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 process parameters (i.e., infill shape, infill density, number of perimeters created per layer, and layer height) on the total dimensional error of a representative 3D-printed part. This part (the "simple part"), used in Trials 1 through 3 of this study, was a square acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate having a nominal measurement of 50 mm × 50 mm × 5 mm thick. A residual error (the difference between the measured post-printing dimension and the theoretical CAD file dimension) was calculated along each given direction and for each test print. Finally, a root mean square (RMS) error (i.e., the square root of the average of the squared residual errors along the length, width, and thickness directions) was calculated for each printed part. Three repeat test prints were carried out for each parameter. The number of perimeters played a key role in the dimensional stability of the part. As the number of perimeters increased up to 5, the RMS error decreased. Beyond 5 perimeters, however, the RMS error increased due to excessive warpage/curvature at the corners of the part. Ultimately, when examined individually, a grid infill shape at 100% density, a 0.4 mm layer height, and 5 perimeters each produced the lowest warpage. In combination, these same 4 parameters also produced the lowest RMS error (based on dimensional analysis of 3 test prints) when used to print a more complicated part (the "stacked part") in Trial 4.
三维(3D)打印制造过程始于使用计算机辅助设计(CAD)软件创建待打印零件的3D模型。3D打印机使用一种称为熔融沉积建模(FDM®)的3D打印,将熔融塑料挤出扫描线,以创建单独的层(即填充物):一层在另一层之上。(请注意,本文中的“扫描”指的是在沉积熔融塑料时,挤压机头沿x,y坐标路径的移动。)重复此过程,直到构建3D模型指定的整体几何结构。该工艺对于生产汽车、航空航天和医疗等各个领域的概念验证或原型零件具有吸引力。然而,FDM使材料经受快速加热和冷却;因此,零件在制造后会出现一定程度的不希望有的翘曲。本研究的主要目的是确定4个工艺参数(即填充形状、填充密度、每层创建的周长和层高度)对代表性3D打印零件的总尺寸误差的影响。该部分(“简单部分”)用于本研究的试验1至3,是一块标称尺寸为50 mm×50 mm×5 mm厚的方形丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)板。对于每个给定方向和每个测试打印,计算残差(测量的打印后尺寸和理论CAD文件尺寸之间的差)。最后,计算每个印刷部件的均方根(RMS)误差(即,沿长度、宽度和厚度方向的残差平方的平均值的平方根)。对每个参数进行了三次重复测试打印。周长的数量对零件的尺寸稳定性起着关键作用。当周长增加到5时,RMS误差减小。然而,超过5周,RMS误差由于零件拐角处的过度翘曲/弯曲而增加。最终,当单独检查时,100%密度、0.4mm层高和5个周长的网格填充形状产生的翘曲最小。在试验4中,当用于打印更复杂的零件(“堆叠零件”)时,这4个参数的组合也产生了最低的RMS误差(基于3个测试打印的尺寸分析)。
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引用次数: 9
Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Effects on In Vitro Maturation, Fertilization, and Early Embryonic Development in Pigs 辅酶Q10对猪体外成熟、受精和早期胚胎发育的影响
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18061/OJS.V119I2.6366
Caitlin Streacker, B. Whitaker
The objective of this study was to determine the reduction of polyspermic penetration, and increase of mitochondrial activity, in early pig embryonic development by supplementing different concentrations of coenzyme Q10 during oocyte maturation. Oocytes (n = 1,100) were supplemented during the last 24 h of maturation with 0 (control), 10, 50, or 100 μM of coenzyme Q10. After in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryos were evaluated for fertilization kinetics (penetration, polyspermic penetration, male pronuclear formation), and subsequent embryonic development and mitochondrial activity. Supplementation of 100 μM coenzyme Q10 was detrimental to the oocytes, as they had significantly lower (p < 0.05) fertilization kinetic and early embryonic development rates to the other treatment groups. There were no differences in fertilization kinetic and early embryonic development rates between the 0, 10 and 50 μM coenzyme Q10 treatment groups. Oocytes, matured in medium supplemented with 50 μM coenzyme Q10, ultimately developed into embryos with a significantly greater (p < 0.05) presence of intact mitochondrial membranes (observed at both 48 and 144 h post-IVF) compared to oocytes not supplemented with coenzyme Q10. In summary, supplementation of 100 μM coenzyme Q10 during oocyte maturation is detrimental, yet supplementation of 50 μM coenzyme Q10 leads to a higher occurrence of intact mitochondrial membranes in the in vitro produced pig embryos.
本研究的目的是通过在卵母细胞成熟过程中补充不同浓度的辅酶Q10来确定猪胚胎早期发育中多精子渗透的减少和线粒体活性的增加。卵母细胞(n=1100)在成熟的最后24小时补充0(对照)、10、50或100μM辅酶Q10。体外受精(IVF)后,评估胚胎的受精动力学(穿透、多精子穿透、雄性原核形成),以及随后的胚胎发育和线粒体活性。补充100μM辅酶Q10对卵母细胞有害,因为与其他治疗组相比,卵母细胞的受精动力学和早期胚胎发育率显著降低(p<0.05)。0、10和50μM辅酶Q10治疗组的受精动力学和早期胚胎发育率没有差异。卵母细胞在补充有50μM辅酶Q10的培养基中成熟,最终发育成胚胎,与未补充辅酶Q10相比,完整线粒体膜的存在显著增加(p<0.05)(在试管婴儿后48和144小时观察到)。总之,在卵母细胞成熟过程中补充100μM辅酶Q10是有害的,但补充50μM辅酶Q10会导致体外生产的猪胚胎中完整线粒体膜的发生率更高。
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引用次数: 1
Abstracts from the 2019 OAS Annual Meeting 2019年美洲国家组织年会摘要
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2019-04-05 DOI: 10.18061/ojs.v119i1.6832
The Ohio Academy of Science
Abstracts from the 2019 Ohio Academy of Science Annual Meeting
2019年俄亥俄州科学院年会摘要
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引用次数: 0
Book Review - The Science of Science Communication III: Inspiring Novel Collaborations and Building Capacity: Proceedings of a Colloquium, 2018. National Academy of Sciences 书评-科学传播科学III:启发新颖的合作和能力建设:学术讨论会论文集,2018。美国国家科学院
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.18061/OJS.V118I2.6673
V. Motz
No abstract available.
没有可用的摘要。
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引用次数: 3
Book Review - Discovery and Renewal on Huffman Prairie: Where Aviation Took Wing, 2018. David Nolin 书评-霍夫曼草原上的发现与更新:航空腾飞的地方,2018。大卫Nolin
Q4 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.18061/OJS.V118I2.6671
Robert C. Glotzhober
No abstract available.
没有可用的摘要。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Ohio Journal of Sciences
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