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High Blood Parasite Infection Rate and Low Fitness Suggest That Forest Water Bodies Comprise Ecological Traps for Pied Flycatchers 高血寄生虫感染率和低适应度表明森林水体是斑蝇的生态陷阱
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-09 DOI: 10.3390/birds3020014
Ronalds Krams, Tatjana Krama, D. Elferts, Janīna Daukšte, Patrīcija Raibarte, G. Brūmelis, Iluta Dauškane, Linda Strode, I. Krams
Blood parasites are considered to have strong negative effects on host fitness. Negative fitness consequences may be associated with proximity to areas where blood parasite vectors reproduce. This study tested for relationships between haemosporidian infection prevalence, parasitemia, and fitness parameters of breeding Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) at different distances from forest water bodies. Prevalence and parasitemias (the intensity of infection) of haemosporidians and vector abundance generally decreased with increasing distance from forest lakes, streams, and bogs. Fledgling numbers were lower, and their condition was worse in the vicinity of water bodies, compared with those located one kilometer away from lakes and streams. At the beginning of the breeding season, adult body mass was not related to distance to the nearest water body, whereas at the end of the breeding season body mass was significantly lower closer to water bodies. Forest areas around water bodies may represent ecological traps for Pied Flycatchers. Installing nest boxes in the vicinity of forest water bodies creates unintended ecological traps that may have conservation implications.
血液寄生虫被认为对宿主健康有很强的负面影响。负面适应性后果可能与靠近血寄生虫载体繁殖的区域有关。本研究测试了在不同距离的森林水体中繁殖的斑蚊(Ficedula hypoleuca)的血孢子虫感染率、寄生虫率和适合度参数之间的关系。随着距离森林湖泊、溪流和沼泽的距离增加,血孢子虫的流行率和寄生虫(感染强度)以及病媒丰度普遍下降。与距离湖泊和溪流一公里的雏鸟相比,靠近水体的雏鸟数量更少,状况更差。在繁殖季节开始时,成虫体重与离最近水体的距离无关,而在繁殖季节结束时,离水体较近的成虫体重显著降低。水体周围的森林区域可能是斑蝇的生态陷阱。在森林水体附近安装巢箱会产生意想不到的生态陷阱,可能会对环境保护产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Relative Water Economy Is a Useful Index of Aridity Tolerance for Australian Poephiline Finches 相对水经济是澳大利亚雀类耐旱性的一个有用指标
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/birds3020012
P. Withers, C. Cooper, A. Larcombe
We evaluate if the iconic Australian Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) has a unique physiology or if its metabolic, thermal and hygric physiology are similar to other Australian poephiline finches, by comparing it with three other species, the arid-habitat Painted Finch (Emblema pictum) and the mesic-habitat Double-barred (Taeniopygia bichenovii) and Red-browed (Neochmia temporalis) Finches. All physiological variables responded to ambient temperature as expected. There were no species differences for any of the standard physiological variables, consistent with the hypotheses that birds are pre-adapted to arid habitats, the recent development of Australian deserts has limited opportunity for physiological adaptation, and all four species share similar behavioural and ecological traits. Nevertheless, the ambient temperature where metabolic water production equals evaporative water loss (point of relative water economy) was highest for the Zebra (19.1 °C), lower for Double-barred (16.4 °C) and Painted (15.2 °C) and lowest for Red-Browed (4.1 °C) Finches, corresponding with their general patterns of habitat aridity. The point of relative water economy may be a sensitive index for assessing a species’ tolerance of aridity because it integrates individual physiological variables. We conclude that the Zebra Finch is not a physiological outlier amongst Australian finches, but is at the end of a continuum of aridity tolerance for the four study species.
我们通过将澳大利亚斑胸草雀(Taeniopygia guttata)与其他三种鸟类(干旱生境的彩绘雀(Emblema pictum)、中生境的双斑胸草雀(Taeniopygia bichenovii)和红眉雀(Neochmia temporalis)进行比较,来评估标志性的澳大利亚斑胸草雀(Taeniopygia guttata)是否具有独特的生理机能,或者它的代谢、热和水分生理机能是否与其他澳大利亚纹胸草雀相似。所有的生理变量都对环境温度做出了预期的反应。任何标准生理变量都没有物种差异,这与鸟类预先适应干旱栖息地的假设是一致的,澳大利亚沙漠的最新发展限制了生理适应的机会,所有四种物种都具有相似的行为和生态特征。然而,代谢水量等于蒸发水分损失(相对水经济点)的环境温度最高的是斑马雀(19.1°C),较低的是双斑雀(16.4°C)和彩雀(15.2°C),最低的是红眉雀(4.1°C),这与它们栖息地干旱的一般模式相对应。相对水经济点综合了个体生理变量,是评价物种干旱耐受性的敏感指标。我们得出结论,斑胸草雀不是澳大利亚雀类中生理上的异类,但在四个研究物种中,斑胸草雀处于干旱耐受性连续体的末端。
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引用次数: 0
New Evidence on the Linkage of Population Trends and Species Traits to Long-Term Niche Changes 种群趋势和物种性状与长期生态位变化联系的新证据
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-16 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010011
P. Tirozzi, V. Orioli, O. Dondina, L. Bani
Despite the assessment of long-term niche dynamics could provide crucial information for investigating species responses to environmental changes, it is a poorly investigated topic in ecology. Here, we present a case study of multi-species niche analysis for 71 common breeding birds in Northern Italy, exploring long-term niche changes from 1992 to 2017 and their relationship with both population trends and species traits. We (i) quantified the realized Grinnellian niche in the environmental space, (ii) compared variations in niche breadth and centroid, (iii) tested niche divergence and conservatism through equivalency and similarity tests, (iv) calculated niche temporal overlap, expansion and unfilling indices, and (v) investigated their association with both population changes and species traits. Results supported niche divergence (equivalency test) for 32% of species, although two-thirds were not supported by the similarity test. We detected a general tendency to adjust the niche centroids towards warmer thermal conditions. Increasing populations were positively correlated with niche expansion, while negatively correlated with niche overlap, albeit at the limit of the significance threshold. We found moderate evidence for a non-random association between niche changes and species traits, especially for body size, clutch size, number of broods per year, inhabited landscape type, and migration strategy. We encourage studies correlating long-term population trends and niche changes with species traits’ information and a specific focus on cause-effect relationship at both the single and multiple-species level.
尽管生态位的长期动态评估可以为研究物种对环境变化的响应提供重要信息,但在生态学中这是一个研究较少的话题。本文以意大利北部71种常见种鸟为研究对象,分析了1992 - 2017年的生态位变化及其与种群趋势和物种性状的关系。我们(i)量化了环境空间中已实现的格林内尔生态位,(ii)比较了生态位宽度和质心的变化,(iii)通过等效性和相似性检验了生态位的差异和保守性,(iv)计算了生态位时间重叠、扩展和未填充指数,(v)研究了它们与种群变化和物种性状的关系。结果显示,32%的物种存在生态位差异(等效性测试),但三分之二的物种没有得到相似性测试的支持。我们发现了一种将生态位质心向更温暖的热条件调整的总体趋势。种群增加与生态位扩展呈正相关,与生态位重叠呈负相关,但在显著性阈值范围内。我们发现适度的证据表明,生态位变化与物种特征之间存在非随机关联,特别是在体型、窝卵数、每年产卵数、居住景观类型和迁徙策略之间。我们鼓励将种群长期趋势和生态位变化与物种特征信息相关联的研究,并特别关注单物种和多物种水平上的因果关系。
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引用次数: 2
Climatic Effects on Grey-Faced Petrel (Pterodroma gouldi) Chick Growth and Survival 气候对灰面海燕(Pterodroma gouldi)雏鸟生长和存活的影响
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010010
J. Russell, Jemma R. Welch, K. Bourgeois, S. Dromzée, R. Dunn, M. R. Friesen, M. Rayner
Grey-faced Petrels (Pterodroma gouldi) are a colonial burrowing seabird predominantly nesting on offshore islands of the upper North Island of New Zealand. We studied their annual breeding biology and the impact of Southern Oscillation Index climatic effects by measuring colony productivity and chick growth rates from 2011 to 2015 on Te Hāwere-a-Maki as unfavorable warmer La Niña conditions changed to favorable cooler El Niño conditions. Across all five years, annual chick hatching consistently occurred within a one-week period at the end of August but fledging variably occurred over a three-week period following Christmas. Because ship rats are pest controlled on Te Hāwere-a-Maki, we found only a slight reduction in breeding success with nearby predator-free islands. However, chick growth and fledging rates were significantly higher under El Niño conditions occurring towards the end of our study, rather than La Niña conditions at the start of our study. Our regular handling of chicks for monitoring had no discernible impact compared to a set of control chicks. The combined impacts of annual variation in predation and climate mean the Grey-faced Petrel colony on Te Hāwere-a-Maki maintains a constant population size of around 100 burrows.
灰面海燕(Pterodroma gouldi)是一种殖民地穴居海鸟,主要在新西兰北岛上的近海岛屿筑巢。在2011 - 2015年,当La Niña变暖为El Niño变冷时,我们通过测量Te Hāwere-a-Maki上的群体生产力和雏鸡生长率,研究了它们的年繁殖生物学和南方涛动指数气候效应的影响。在这五年中,每年的雏鸟都在8月底的一周内孵化,但在圣诞节后的三周内,雏鸟的孵化时间各不相同。由于在Hāwere-a-Maki岛上对船鼠进行了害虫控制,我们发现在附近没有捕食者的岛屿上,船鼠的繁殖成功率只有轻微的下降。然而,在我们研究结束时的El Niño条件下,小鸡的生长和羽化率明显高于研究开始时的La Niña条件。与一组对照雏鸡相比,我们定期处理用于监测的雏鸡没有明显的影响。每年捕食和气候变化的综合影响意味着Hāwere-a-Maki上的灰面海燕种群保持在100个洞穴左右的恒定种群规模。
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引用次数: 1
Exploring the Effect of the COVID-19 Zoo Closure Period on Flamingo Behaviour and Enclosure Use at Two Institutions 探索COVID-19动物园关闭期对两个机构火烈鸟行为和围栏使用的影响
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010009
P. Kidd, Steph Ford, P. Rose
Visitors can influence the behaviour of zoo animals through their auditory and visual presence, with mixed findings of negative, neutral, and positive effects on welfare. This study opportunistically utilised the UK-wide COVID-19 period of zoo closure to investigate the activity and enclosure usage of Greater (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Chilean (P. chilensis) Flamingos housed at two zoos. Flamingo behaviour at both sites was observed during the last week of a three-month closure period and the immediate reopening of the zoos. Photographic data were collected at three timepoints during each observation day. Negative binomial GLMMs compared the behaviour observed during zoo closure to the behaviour observed during zoo reopening, whilst accounting for climatic variables and time of day. Spearman’s correlation identified relationships between behaviour with the number of visitors and weather. Greater Flamingos were not influenced by the reintroduction of visitors to the zoo setting. Chilean Flamingos showed an increase in inactivity and decrease in movement and feeding when the zoo reopened. These possible behavioural responses are better explained by the influence of temperature on the behaviour of Chilean Flamingos and by the correlation between temperature and visitor number, rather than a direct consequence of visitor presence. This research details the multifactorial nature of any potential anthropogenic effects on zoo animal behaviour and highlights the importance of considering environmental variables alongside the measurement of visitor presence or absence.
游客可以通过他们的听觉和视觉存在来影响动物园动物的行为,对福利的影响有消极的、中性的和积极的。本研究机会性地利用了英国范围内动物园关闭的COVID-19时期,调查了两个动物园中大火烈鸟(玫瑰腓烈鸟)和智利火烈鸟(P. chilensis)的活动和围栏使用情况。在三个月的关闭期和立即重新开放的动物园的最后一周,观察了两个地点的火烈鸟的行为。在每个观测日的三个时间点收集摄影数据。负二项glmm比较了动物园关闭期间观察到的行为和动物园重新开放期间观察到的行为,同时考虑了气候变量和一天中的时间。斯皮尔曼的相关性确定了行为与游客数量和天气之间的关系。大火烈鸟不受重新引入游客到动物园环境的影响。当动物园重新开放时,智利火烈鸟表现出不活动的增加,运动和进食的减少。这些可能的行为反应可以通过温度对智利火烈鸟行为的影响以及温度与游客数量之间的相关性来更好地解释,而不是游客存在的直接后果。这项研究详细说明了任何潜在的人为影响对动物园动物行为的多因素性质,并强调了在测量游客在场或不在场的同时考虑环境变量的重要性。
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引用次数: 9
Illegal Wildlife Trade in Traditional Markets, on Instagram and Facebook: Raptors as a Case Study Instagram和Facebook上传统市场上的非法野生动物交易:以猛禽为例研究
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010008
V. Nijman, A. Ardiansyah, Abdullah Langgeng, Rifqi Hendrik, Katherine Hedger, Grace Foreman, T. Morcatty, Penthai Siriwat, S. (. van Balen, J. Eaton, C. Shepherd, L. Gomez, M. Imron, K. Nekaris
Monitoring illegal wildlife trade and how the modus operandi of traders changes over time is of vital importance to mitigate the negative effects this trade can have on wild populations. We focused on the trade of birds of prey in Indonesia (2016–2021) in bird markets (12 markets, 194 visits), on Instagram (19 seller profiles) and on Facebook (11 open groups). We link species prevalence and asking prices to body size, abundance and geographic range. Smaller species were more traded in bird markets and less so online. Abundance in trade is in part linked to their abundance in the wild. Asking prices (mean of USD 87) are positively correlated with size and negatively with their abundance in the wild. Authorities seize birds of prey according to their observed abundance in trade, but only 10% of seizures lead to successful prosecutions. The trade is in violation of national laws and the terms and conditions of the online platforms; the low prosecution rate with minimal fines shows a lack of recognition of the urgency of the threat that trade poses to already imperilled wildlife. The shift of trade from physical bird markets to the online marketplace necessitates a different strategy both for monitoring and enforcement.
监测非法野生动物贸易以及贸易商的操作方式如何随时间变化,对于减轻这种贸易对野生种群的负面影响至关重要。我们专注于印度尼西亚的鸟类市场(12个市场,194次访问),Instagram(19个卖家资料)和Facebook(11个开放群组)的猛禽贸易(2016-2021年)。我们将物种的流行程度和要价与体型、丰度和地理范围联系起来。较小的品种在鸟类市场上交易较多,而在网上交易较少。贸易中的丰度部分与它们在野外的丰度有关。要价(平均87美元)与大小呈正相关,与野生数量呈负相关。当局根据它们在贸易中的丰度来查获猛禽,但只有10%的查获成功起诉。违反国家法律和网络平台条款的交易;起诉率低,罚款少,表明政府没有意识到贸易对已经濒危的野生动物构成威胁的紧迫性。从实体鸟类市场到在线市场的交易转变需要一种不同的监测和执法战略。
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引用次数: 3
Does the Urban Environment Act as a Filter on the Individual Quality of Birds? 城市环境是否对鸟类的个体素质起到过滤作用?
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-05 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010007
Agnès Saulnier, J. Bleu, G. Lemonnier, Pierre Uhlrich, S. Zahn, S. Massemin
Phenotypic divergences of birds are common between urban and natural habitats and can result from different selective pressures between habitats or maladaptation to the city. No uniform patterns were observed, especially concerning markers of bird health, such as, for example, telomere length. Telomeres are involved in maintaining genome integrity and naturally shorten with age, but environmental stressors can accelerate their attrition. Thus, telomere length can be an indicator of individual quality. Some studies showed that urban breeders had longer telomeres than forest individuals. Two hypotheses can explain this result: (1) urban breeders are younger than forests breeders, and (2) cities act as a filter on individuals and only high-quality birds can successfully reproduce. In this context, we compared the age category (molting pattern) and morphological and physiological characteristics of urban and forest Great Tits before and during breeding. No differences in age or body condition were observed. However, urban breeders were smaller and had shorter telomeres than birds captured in winter. Urban birds had longer telomeres than forest birds, only in winter. These results highlight that urban habitats potentially favor smaller birds. However, the decrease in telomere length between winter and reproduction only in the city suggest a higher cost of reproduction in the city compared to the forest.
鸟类的表型差异在城市和自然栖息地之间很常见,这可能是由于栖息地之间的不同选择压力或对城市的不适应造成的。没有观察到统一的模式,特别是在鸟类健康的标志方面,例如端粒长度。端粒参与维持基因组的完整性,随着年龄的增长而自然缩短,但环境压力会加速它们的消耗。因此,端粒长度可以作为个体质量的一个指标。一些研究表明,城市育种者的端粒比森林个体的端粒更长。两个假设可以解释这一结果:(1)城市繁殖者比森林繁殖者更年轻;(2)城市对个体起着过滤器的作用,只有高质量的鸟类才能成功繁殖。在此背景下,我们比较了城市山雀和森林山雀在繁殖前和繁殖期间的年龄分类(换羽模式)和形态生理特征。没有观察到年龄或身体状况的差异。然而,与冬季捕获的鸟类相比,城市繁殖的鸟类体型更小,端粒更短。城市鸟类的端粒比森林鸟类长,只是在冬天。这些结果强调,城市栖息地可能更适合小型鸟类。然而,仅在城市中,端粒长度在冬季和繁殖之间的减少表明,与森林相比,城市中的繁殖成本更高。
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引用次数: 2
Cathemeral Behavior of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) Breeding along Michigan’s Lake Superior Shoreline 沿密歇根州苏必利尔湖岸线繁殖的管鸻(Charadrius melodus)的导管行为
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/birds3010006
Riley Waterman, Jason M. Garvon
Shorebirds commonly exhibit cathemeral activity and commonly forage throughout a 24 h period. Conservation of endangered shorebirds should then extend to protection at night, yet little data exists on overall time budgets of such species at night. The Great Lakes population of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) is the smallest and most endangered, making each breeding pair an essential part of recovery. Intense monitoring of breeding individuals occurs during the daytime, yet we have little understanding of the time budgets of plovers at night. To gain better insight into the cathemeral behavior of plovers we recorded behaviors of 12 plovers from along Michigan’s Lake Superior shoreline during both day and night in 2018 with the use of a night-vision-capable camera, and compared time budgets of plovers between daytime and nighttime. Overall, piping plovers spent more time and a greater proportion of their time foraging at night and more time devoted to being alert during the day. These differences were especially evident during the chick rearing phase. Limited observations suggest that copulatory activity may also be more common at night. Likely, the threat of avian predation on this population drives the increase in nighttime foraging, despite decreased efficiency. Recognizing the importance of decreasing potential for disturbance during the night should be considered in future management strategies regarding the recovery of this endangered species.
滨鸟通常表现出花冠活动,通常在24小时内觅食。保护濒临灭绝的滨鸟应该扩展到夜间保护,然而关于这些物种在夜间的总体时间预算的数据很少。五大湖的管鸻(Charadrius melodus)数量最小,也是最濒危的,因此每一对繁殖都是恢复的重要组成部分。对繁殖个体的密切监测发生在白天,但我们对夜鸻的时间预算知之甚少。为了更好地了解鸻的冠状行为,我们使用具有夜视功能的相机记录了2018年密歇根州苏利伯尔湖沿岸12只鸻在白天和黑夜的行为,并比较了鸻在白天和夜间的时间预算。总的来说,管鸻花更多的时间和更大比例的时间在晚上觅食,花更多的时间在白天保持警惕。这些差异在雏鸡饲养阶段尤为明显。有限的观察表明,交配活动也可能在夜间更常见。很有可能,鸟类捕食对这个种群的威胁促使了夜间觅食的增加,尽管效率降低了。认识到减少夜间潜在干扰的重要性,应该在未来的管理战略中考虑到这种濒危物种的恢复。
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引用次数: 2
Diet-Related Plumage Erythrism in the Western Tanager and Other Western North American Birds 西部燕鸥和其他北美西部鸟类与饮食有关的羽毛红斑
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.21199/wb53.1.3
J. Hudon, P. Pyle
Consumption of the berries of two exotic bush honeysuckles (genus Lonicera) containing the red carotenoid pigment rhodoxanthin has resulted in abnormal erythristic plumages in several species of birds in eastern North America. Here we report 12 examples of plumage erythrism in the Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), in both live birds (5) and museum specimens (7), that we suspect have the same etiology. The erythristic tanagers feature overtly orange to red feathers variously scattered on the head, rump, wing coverts, and/or underparts, areas of the plumage normally colored by carotenoid pigments. All were in their year of hatching, so the reddened feathers, including replaced median coverts with orange tips, represent formative plumage grown on or near the breeding grounds where berries containing rhodoxanthin are available. By contrast, adult Western Tanagers undergo body molt primarily in the Mexican monsoon region in fall and on their winter grounds in early spring where bush honeysuckles are nonexistent. We also report examples of Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) with anomalous red pigmentation on their backs and of Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) with orange tail bands, as previously documented in the East. In these species, the reddened areas are typically yellow or green, colors based on carotenoid pigments that can be altered through the consumption of fruits containing rhodoxanthin. We conclude that these reddened feathers are the result of the consumption of honeysuckle berries or possibly the red arils of the Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia), representing a first report of diet-related erythrism in western North America.
食用两种含有红色类胡萝卜素红桃黄素的外来灌木金银花(忍冬属)的浆果导致北美东部几种鸟类的羽毛异常红斑。在这里,我们报告了12例西部Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana)的羽毛红斑,包括活禽(5)和博物馆标本(7),我们怀疑它们具有相同的病因。赤斑斑蝶的特征是明显的橙色到红色的羽毛,分布在头部、臀部、翅膀和/或腹部,羽毛的区域通常由类胡萝卜素着色。它们都在孵化的那一年,所以变红的羽毛,包括被橙色尖端取代的中间叶冠,代表了生长在繁殖地或附近的形成性羽毛,那里有含有rhodoxanthin的浆果。相比之下,成年西部Tanagers主要在秋季的墨西哥季风区进行身体蜕皮,并在早春的冬季场地进行蜕皮,因为那里没有灌木金银花。我们还报道了背部有异常红色色素沉着的红胸Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber)和带有橙色尾带的Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)的例子,如先前在东方记载的那样。在这些物种中,变红的区域通常是黄色或绿色,这些颜色是基于类胡萝卜素的,可以通过食用含有rhodoxanthin的水果而改变。我们得出结论,这些变红的羽毛是食用金银花浆果或可能是太平洋紫杉(Taxus brevifolia)红色树皮的结果,这是北美西部首次报道与饮食有关的红斑。
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引用次数: 1
Breeding Swainson’s Hawks in the Central Coast Range of California 在加利福尼亚中部海岸山脉繁殖斯温森鹰
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.21199/wb53.1.2
S. Klein, L. Baer, R. Phillips
During the 20th century the Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) was an infrequent migrant through the central Coast Range of California with no breeding documented. Since 2005, however, several breeding pairs have established nest sites in the region. We studied Swainson’s Hawks during the breeding seasons of 2019 and 2020 in a portion of the central Coast Range to estimate their abundance and distribution there. We observed individual hawks systematically and monitored their nesting activity and breeding outcomes in suitable habitat in Alameda, Santa Clara, and San Benito counties within the Coast Range and sought to characterize the habitat of this small outlying population. From 2019 to 2020 the numbers of nesting pairs increased from 3 to 5, of young fledged from 1 to 6, and of individual adults from 15 to 22. Swainson’s Hawks were more closely associated with farmland than with grassland, and nests were located in areas that were closely associated with both grassland and farmland. The increase of this species in the central Coast Range and its use of agricultural areas is of conservation significance for land managers and wildlife and conservation agencies, given that the California Department of Fish and Wildlife has designated it as threatened.
在20世纪,斯温森鹰(Buteo swainsoni)是一种罕见的通过加利福尼亚中部海岸山脉的迁徙动物,没有繁殖记录。然而,自2005年以来,一些繁殖对在该地区建立了巢穴。我们在2019年和2020年的繁殖季节在中部海岸山脉的一部分研究了斯温森鹰,以估计它们在那里的丰度和分布。我们在海岸范围内的阿拉米达、圣克拉拉和圣贝尼托县的合适栖息地系统地观察了鹰的个体,并监测了它们的筑巢活动和繁殖结果,并试图描述这一小型偏远种群的栖息地特征。从2019年到2020年,筑巢对的数量从3对增加到5对,羽翼雏鸟的数量从1对增加到6对,成年个体的数量从15对增加到22对。斯温森鹰与农田的关系比与草地的关系更密切,巢穴位于与草地和农田都密切相关的地区。鉴于加州鱼类和野生动物部已将其指定为受威胁物种,该物种在中部海岸山脉及其农业地区的增加对土地管理者、野生动物和保护机构具有重要的保护意义。
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引用次数: 0
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