Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between many raptor species (Newton 2010). The White-tailed Kite ( Elanus leucurus ) is an occasional victim of kleptoparasitism (Rigolosi and Hayes 2018) with published observations of prey theft by the Aplomado Falcon ( Falco femoralis ; Brown et al. 2003, Raimilla et al. 2015), Northern Harrier ( Circus hudsonius ; Temeles 1990), Chimango Caracara ( Milvago chimango ; Baladrón and Pretelli 2013), a variety of hawks (Dunk and Cooper 1994), and the American Crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ; Dixon et al. 1957). Baladrón and Pretelli (2013) documented one case of a kite being kleptoparasitised by a Monk Parakeet ( Myiopsitta monachus ). Rigolosi and Hayes (2018) reported an apparently unsuccessful attempt at kleptoparasitism of a White-tailed Kite by an immature Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ); however, there are no published reports of successful kleptoparasitism involving this species pair. On 9 and 10 September 2021 near Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County, California, Phenicie and Zamek observed numerous instances of an adult Peregrine Falcon stealing voles (probably Microtus californicus ) from White-tailed Kites. Phenicie obtained several photos of this behavior on 10 September (Figure 1 and this issue’s outside back cover). This location is a large grassy meadow on a bluff along the Pacific coast and is frequented by many raptor species, including the kite, Northern Harrier, Red-tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ( Tyto
盗寄生是指一个个体从另一个个体那里偷取猎物，这在许多猛禽物种之间很常见(Newton 2010)。白尾鸢(Elanus leucurus)偶尔会成为盗窃寄生虫的受害者(Rigolosi和Hayes 2018)，并发表了对Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis;Brown et al. 2003, Raimilla et al. 2015)， Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius;Temeles 1990)， Chimango Caracara (Milvago Chimango;Baladrón and Pretelli 2013)，各种鹰(Dunk and Cooper 1994)，以及美洲乌鸦(Corvus brachyrhynchos;Dixon et al. 1957)。Baladrón和Pretelli(2013)记录了一个风筝被僧侣长尾小鹦鹉(Myiopsitta monachus)偷寄生的案例。Rigolosi和Hayes(2018)报道了一只未成熟的游隼(Falco peregrinus)对白尾风筝的盗窃寄生的明显不成功的尝试;然而，目前还没有关于这对物种成功的盗窃寄生的报道。2021年9月9日和10日，在加利福尼亚州圣马特奥县半月湾附近，Phenicie和Zamek观察到许多成年游隼从白尾鸢那里偷田鼠(可能是加利福尼亚鼠)的例子。Phenicie在9月10日获得了几张这一行为的照片(图1和本期的封底)。这个地方是太平洋沿岸悬崖上的一大片草地，经常有许多猛禽物种出没，包括风筝、北鹞、红尾鹰(Buteo jamaicensis, Tyto)
{"title":"Peregrine Falcon Steals Prey from White-tailed Kites","authors":"Ken Phenicie, Steve Zamek, E. Pandolfino","doi":"10.21199/wb53.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between many raptor species (Newton 2010). The White-tailed Kite ( Elanus leucurus ) is an occasional victim of kleptoparasitism (Rigolosi and Hayes 2018) with published observations of prey theft by the Aplomado Falcon ( Falco femoralis ; Brown et al. 2003, Raimilla et al. 2015), Northern Harrier ( Circus hudsonius ; Temeles 1990), Chimango Caracara ( Milvago chimango ; Baladrón and Pretelli 2013), a variety of hawks (Dunk and Cooper 1994), and the American Crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ; Dixon et al. 1957). Baladrón and Pretelli (2013) documented one case of a kite being kleptoparasitised by a Monk Parakeet ( Myiopsitta monachus ). Rigolosi and Hayes (2018) reported an apparently unsuccessful attempt at kleptoparasitism of a White-tailed Kite by an immature Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ); however, there are no published reports of successful kleptoparasitism involving this species pair. On 9 and 10 September 2021 near Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County, California, Phenicie and Zamek observed numerous instances of an adult Peregrine Falcon stealing voles (probably Microtus californicus ) from White-tailed Kites. Phenicie obtained several photos of this behavior on 10 September (Figure 1 and this issue’s outside back cover). This location is a large grassy meadow on a bluff along the Pacific coast and is frequented by many raptor species, including the kite, Northern Harrier, Red-tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ( Tyto","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72746582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The visual perception of birds is an incredibly exciting subject of research. Birds have significantly higher visual acuity than most other animals, which helps them stay safe in flight and detect their prey. Understanding how the eyes send information to the brain for additional processing is crucial. The brain has sections (nuclei) that accept input from the retina. The key areas where information is processed are the hyperpallium apicale (HA), hippocampus (HP), optic tectum (TeO), nucleus rotundus (RoT), and the geniculatus lateralis ventralis (Glv); among these, the RoT is one of the most investigated nuclei for vision. This study looked at how the visual centers of non-photoperiodic songbirds (Spotted Munia) adapt in different life history stages by looking at NPY expression. We immunohistochemically quantified NPY expression in four different seasons, including pre-breeding (June), breeding (September), post-breeding (December), and regressed (March) in the brain of Spotted Munia. We evaluated changes in the expression levels of the peptide throughout the year, by determining the expression at four different periods throughout the year. Peptide expression levels were projected to fluctuate within photoperiod-induced seasons. It was discovered that the parts of the brain related to vision (RoT, HA, and HP) have a higher number of immunoreactive cells during their mating season, i.e., during the summer. The appearance of NPY, a non-photic marker, in brain areas linked with light perception, was fascinating. Indirectly, NPY aids avian reproduction in a variety of ways. These findings demonstrate the importance of these nuclei in the process of reproduction, as well as the involvement of NPY in the visual brain areas of Spotted Munia.
{"title":"Seasonal Differences in Expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Visual Centers of Spotted Munia (Lonchura punctulata)","authors":"A. Naseem, Vaibhav Vaish, S. Rani, S. Malik","doi":"10.3390/birds3030016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds3030016","url":null,"abstract":"The visual perception of birds is an incredibly exciting subject of research. Birds have significantly higher visual acuity than most other animals, which helps them stay safe in flight and detect their prey. Understanding how the eyes send information to the brain for additional processing is crucial. The brain has sections (nuclei) that accept input from the retina. The key areas where information is processed are the hyperpallium apicale (HA), hippocampus (HP), optic tectum (TeO), nucleus rotundus (RoT), and the geniculatus lateralis ventralis (Glv); among these, the RoT is one of the most investigated nuclei for vision. This study looked at how the visual centers of non-photoperiodic songbirds (Spotted Munia) adapt in different life history stages by looking at NPY expression. We immunohistochemically quantified NPY expression in four different seasons, including pre-breeding (June), breeding (September), post-breeding (December), and regressed (March) in the brain of Spotted Munia. We evaluated changes in the expression levels of the peptide throughout the year, by determining the expression at four different periods throughout the year. Peptide expression levels were projected to fluctuate within photoperiod-induced seasons. It was discovered that the parts of the brain related to vision (RoT, HA, and HP) have a higher number of immunoreactive cells during their mating season, i.e., during the summer. The appearance of NPY, a non-photic marker, in brain areas linked with light perception, was fascinating. Indirectly, NPY aids avian reproduction in a variety of ways. These findings demonstrate the importance of these nuclei in the process of reproduction, as well as the involvement of NPY in the visual brain areas of Spotted Munia.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77423728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Angeoletto, P. Tryjanowski, J. Santos, B. Martínez‐Miranzo, D. Leandro, J. Bohrer, J. M. Johann, M. Fellowes
The Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) is a charismatic and easily recognized species. While they are classified as being of “least concern” in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, their populations are declining. In Brazil, the accelerated destruction of one of its key habitats, the Cerrado biome, is a principal cause of their decreasing abundance. As with other species affected by loss of the Cerrado, active conservation measures are required. While usually rare in urban ecosystems, Ara ararauna occurs and breeds in small numbers in the city of Rondonópolis, a medium-sized city located in Mato Grosso, Central-West Region of Brazil. Blue-and-yellow macaw pairs nest in the tops of dead palm trees, but as the macaws are nest-site limited and suitable dead trees are scarce in urban areas, the installation of artificial nest sites in domestic backyards could help that urban population to thrive. To investigate whether local people would be willing to engage with conservation efforts and in particular to support macaw conservation, we surveyed the attitudes of Rondonópolis residents to measure: (1) citizens’ preferences among the bird species that occur in the city; (2) the average area of their yards, and (3) the willingness of residents to: (a) plant fruit trees to attract macaws to their yards and (b) to install artificial nests in their yards. Larger and more colorful birds (Ara ararauna, the Red-and-green macaw Ara chloropterus and Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco) were the bird species most valued across all socio-economic groups, suggesting that the charismatic species would be more likely to be supported by urbanites. Overall, people had good biodiversity knowledge, with respondents being able to identify half of our sample of local bird species, on average, and almost half had seen a nest site. The great majority were willing to plant fruit trees (78%) and provide nest sites (70%) for macaws. This willingness to engage was not affected by socioeconomic differences. These data indicate that a municipal macaw conservation program could be successful in Rondonópolis, and we argue that macaws could be a flagship species which would benefit wider efforts to engage Brazilian urbanites in active engagement with nature.
{"title":"Will Brazilian City Dwellers Actively Engage in Urban Conservation? A Case Study with the Charismatic Neotropical Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna)","authors":"F. Angeoletto, P. Tryjanowski, J. Santos, B. Martínez‐Miranzo, D. Leandro, J. Bohrer, J. M. Johann, M. Fellowes","doi":"10.3390/birds3020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds3020015","url":null,"abstract":"The Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) is a charismatic and easily recognized species. While they are classified as being of “least concern” in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, their populations are declining. In Brazil, the accelerated destruction of one of its key habitats, the Cerrado biome, is a principal cause of their decreasing abundance. As with other species affected by loss of the Cerrado, active conservation measures are required. While usually rare in urban ecosystems, Ara ararauna occurs and breeds in small numbers in the city of Rondonópolis, a medium-sized city located in Mato Grosso, Central-West Region of Brazil. Blue-and-yellow macaw pairs nest in the tops of dead palm trees, but as the macaws are nest-site limited and suitable dead trees are scarce in urban areas, the installation of artificial nest sites in domestic backyards could help that urban population to thrive. To investigate whether local people would be willing to engage with conservation efforts and in particular to support macaw conservation, we surveyed the attitudes of Rondonópolis residents to measure: (1) citizens’ preferences among the bird species that occur in the city; (2) the average area of their yards, and (3) the willingness of residents to: (a) plant fruit trees to attract macaws to their yards and (b) to install artificial nests in their yards. Larger and more colorful birds (Ara ararauna, the Red-and-green macaw Ara chloropterus and Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco) were the bird species most valued across all socio-economic groups, suggesting that the charismatic species would be more likely to be supported by urbanites. Overall, people had good biodiversity knowledge, with respondents being able to identify half of our sample of local bird species, on average, and almost half had seen a nest site. The great majority were willing to plant fruit trees (78%) and provide nest sites (70%) for macaws. This willingness to engage was not affected by socioeconomic differences. These data indicate that a municipal macaw conservation program could be successful in Rondonópolis, and we argue that macaws could be a flagship species which would benefit wider efforts to engage Brazilian urbanites in active engagement with nature.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83440850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since its eleventh report (Merrill et al. 2019) the Washington Bird Records Committee has reviewed 219 new reports of 80 species and 9 subspecies. Of these, 163 were accepted, an acceptance rate of 74%. Seven species and two subspecies/subspecies-groups were added to the Washington state checklist: the Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus), Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus), Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus), Dusky-capped Flycatcher (Myiarchus tuberculifer), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Painted Redstart (Myioborus pictus), and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), plus an eastern subspecies of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia melodia/atlantica group) and the White-winged Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). In addition to the regular review of reports, the committee reconsidered species on the state list supported only by sight reports. After reviewing 25 reports of 17 species, it removed six species from the state list: the Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), Little Curlew (Numenius minutus), Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris), Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea), Red-faced Cormorant (Urile urile), and Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus). The Washington state list now stands at 515 species.
{"title":"Twelfth Report of the Washington Bird Records Committee (2016–2018)","authors":"B. Tweit, R. Shaw, Matt Bartels","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Since its eleventh report (Merrill et al. 2019) the Washington Bird Records Committee has reviewed 219 new reports of 80 species and 9 subspecies. Of these, 163 were accepted, an acceptance rate of 74%. Seven species and two subspecies/subspecies-groups were added to the Washington state checklist: the Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus), Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus), Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus), Dusky-capped Flycatcher (Myiarchus tuberculifer), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Painted Redstart (Myioborus pictus), and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), plus an eastern subspecies of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia melodia/atlantica group) and the White-winged Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). In addition to the regular review of reports, the committee reconsidered species on the state list supported only by sight reports. After reviewing 25 reports of 17 species, it removed six species from the state list: the Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), Little Curlew (Numenius minutus), Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris), Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea), Red-faced Cormorant (Urile urile), and Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus). The Washington state list now stands at 515 species.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85062850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas A. Benson, Deborah J. House, G. McCaskie, Alex Rinkert, R. Terrill
From its last report through 2020, the California Bird Records Committee reached decisions on 206 records involving 195 individuals of 67 species and two species groups, endorsing 180 records of 169 individuals. Especially notable records detailed in this report include those of California’s third Common Crane (Grus grus), third Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis), third Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatalis), third Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis), fourth Chuck-will’s-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis), and fourth Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savanna).
{"title":"The 46th Annual Report of the California Bird Records Committee: 2020 Records","authors":"Thomas A. Benson, Deborah J. House, G. McCaskie, Alex Rinkert, R. Terrill","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"From its last report through 2020, the California Bird Records Committee reached decisions on 206 records involving 195 individuals of 67 species and two species groups, endorsing 180 records of 169 individuals. Especially notable records detailed in this report include those of California’s third Common Crane (Grus grus), third Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis), third Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatalis), third Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis), fourth Chuck-will’s-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis), and fourth Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savanna).","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89145192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Introduction to Prey of the Mexican Spotted Owl in Walnut Canyon National Monument, Arizona","authors":"Jonathan G. Hardes","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81963108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large sample of nocturnal flight calls of warblers and sparrows recorded on the outskirts of Nogales, Arizona, from mid-August through October 2015 included an unknown call-type that has not been documented in extensive monitoring of nocturnal flight calls across the eastern United States. Though variable, it averages 213 milliseconds in duration and consists of two simultaneous sounds differing in pitch and whose frequency is often modulated at a rate about 59 hertz. The call-type occurred primarily during September with a peak in the middle of the month. This corresponds with the peak in migration of the Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus) near Nogales. That species affords the closest match to a diurnal contact call of a migratory species common in the area whose nocturnal flight call is as yet undescribed.
{"title":"Presumed Nocturnal Flight Call of the Green-tailed Towhee","authors":"W. R. Evans","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"A large sample of nocturnal flight calls of warblers and sparrows recorded on the outskirts of Nogales, Arizona, from mid-August through October 2015 included an unknown call-type that has not been documented in extensive monitoring of nocturnal flight calls across the eastern United States. Though variable, it averages 213 milliseconds in duration and consists of two simultaneous sounds differing in pitch and whose frequency is often modulated at a rate about 59 hertz. The call-type occurred primarily during September with a peak in the middle of the month. This corresponds with the peak in migration of the Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus) near Nogales. That species affords the closest match to a diurnal contact call of a migratory species common in the area whose nocturnal flight call is as yet undescribed.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74360078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I used video observations to quantify the diet of nestling Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) at six nests in two meadows (Middle Perazzo and Lacey) on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. Prey fed to the nestlings consisted primarily of Diptera (24%), Odonata (22%), Ephemeroptera (16%), Lepidoptera (12%), and Raphidioptera (12%). Other less abundant taxa in the diet included Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Aquatic insects such as Ephemeroptera and Odonata were fed more commonly at the five nests at Middle Perazzo Meadow, whereas terrestrial insects such as pollinating Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Raphidioptera predominated at the single nest observed at Lacey Meadow. At Middle Perazzo Meadow nestlings in nests situated closer to the meadow’s edge were fed more Raphidioptera, whereas those in nests farther from the edge were fed more Ephemeroptera and Odonata. Raphidioptera were fed more frequently in the morning and evening, whereas Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera were generally more frequently offered in the middle part of the day. Ephemeroptera were most often provided in the afternoon and evening while feedings with Odonata fluctuated little through the day.
{"title":"Diet of Nestling Willow Flycatchers in Meadows of the Sierra Nevada","authors":"S. E. Dietrich","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"I used video observations to quantify the diet of nestling Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) at six nests in two meadows (Middle Perazzo and Lacey) on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. Prey fed to the nestlings consisted primarily of Diptera (24%), Odonata (22%), Ephemeroptera (16%), Lepidoptera (12%), and Raphidioptera (12%). Other less abundant taxa in the diet included Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Aquatic insects such as Ephemeroptera and Odonata were fed more commonly at the five nests at Middle Perazzo Meadow, whereas terrestrial insects such as pollinating Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Raphidioptera predominated at the single nest observed at Lacey Meadow. At Middle Perazzo Meadow nestlings in nests situated closer to the meadow’s edge were fed more Raphidioptera, whereas those in nests farther from the edge were fed more Ephemeroptera and Odonata. Raphidioptera were fed more frequently in the morning and evening, whereas Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera were generally more frequently offered in the middle part of the day. Ephemeroptera were most often provided in the afternoon and evening while feedings with Odonata fluctuated little through the day.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77976020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"First Record of the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher for the El Paso Region of Texas","authors":"O. Johnson","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74843818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. J. Tattoni, Katie LaBarbera, Charles D. Hathcock
{"title":"Incidence and Extent of Eccentric Preformative Molt in the California and Canyon Towhees","authors":"D. J. Tattoni, Katie LaBarbera, Charles D. Hathcock","doi":"10.21199/wb53.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78888291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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