This study examines the impact of lending from commercial banks on performance of small enterprises. Financial data of forty business entities of district Hafizabad have been collected from commercial banks, for the period of 2005 to 2013. “Net profit” in the first model and “sales” in the second model are used as dependent variables. Working capital, accumulated profit, net-worth and lending/financing amount are used as independent variables. The study suggests: Firstly, banks’ lending positively affects the performance of small enterprises. Secondly, financing amount illustrates positive effect on net profits of the firms. Thirdly, the preferred amount of lending to small enterprises is less than two million PKR.
{"title":"How Does Lending from Commercial Banks Impact Performance of Small Enterprises: A Case Study of District Hafizabad, Pakistan","authors":"Azhar Ali Janjua, M. Hayat, M. Aslam","doi":"10.14706/jecoss18811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/jecoss18811","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of lending from commercial banks on performance of small enterprises. Financial data of forty business entities of district Hafizabad have been collected from commercial banks, for the period of 2005 to 2013. “Net profit” in the first model and “sales” in the second model are used as dependent variables. Working capital, accumulated profit, net-worth and lending/financing amount are used as independent variables. The study suggests: Firstly, banks’ lending positively affects the performance of small enterprises. Secondly, financing amount illustrates positive effect on net profits of the firms. Thirdly, the preferred amount of lending to small enterprises is less than two million PKR.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87394957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The paper focuses primarily on intra-industry trade (IIT) which is researched in the context of country-specific characteristics. A three-decade-long academic research of IIT phenomena suggests that IIT is likely to be more intensive and mostly of horizontal type between countries that are at a similar stage of economic development, with the same level of trade openness and with intensive and significantly liberalized mutual trade. Geographical proximity of countries, especially their common border, as well as their similarities in some non-economic characteristics such as history, culture, language, also contribute to IIT intensity. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and Croatia match most of these criteria for intensive and increasing IIT. The aim of the research is to check aforementioned thesis on IIT on a case study of BH in its trade with Croatia over the period from 2003 till 2016. Research is focused on IIT characteristics – intensity, trend and structure, both at aggregate level (based on calculating corrected and uncorrected Grubel-Lloyd indices) and at division level of Standard International Trade Classification – SITC (based on calculating standard Grubel-Lloyd index and relative unit values of export and import). The research findings indicate a continuously rising, although lower than expected, intensity of IIT, taking into account similarities between given countries in comparison with other important trading partners of BH and taking into account a high level of data aggregation. In BH trade with Croatia inter-industry trade still prevails while high intensive IIT appears in a very low number of product groups, coupled with the dominance of vertical IIT. However,at the same time a growing trend and a significant increase of IIT intensity in trade with Croatia have been identified.
{"title":"\"Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade in Country Characteristics Context: The Case Study of Trade of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia\"","authors":"S. Brkić","doi":"10.14706/jecoss17726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/jecoss17726","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The paper focuses primarily on intra-industry trade (IIT) which is researched in the context of country-specific characteristics. A three-decade-long academic research of IIT phenomena suggests that IIT is likely to be more intensive and mostly of horizontal type between countries that are at a similar stage of economic development, with the same level of trade openness and with intensive and significantly liberalized mutual trade. Geographical proximity of countries, especially their common border, as well as their similarities in some non-economic characteristics such as history, culture, language, also contribute to IIT intensity. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and Croatia match most of these criteria for intensive and increasing IIT. The aim of the research is to check aforementioned thesis on IIT on a case study of BH in its trade with Croatia over the period from 2003 till 2016. Research is focused on IIT characteristics – intensity, trend and structure, both at aggregate level (based on calculating corrected and uncorrected Grubel-Lloyd indices) and at division level of Standard International Trade Classification – SITC (based on calculating standard Grubel-Lloyd index and relative unit values of export and import). The research findings indicate a continuously rising, although lower than expected, intensity of IIT, taking into account similarities between given countries in comparison with other important trading partners of BH and taking into account a high level of data aggregation. In BH trade with Croatia inter-industry trade still prevails while high intensive IIT appears in a very low number of product groups, coupled with the dominance of vertical IIT. However,at the same time a growing trend and a significant increase of IIT intensity in trade with Croatia have been identified.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79798366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : The paper examines the relationship between tourism demand and its macroeconomic determinants (GDP, oil price, exchange rate) with an aim to test the dynamic interdependence between them in the case of Tunisia. Using yearly data from 1971 to 2014, the output of the ARDL model and the more recent Bootstrap rolling window Granger causality tests show important results with great economic implications for researchers, regulators, investors, … The results substantiate, especially, the following causal relationships, i.e. i) tourism-demand induces substantial increase in both economic growth and oil price, ii) economic growth led tourism demand, iii) increase in oil price affects negatively the tourism demand, iv) tourism demand and exchange rate are not significantly associated. Keywords: Tourism demand, GDP, Oil price, ARDL, Bootstrap Rolling window. JEL classification: O40, L83, P1.
{"title":"Tourism Demand, Oil Price Fluctuation, Exchange Rate and Economic Growth: Evidence from ARDL Model and Rolling Window Granger Causality for Tunisia","authors":"A. Dhaoui, Habib Sekrafi, Mohamed Ghandri","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS17712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS17712","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : \u0000The paper examines the relationship between tourism demand and its macroeconomic determinants (GDP, oil price, exchange rate) with an aim to test the dynamic interdependence between them in the case of Tunisia. Using yearly data from 1971 to 2014, the output of the ARDL model and the more recent Bootstrap rolling window Granger causality tests show important results with great economic implications for researchers, regulators, investors, … The results substantiate, especially, the following causal relationships, i.e. i) tourism-demand induces substantial increase in both economic growth and oil price, ii) economic growth led tourism demand, iii) increase in oil price affects negatively the tourism demand, iv) tourism demand and exchange rate are not significantly associated. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Tourism demand, GDP, Oil price, ARDL, Bootstrap Rolling window. \u0000JEL classification: O40, L83, P1.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"295 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86755581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This paper examines origin-effects of tourist flows into Croatia from 1993-2015, a time period that features several important events: the fragmentation of Yugoslavia, the European recession, and Croatia’s accession to the European Union. Applying the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) approach to a large panel data set with the number of annual arrivals from each origin country as the dependent variable, we identify and analyze the determinants of tourism flows to Croatia. A series of augmented gravity model specifications reveals that inflows can be explained by geographic proximity, GDP per capita, origin country population, and openness. The role of the real exchange rate variable is inconclusive, and in fact problematic for years 1993-95 when hyperinflation plagued the region in the wake of Yugoslavia’s dissolution. The results confirm the validity of the models, both for the subset of origin countries and for the subset of non-origin countries for which otherwise complete data are available. Given the importance of tourism to Croatia’s national accounts position, implications for tourism policy are discussed, as are suggestions for future research. Keywords: Tourism Origin-Effects, Gravity Model, Croatia JEL Classification: C33, O52, Z3
{"title":"Determinants of International Tourism Flows to the Republic of Croatia: An SUR Analysis of Panel Data from 1993-2015","authors":"J. Deichman, Li Danyang","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS17711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS17711","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper examines origin-effects of tourist flows into Croatia from 1993-2015, a time period that features several important events: the fragmentation of Yugoslavia, the European recession, and Croatia’s accession to the European Union. Applying the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) approach to a large panel data set with the number of annual arrivals from each origin country as the dependent variable, we identify and analyze the determinants of tourism flows to Croatia. A series of augmented gravity model specifications reveals that inflows can be explained by geographic proximity, GDP per capita, origin country population, and openness. The role of the real exchange rate variable is inconclusive, and in fact problematic for years 1993-95 when hyperinflation plagued the region in the wake of Yugoslavia’s dissolution. The results confirm the validity of the models, both for the subset of origin countries and for the subset of non-origin countries for which otherwise complete data are available. Given the importance of tourism to Croatia’s national accounts position, implications for tourism policy are discussed, as are suggestions for future research. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Tourism Origin-Effects, Gravity Model, Croatia \u0000 \u0000JEL Classification: C33, O52, Z3","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74799291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Kozarević, Sabina Đonlagić Alibegović, Tatjana Krdzalic
healthcare system practice as its share in GDP has constantly increased during past decades, which is now above 10% of GDP in developed countries. However, very often it is more of an issue related to the current political and socio-economic situation in a country rather than the one managed by experts. Although one might expect that the increase in healthcare spending contributes to better health of the population, relevant indicators show that high healthcare spending in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) does not result in better health of its population. Due to this reason, special attention needs to be paid to the economic analysis of healthcare spending. Irrational use of medications is just one of many problems associated with an inefficient health system, but one that heavily impacts on the health economics. In situations where it may not be easy to change the existing financing models, we should explore how to be more effective in spending within the existing structure. Better control of medication consumption could be one of the actions that helps improve the effectiveness of the available budget. Therefore, the general aim of the paper is to determine the effect that financial monitoring of medication consumption has on the control of increase in healthcare spending, which in turn might help establishing a financially sustainable healthcare system. Bearing in mind that irrational usage of medications influences the access to healthcare services, destabilizes country’s budget, and endangers the margin of social sustainability (endurance), the constant financial monitoring of medication consumption is important as it can help us recognize those segments where consumption deviates from standard and where prevention activities are needed. All this can result in the limitation of further increase in medication consumption.
{"title":"Financial Monitoring of Medication Consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"E. Kozarević, Sabina Đonlagić Alibegović, Tatjana Krdzalic","doi":"10.14706/jecoss17718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/jecoss17718","url":null,"abstract":"healthcare system practice as its share in GDP has constantly increased during past decades, which is now above 10% of GDP in developed countries. However, very often it is more of an issue related to the current political and socio-economic situation in a country rather than the one managed by experts. Although one might expect that the increase in healthcare spending contributes to better health of the population, relevant indicators show that high healthcare spending in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) does not result in better health of its population. Due to this reason, special attention needs to be paid to the economic analysis of healthcare spending. Irrational use of medications is just one of many problems associated with an inefficient health system, but one that heavily impacts on the health economics. In situations where it may not be easy to change the existing financing models, we should explore how to be more effective in spending within the existing structure. Better control of medication consumption could be one of the actions that helps improve the effectiveness of the available budget. Therefore, the general aim of the paper is to determine the effect that financial monitoring of medication consumption has on the control of increase in healthcare spending, which in turn might help establishing a financially sustainable healthcare system. Bearing in mind that irrational usage of medications influences the access to healthcare services, destabilizes country’s budget, and endangers the margin of social sustainability (endurance), the constant financial monitoring of medication consumption is important as it can help us recognize those segments where consumption deviates from standard and where prevention activities are needed. All this can result in the limitation of further increase in medication consumption.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75015626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hiring a High-quality Auditor and debt maturity structure: Evidence from Iranian firms","authors":"Mobina Ahmadi, Mehdi Safari Gerayli","doi":"10.14706/jecoss17721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/jecoss17721","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82366642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Although the public procurement system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented the area of the legal profession because it is defined by laws and regulations, it is actually more important for economists and all public officials in the country. The subject of this work is theoretical. and practical aspects of applying the transparency to the system of public procurement in the context of strengthening market competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the market economy in general. The special significance of this work lies in the fact that for the first time, research methods were applied to reveal the market strength of the contracting authorities (buyers) and market competition among suppliers (sellers) in the public procurement market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as measured by their market shares. Based on such findings, the relations of market strength of contracting authorities and the level of development of competition on the public procurement market in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2010 to 2012 was examined in terms of choosing more or less transparent procurement procedures. Keywords:public procurement system, transparency, market competition.
{"title":"Public Procurement System in Service of Strengthening the Market Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Merim Kasumović, Sanela Meholjic-Kalajdzic, Harun Meholjic","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS16618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16618","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Although the public procurement system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented the area of the legal profession because it is defined by laws and regulations, it is actually more important for economists and all public officials in the country. The subject of this work is theoretical. and practical aspects of applying the transparency to the system of public procurement in the context of strengthening market competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the market economy in general. The special significance of this work lies in the fact that for the first time, research methods were applied to reveal the market strength of the contracting authorities (buyers) and market competition among suppliers (sellers) in the public procurement market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as measured by their market shares. Based on such findings, the relations of market strength of contracting authorities and the level of development of competition on the public procurement market in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2010 to 2012 was examined in terms of choosing more or less transparent procurement procedures. \u0000Keywords:public procurement system, transparency, market competition.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88409253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TThis study examines how reputation management (RM) activities influence consumers’ choice behaviors. In order to understand the relationship between them the possible consequences of RM activities such as corporate image, consumer trust, and perceived risk were analyzed as the antecedents of consumers’ choice behavior. Specifically, a structural equation model was developed for hypothesized relations between the constructs of the study. Empirical research was conducted using data from 232 individual consumers in Albania (n=109) and Turkey (n=123) to test our conceptual model. The data were analyzed through t-test and structural equation modelling (SEM). The study shows that RM activities obviously determine the constructs of corporate image and consumer trust positively, whereas they affect perceived risk by consumers negatively. The lower level of perceived risk through RM activities was found as a significant determinant of consumers’ choice behavior. Keywords: Tourism, reputation management, choice behavior, consumer trust, image
{"title":"Investigating the Drivers of Choice Behavior in Tourism: Corporate Image, Perceived Risk and Trust Interactions through Reputation Management","authors":"M. Bozkurt, Emrah Ozkul","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS16617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16617","url":null,"abstract":"TThis study examines how reputation management (RM) activities influence consumers’ choice behaviors. In order to understand the relationship between them the possible consequences of RM activities such as corporate image, consumer trust, and perceived risk were analyzed as the antecedents of consumers’ choice behavior. Specifically, a structural equation model was developed for hypothesized relations between the constructs of the study. Empirical research was conducted using data from 232 individual consumers in Albania (n=109) and Turkey (n=123) to test our conceptual model. The data were analyzed through t-test and structural equation modelling (SEM). The study shows that RM activities obviously determine the constructs of corporate image and consumer trust positively, whereas they affect perceived risk by consumers negatively. The lower level of perceived risk through RM activities was found as a significant determinant of consumers’ choice behavior. Keywords: Tourism, reputation management, choice behavior, consumer trust, image","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74914332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS
{"title":"Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic IS Planning and IT Infrastructure","authors":"Zana Pekmez","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS166110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS166110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. \u0000Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76053177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc. Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment.
{"title":"Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study","authors":"Remzije Rakipi, Shpressa Syla","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS16619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16619","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. \u0000 \u0000Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. \u0000 \u0000Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. \u0000 \u0000The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73623493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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