The paper examines government expenditure on nomadic education in igeria and the implications for achieving the M Gs. econdary data were used and the data were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics. The study revealed that government expenditure on nomadic education in igeria over time has been on the increase which has necessitated the increase in the number of nomadic schools and teachers in the country. The study further found out that there is a wide gap between male and female enrolments in nomadic schools in igeria; factors such as early marriages and teenage pregnancies, cultural and religious biases as well as economic issues were believed to be responsible for the gap. Also, it was discovered that the total increase in nomads’ enrolments in nomadic schools in the country is not proportionate with the increase in government expenditure on nomadic education. The study attributed this low school attendance by the nomads to the problems of under-funding, dearth of teachers, constant migration of nomads, the involvement of the children of nomads in the productive system, corruption, among others. The study concluded that the present form of implementation of the nomadic education would make it difficult for it to be a panacea for achieving the M Gs in the country. ecommendations were made on how to improve on the nomadic education system in the country.
{"title":"Government Expenditure on Nomadic Education in Nigeria: Implications for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals","authors":"D. Akighir, I. Okpe","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS113210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS113210","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines government expenditure on nomadic education in \u0000igeria and the implications for achieving the M Gs. econdary data \u0000were used and the data were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics. \u0000The study revealed that government expenditure on nomadic education \u0000in igeria over time has been on the increase which has necessitated the \u0000increase in the number of nomadic schools and teachers in the country. \u0000The study further found out that there is a wide gap between male and \u0000female enrolments in nomadic schools in igeria; factors such as early \u0000marriages and teenage pregnancies, cultural and religious biases as well \u0000as economic issues were believed to be responsible for the gap. Also, it \u0000was discovered that the total increase in nomads’ enrolments in nomadic \u0000schools in the country is not proportionate with the increase in government \u0000expenditure on nomadic education. The study attributed this low school \u0000attendance by the nomads to the problems of under-funding, dearth of \u0000teachers, constant migration of nomads, the involvement of the children \u0000of nomads in the productive system, corruption, among others. The study \u0000concluded that the present form of implementation of the nomadic \u0000education would make it difficult for it to be a panacea for achieving the \u0000M Gs in the country. ecommendations were made on how to improve \u0000on the nomadic education system in the country.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85279661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to deal with the ways of creating wealth by economic activities, presenting experiences within Ottoman state tradition and a role of Ottoman state during this period. In this context, the economic power achieved by the state will be explained through examples of practices. The role of the state in the economy has been raised with the latest global crisis and despite the historical expriences, this role has been started to debate in the economics. In fact, the corrupted state concept should be re-evaluated and re-established. Otherwise, re-evaluation of fundamental issues such as market system or freedom of enterprise wouldn’t contribute much to the solution of the problem
{"title":"State as the Source of Wealth: In Ottoman Economic Thought: A different approach to reflections in the aftermath of the global crisis","authors":"Birol Çetin","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11328","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to deal with the ways of creating wealth by economic \u0000activities, presenting experiences within Ottoman state tradition and a \u0000role of Ottoman state during this period. In this context, the economic \u0000power achieved by the state will be explained through examples of \u0000practices. \u0000The role of the state in the economy has been raised with the latest global \u0000crisis and despite the historical expriences, this role has been started to \u0000debate in the economics. In fact, the corrupted state concept should be \u0000re-evaluated and re-established. Otherwise, re-evaluation of fundamental \u0000issues such as market system or freedom of enterprise wouldn’t contribute \u0000much to the solution of the problem","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"115-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90981833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey
{"title":"Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey","authors":"Ö. Polat, E. Uslu, Huseyin Kalyoncu","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11325","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption \u0000series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of \u0000Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by \u0000using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two \u0000structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit \u0000root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two \u0000structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary \u0000around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, \u0000electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in \u0000Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of \u0000innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results \u0000suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary \u0000and not have a long memory for most of variables. \u0000Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"69 1","pages":"69-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85877482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporary, the competition in the markets has thoroughly heated up. Many companies try to decrease their costs in order to survive in this cruel market. In this respects, the quality costs gain importance in all over the world and in Turkey, too.In this study, the implementation of quality costs measuring and reporting system has been performed in a company. Accordingly, the data has been collected from a urkish manufacturing company. The data gathered from this company’s accounting department has been used for studying on quality costs measuring and reporting system. onsequently, it is found out that the company cannot measure its quality costs adequately, for this reason quality reporting system in the company is not efficient. The company needs to give more significance to the quality costs measuring and reporting.
{"title":"Measuring and Reporting Cost of Quality in a Turkish Manufacturing Company: A Case Study in Electric Industry","authors":"Hilmi Kırlıoğlu, Zülküf Çevik","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11326","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary, the competition in the markets has thoroughly heated \u0000up. Many companies try to decrease their costs in order to survive in \u0000this cruel market. In this respects, the quality costs gain importance in \u0000all over the world and in Turkey, too.In this study, the implementation \u0000of quality costs measuring and reporting system has been performed in \u0000a company. Accordingly, the data has been collected from a urkish \u0000manufacturing company. The data gathered from this company’s \u0000accounting department has been used for studying on quality costs \u0000measuring and reporting system. onsequently, it is found out that the \u0000company cannot measure its quality costs adequately, for this reason \u0000quality reporting system in the company is not efficient. The company \u0000needs to give more significance to the quality costs measuring and \u0000reporting.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"112 1","pages":"87-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86020942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of whether public savings offset private savings, and visa vice, has important implications for the effectiveness of fiscal policy. This study examines long-run relationship between public and private savings rates using annual Turkish data for the period 1975-2005. The result of Engle-Granger cointegration test has shown that there is no long-run relationship between private and public savings ratios. However,once endogenously determined structural break is allowed, the test results confirm the existence of the cointegration relationship between private and public savings. Econometric estimation of the offset coefficients using both FMOLS and DOLS yields values of between -0.11 and -0.82. The results also indicate that the potency of fiscal policy significantly reduced with the liberalization of financial markets.Keywords: Savings, Offset coefficient, Ricardian Equivalence, DOLS, FMOLS. JEL Classificiation: E6, H6, E21
{"title":"Do Private Savings Offset Public Savings in Turkey","authors":"H. Göcen, Huseyin Kalyoncu, Muhittin Kaplan","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11321","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of whether public savings offset private savings, and visa vice, has important \u0000implications for the effectiveness of fiscal policy. This study examines long-run relationship \u0000between public and private savings rates using annual Turkish data for the period 1975-2005. \u0000The result of Engle-Granger cointegration test has shown that there is no long-run relationship \u0000between private and public savings ratios. However,once endogenously determined structural \u0000break is allowed, the test results confirm the existence of the cointegration relationship \u0000between private and public savings. Econometric estimation of the offset coefficients using \u0000both FMOLS and DOLS yields values of between -0.11 and -0.82. The results also indicate \u0000that the potency of fiscal policy significantly reduced with the liberalization of financial \u0000markets.Keywords: Savings, Offset coefficient, Ricardian Equivalence, DOLS, FMOLS. \u0000JEL Classificiation: E6, H6, E21","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"57 1","pages":"5-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75357972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Zaman, Iqtidar Ali Shah, Muhammad Mushtaq Khan, Mehboob Ahmad
This paper examines the impact of military expenditure and economic growth on external debt for a panel of five selected AA countries including Bangladesh, India, epal, Pakistan and rilanka, over the period of 1988-2008. sing Pedroni’s (2004) test for panel cointegration, it was found that there is a long-run relationship between external debt, economic growth and military expenditure. The study finds that external debt is elastic with respect to military expenditure in the long run and inelastic in the short run. In the long run, 1% increase in military expenditure increase external debt between 1.18 % and 1.24%, while 1% increases in economic growth reduce external debt between 0.64% and 0.79%, by employed and M estimator respectively. In the short run, 1% increase in military expenditure increases external debt by 0.15%, while 1% increase in economic growth reduces external debt by 0.47 %.
{"title":"Impact of Military Expenditure and Economic Growth on External Debt: New Evidence from a Panel of SAARC Countries","authors":"K. Zaman, Iqtidar Ali Shah, Muhammad Mushtaq Khan, Mehboob Ahmad","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11329","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of military expenditure and economic \u0000growth on external debt for a panel of five selected AA countries \u0000including Bangladesh, India, epal, Pakistan and rilanka, over the period \u0000of 1988-2008. sing Pedroni’s (2004) test for panel cointegration, it was \u0000found that there is a long-run relationship between external debt, economic \u0000growth and military expenditure. The study finds that external debt is \u0000elastic with respect to military expenditure in the long run and inelastic \u0000in the short run. In the long run, 1% increase in military expenditure \u0000increase external debt between 1.18 % and 1.24%, while 1% increases \u0000in economic growth reduce external debt between 0.64% and 0.79%, by \u0000employed and M estimator respectively. In the short run, 1% \u0000increase in military expenditure increases external debt by 0.15%, while \u00001% increase in economic growth reduces external debt by 0.47 %.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":"131-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74533525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the inter-organizational networks and adaptive capacity among nonprofit organizations in the State of Florida. Adaptive capacity is a function of the degree to which social institutions (e.g., government, civic institutions, and the private sector) possess a culture that empowers communities to make decisions and actions that support community-led initiatives. The article specifically focuses on network formation and sustainability among 40 nonprofit organizations and their networks with other cross-sector organizations identified as part of the asset mapping for the Strengthening Communities in Central Florida (SCCF) project in the state. Network relationships were strengthened and developed especially after the implementation of the capacity building program. Organizational factors such as leadership and the level of an organizations’ engagement with the community have a statistically significant relationship with the adaptive capacity of the organizational network.
{"title":"Collaborative Capacity Building for Community-Based Small Nonprofit Organizations","authors":"N. Kapucu, Fatih Demiroz","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11313","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the inter-organizational networks and adaptive capacity among nonprofit organizations in the State of Florida. Adaptive capacity is a function of the degree to which social institutions (e.g., government, civic institutions, and the private sector) possess a culture that empowers communities to make decisions and actions that support community-led initiatives. The article specifically focuses on network formation and sustainability among 40 nonprofit organizations and their networks with other cross-sector organizations identified as part of the asset mapping for the Strengthening Communities in Central Florida (SCCF) project in the state. Network relationships were strengthened and developed especially after the implementation of the capacity building program. Organizational factors such as leadership and the level of an organizations’ engagement with the community have a statistically significant relationship with the adaptive capacity of the organizational network.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"83-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78295947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the relation between education and health expenditures that are accepted as an indicator of human capital and economic growth is tested empirically. According to the findings of the study, based on 1999 – 2008 period for 20 OECD countries that are selected by the panel casuality test, a bidirectional casuality relation is observed between the education and health expenditures and economic growth in the period and country group under discussion. The obtained findings both support the intrinsic growth theories and tally with the empirical studies on the subject. Keywords: Education expenditures, health care expenditure, human capital, economic growth, panel causality.
{"title":"Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis for Selected OECD Countries","authors":"Ferdi Kesikoğlu, Zafer Öztürk","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11315","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the relation between education and health expenditures that are accepted as an \u0000indicator of human capital and economic growth is tested empirically. According to the \u0000findings of the study, based on 1999 – 2008 period for 20 OECD countries that are selected \u0000by the panel casuality test, a bidirectional casuality relation is observed between the education \u0000and health expenditures and economic growth in the period and country group under \u0000discussion. The obtained findings both support the intrinsic growth theories and tally with the \u0000empirical studies on the subject. \u0000Keywords: Education expenditures, health care expenditure, human capital, economic growth, \u0000panel causality.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"70 1","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86261788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to investigate internal and external factors with relation to regulations in order to predict difficulties which the banks are exposed. The sample consists of 368 banks in 8 European countries for the period 2004-2007. The model was built primarily only on a set of ratios constituting the CAMEL rating system (Capital adequacy, Asset qu ality, Management quality, Earnings ability, Liquidity position). Secondly, we added the variables related to the regulatory environment. The application of the method panel logit shows that financial ratios relating to the rating system (CAMEL) are correlated with the likelihood of problems measured by binary variables. The probability of occurrence of problems in these banks is positively correlated with the presence of an explicit system of deposit insurance and negatively correlated with the presence of auditors who provide information to regulators in the event of illegal activities committed by managers. The ability to prosecute these regulators for their actions has a negative effect on the probability of distress. The role of the Central Bank in monitoring activity is also very important to maintain system’s stability.
{"title":"Predicting Banking Distress in European Countries","authors":"A. Messai, Fathi Jouini","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11312","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to investigate internal and external factors with relation \u0000to regulations in order to predict difficulties which the banks are exposed. \u0000The sample consists of 368 banks in 8 European countries for the period \u00002004-2007. The model was built primarily only on a set of ratios constituting \u0000the CAMEL rating system (Capital adequacy, Asset qu ality, \u0000Management quality, Earnings ability, Liquidity position). Secondly, we \u0000added the variables related to the regulatory environment. The application \u0000of the method panel logit shows that financial ratios relating to the \u0000rating system (CAMEL) are correlated with the likelihood of problems \u0000measured by binary variables. The probability of occurrence of problems \u0000in these banks is positively correlated with the presence of an explicit \u0000system of deposit insurance and negatively correlated with the presence of \u0000auditors who provide information to regulators in the event of illegal activities \u0000committed by managers. The ability to prosecute these regulators \u0000for their actions has a negative effect on the probability of distress. The \u0000role of the Central Bank in monitoring activity is also very important to \u0000maintain system’s stability.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"61-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78116235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effect of financial development on economic growth was researched for the most rapidly developing countries (emerging markets) (Brazil, Russia, India, China and Turkey, BRIC-T) via panel data analysis using the annual data for the period from 1989 to 2010. Foreign direct investments and trade openness, which was thought to have effects on the growth, were included in the analysis. According to empirical evidence derived from the study made with panel data analysis it was found that the effect of financial development on economic growth was positive and statistically significant in line with theoretical expectations. Evidence that even foreign direct investments and openness contributed to the growth positively was also found.
{"title":"The Effect of Financial Development on Economic Growth in BRIC-T Countries: Panel Data Analysis","authors":"M. Mercan, Ismet Gocer","doi":"10.14706/JECOSS11318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS11318","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of financial development on economic growth was \u0000researched for the most rapidly developing countries (emerging markets) \u0000(Brazil, Russia, India, China and Turkey, BRIC-T) via panel data \u0000analysis using the annual data for the period from 1989 to 2010. Foreign \u0000direct investments and trade openness, which was thought to have effects \u0000on the growth, were included in the analysis. According to empirical \u0000evidence derived from the study made with panel data analysis it was \u0000found that the effect of financial development on economic growth was \u0000positive and statistically significant in line with theoretical expectations. \u0000Evidence that even foreign direct investments and openness contributed to \u0000the growth positively was also found.","PeriodicalId":52427,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"199-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83681290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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