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A Strategic Proposal for Legally Protecting Wild Animals 野生动物法律保护的战略建议
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-25 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2103918
Pablo P. Castelló
Abstract Philosophers have long articulated theories of animal rights. However, concrete questions such as “How should the Constitution of Australia change if it recognized the right to self-determination of some wild animals?” have rarely, if ever, been studied. Inspired by Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka’s theory of animal rights, this article explores a legal strategy about how wild animals’ interest in self-determination could be recognized in the Australian Constitution. I argue that conferring strong constitutional protection to wild animals regarding self-determination would require: (1) recognizing fundamental legal rights of wild animals to political representation, immunity from being objects of property rights, self-determination, and territory, and (2) defining to whom the proposed rights would apply and identifying the territories over which animals would have a right to govern themselves. I offer a strategic proposal in relation to point 2 and suggest that granting a legal status beyond the personhood–property divide, what I call “legal animalhood,” is the soundest strategy to recognize the fundamental legal rights of wild animals. Finally, I show that the proposed strategy is a better approach to confer strong legal protection to wild animals than Karen Bradshaw’s property rights strategy and ecocentric approaches.
长期以来,哲学家们一直在阐述动物权利的理论。然而,具体的问题,如“如果澳大利亚宪法承认一些野生动物的自决权,它应该如何改变?”的问题很少被研究过。受Sue Donaldson和Will Kymlicka的动物权利理论的启发,本文探讨了如何在澳大利亚宪法中承认野生动物自决的利益的法律策略。我认为,赋予野生动物关于自决的强有力的宪法保护将需要:(1)承认野生动物的政治代表权、免于成为财产权、自决和领土的客体的基本法律权利,以及(2)确定拟议的权利将适用于谁,并确定动物有权管理自己的领土。关于第2点,我提出了一个战略建议,并建议给予超越人格-财产界限的法律地位,我称之为“合法的动物身份”,这是承认野生动物基本法律权利的最合理策略。最后,我表明,与卡伦·布拉德肖的产权策略和生态中心方法相比,拟议的策略是一种更好的方法,可以为野生动物提供强有力的法律保护。
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引用次数: 1
Is CITES Protecting Wildlife? Assessing Implementation and Compliance CITES是在保护野生动物吗?评估实施及遵从性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2151135
Hira Jaleel
trafficking
人口贩卖
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引用次数: 0
Patrik Baard, Ethics in Biodiversity Conservation. 帕特里克·巴德,《生物多样性保护伦理》。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2151136
Nikolas P. Sellheim
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Analysis of US and Japanese News Reports on Whaling Suggests Strategies to Improve Bilateral Communication on Commercial Whaling in Japan 美日两国捕鲸新闻报道的比较分析提出了改善日本商业捕鲸双边沟通的策略
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2146847
Jiaxin Xu, Zhijia Liu, M. Leslie
Abstract Media coverage on controversial topics, such as whaling, presents opposing arguments that can shape public opinions. To investigate how the US and Japanese media portrayed Japan’s withdrawal from the International Whaling Commission, we examined 368 news reports on whaling from the US and Japan published during 2018 and 2019, concurrent with Japan’s withdrawal. We identified ten frequently used arguments and analyzed how they were deployed to support either the pro-whaling or anti-whaling stance. Unsurprisingly, Japanese reports were predominantly more pro-whaling than the US reports. Cultural differences alone did not fully explain these diverging stances and usage of arguments. Moreover, broader anthropocentric concerns and the interests of the two countries overlapped, suggesting that while the two countries have a shared awareness of anthropocentric perspectives, the communication problem lies in their diametrically opposed assertions regarding those topics. By analyzing the issue, we revealed the potential for mutual understanding between the US and Japan, which allowed us to propose possible solutions to improve diplomacy on this issue.
媒体对捕鲸等争议性话题的报道,呈现出截然相反的观点,从而影响公众舆论。为了调查美国和日本媒体是如何描述日本退出国际捕鲸委员会的,我们研究了2018年和2019年日本退出期间美国和日本发表的368篇关于捕鲸的新闻报道。我们确定了10个经常使用的论点,并分析了它们是如何被用来支持支持捕鲸或反对捕鲸的立场的。不出所料,日本的报告基本上比美国的报告更支持捕鲸。文化差异本身并不能完全解释这些不同的立场和论点的用法。此外,更广泛的人类中心主义关切和两国的利益是重叠的,这表明尽管两国对人类中心主义观点有共同的认识,但沟通问题在于他们对这些主题的截然相反的主张。通过分析这一问题,我们揭示了美日之间相互理解的潜力,从而提出了改善这一问题外交的可能解决方案。”
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引用次数: 0
Regulating Impacts of Noise on Marine Mammals in North America: An Overview of the Legal Frameworks in Canada and the United States 调节噪音对北美海洋哺乳动物的影响:加拿大和美国法律框架概述
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2151116
A. Wright, H. Moors-Murphy
Abstract Marine mammals are protected under dedicated taxonomic legislation, endangered species legislation, and general environmental stewardship laws in many countries. Governments and agencies within those countries are tasked with assessing and limiting human impacts in accordance with their own laws, including those arising from underwater noise emissions. While the United States (US) has established thresholds for permanent and temporary threshold shifts (PTS and TTS) in the hearing of marine mammals, Canada has not yet established specific numeric onset thresholds for hearing impairment or other noise-related impacts. Given that Canada and the US are jointly responsible for the management of a number of at-risk marine mammals, we provide a brief overview of the main laws and associated standards relevant to management of noise impacts on marine mammals in these two jurisdictions. The US PTS/TTS thresholds are only a small part of a suite of elements collectively applied to assess and mitigate the full range of impacts of noise on marine mammals, and the implementation of these (or any other) thresholds in Canada would not negate the need to conduct case-specific impact assessments to satisfy their own broader requirements. Caution should be taken when applying US thresholds to address Canadian legal standards, as there are substantial differences in the legal definitions to which these thresholds might be applied. Thus, the need for, and application of, similar generalised PTS/TTS thresholds in Canada is still under debate and noise impacts will likely continue to be assessed in different ways in these two bordering nations.
在许多国家,海洋哺乳动物受到专门的分类学立法、濒危物种立法和一般环境管理法律的保护。这些国家的政府和机构的任务是根据本国法律评估和限制人类的影响,包括由水下噪声排放引起的影响。虽然美国已经为海洋哺乳动物的听力建立了永久性和暂时性阈值转移(PTS和TTS)的阈值,但加拿大尚未为听力损伤或其他与噪声相关的影响建立具体的数字阈值。鉴于加拿大和美国共同负责管理一些处于危险中的海洋哺乳动物,我们简要概述了这两个司法管辖区与管理噪音对海洋哺乳动物影响有关的主要法律和相关标准。美国PTS/TTS阈值只是用于评估和减轻噪声对海洋哺乳动物的全面影响的一套要素中的一小部分,在加拿大实施这些(或任何其他)阈值并不会否定进行具体案例影响评估以满足其自身更广泛要求的必要性。在应用美国阈值来处理加拿大法律标准时应谨慎,因为这些阈值可能适用的法律定义存在实质性差异。因此,加拿大是否需要和应用类似的通用PTS/TTS阈值仍在争论中,这两个边境国家可能会继续以不同的方式评估噪音影响。
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引用次数: 0
Recovery of the Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale: A Case Study 北太平洋东部灰鲸的恢复:一个案例研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2146850
Mark Reamer
Abstract In 1994, the United States government removed the Eastern North Pacific gray whale from the Endangered Species List due to its recovery rather than extinction. This notable action also marked the first removal of a marine mammal from the List due to population recovery since its enactment in 1973. The gray whale case study is well documented, in large part due to the charismatic nature of whales, a deep regard for marine mammal species, multiple federal laws and international treaties involved in their management and recovery, and a series of legal cases involving the Makah tribe in its pursuit to resume cultural subsistence whaling. The events leading up to the gray whale’s listing as endangered, the actions taken by both the US and the international community, and some of the events since the species’ delisting creates a unique and comprehensive case study that provides space for reflection on the future use of environmental laws to protect and preserve species, including, but certainly not limited to, large cetaceans in the Anthropocene.
1994年,美国政府将东北太平洋灰鲸从濒危物种名单中删除,原因是其数量有所恢复,而不是灭绝。这一引人注目的行动也标志着自1973年《濒危物种名录》颁布以来,由于种群数量的恢复,首次将一种海洋哺乳动物从《濒危物种名录》中删除。灰鲸的案例研究得到了充分的记录,这在很大程度上是由于鲸鱼的魅力,对海洋哺乳动物物种的深切关注,涉及它们的管理和恢复的多项联邦法律和国际条约,以及涉及马卡部落寻求恢复文化生存捕鲸的一系列法律案件。导致灰鲸被列为濒危物种的事件,美国和国际社会采取的行动,以及该物种被除名后的一些事件,创造了一个独特而全面的案例研究,为未来利用环境法保护和保存物种提供了思考空间,包括但不限于人类世的大型鲸目动物。
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引用次数: 0
Rosemary-Claire Collard, Animal Traffic: Lively Capital in the Global Exotic Pet Trade (Duke University Press 2020), ISBN 978-1-4780-1092-0 Rosemary-Claire Collard,动物交通:活跃的资本在全球外来宠物贸易(杜克大学出版社2020),ISBN 978-1-4780-1092-0
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2103920
R. Mathews
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引用次数: 0
Wildlife Law and Policy Loopholes and Canadian Species of Concern: Practitioners’ Perspectives 野生动物法律和政策的漏洞和加拿大关注的物种:从业者的观点
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2077388
Samantha de Vries
Abstract Iconic Canadian species are sometimes killed for “trophies,” for subsistence, or for the illicit market. Certain species may be under greater threat than sustainable regulation quotas imply, due to law and policy loopholes. There are two main questions relevant to Canadians that this article seeks to address: (1) What policy challenges do Canadian practitioners face in regards to CITES implementation and other Canadian wildlife legislations? (2) Which species are of most concern for poaching and trafficking in Canada according to practitioners, and does this align with international trade trends? In-depth interviews were conducted with eight Canadian wildlife officials (wildlife enforcement agency representatives with extensive experience working on wildlife criminal cases) to seek their perspectives. The findings suggest Canada operates under a conservation model of sustainable use and open trade, yet is lacking in implementation of certain policies and in certain areas such as the Canadian Arctic. There is no consensus among practitioners, some of whom work within the same agency, on which Canadian species are currently most at risk or of special concern for poaching and the illicit trade. These findings suggest there are gaps in law and policy in Canada in regards to in-demand species, and implementation needs to be harmonized across provinces and agencies to better protect wildlife. CITES listings of Canadian species may need to be reviewed in light of some of these identified problems (particularly with the bear gall bladder trade and polar bear harvesting). Identified species of concern were only somewhat aligned with available international export data.
加拿大的标志性物种有时被杀害是为了“战利品”,为了生存,或者是为了非法市场。由于法律和政策的漏洞,某些物种面临的威胁可能比可持续监管配额所暗示的更大。本文试图解决与加拿大人相关的两个主要问题:(1)加拿大从业者在实施CITES和其他加拿大野生动物立法方面面临哪些政策挑战?(2)从业人员认为在加拿大哪些物种最容易被偷猎和贩卖,这是否与国际贸易趋势一致?深入采访了8位加拿大野生动物官员(野生动物执法机构代表,在野生动物刑事案件方面具有丰富的经验),以寻求他们的观点。研究结果表明,加拿大在可持续利用和开放贸易的保护模式下运作,但在某些政策和某些地区(如加拿大北极)缺乏实施。从业人员(其中一些人在同一机构工作)对加拿大哪些物种目前面临的风险最大或最受偷猎和非法贸易特别关注的问题没有达成共识。这些发现表明,加拿大在需求物种方面存在法律和政策上的差距,需要在各省和各机构之间协调实施,以更好地保护野生动物。考虑到这些已发现的问题(特别是熊胆贸易和北极熊捕捞),可能需要重新审查CITES列出的加拿大物种。所确定的令人关注的物种与现有的国际出口数据只是有些一致。
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引用次数: 0
The Dynamics of the Illegal Ivory Trade and the Need for Stronger Global Governance 非法象牙贸易的动态和加强全球治理的必要性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2077393
Zhen Miao, Qiang Wang, Xiaofeng Cui, Kirsten Conrad, Wei Ji, Wei Zhang, Xuehong Zhou, Douglas Craig MacMillan
Abstract The illegal ivory trade is the main driver of elephant poaching in Africa. In recent years, China—long regarded as the main destination of illegal ivory trade—has undertaken a series of policy interventions to curtail ivory imports, such as the closure of ivory carving enterprises. In this article we explore the impact of these recent interventions on the price of ivory and poaching and the wider drivers connected to the illegal trade, such as China’s macro-economic performance. The research demonstrates that the price of illegal ivory in China has dropped significantly, mainly due to measures taken under China’s “Ecological Civilization” (EC) programme and ivory trade ban to curb demand and supply. The number of illegal ivory seizures decreased over time but remains active, with a high proportion of seizures categorized as minor infringements (ivory pieces under 2.4 kg) often imported by tourists as souvenirs. We also find that the price of ivory is recovering in other destinations such as Vietnam, and it is becoming clear that all countries should make more political commitments on the existing basis to elephant conservation and curtailing illegal ivory trade.
非法象牙贸易是非洲大象偷猎的主要驱动力。近年来,中国一直被视为非法象牙贸易的主要目的地,采取了一系列政策干预措施来减少象牙进口,例如关闭象牙雕刻企业。在本文中,我们将探讨这些近期干预措施对象牙价格和偷猎的影响,以及与非法贸易相关的更广泛的驱动因素,如中国的宏观经济表现。研究表明,中国的非法象牙价格大幅下降,这主要是由于中国在“生态文明”计划和象牙贸易禁令下采取的措施来抑制需求和供应。随着时间的推移,非法查获的象牙数量有所减少,但仍然活跃,其中很大一部分被归类为轻微侵权(2.4公斤以下的象牙),通常由游客作为纪念品进口。我们还发现,在越南等其他目的地,象牙的价格正在回升,越来越明显的是,所有国家都应该在现有的基础上做出更多的政治承诺,以保护大象,减少非法象牙贸易。
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引用次数: 1
A Range-Wide Analysis of Legal Instruments Applicable to Jaguar Conservation 适用于美洲虎保护的法律文书的范围分析
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2022.2077406
H. Kretser, Monica Nuñez-Salas, J. Polisar, L. Maffei
Abstract The jaguar (Panthera onca) is one of five Panthera cats facing global conservation concerns. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers the jaguar to be Near Threatened, and its global population has declined by an estimated 25% in 25 years. Current jaguar populations range from Mexico to Argentina with some individuals confirmed in the United States. For this article we compile and review the legal protections categorized in the constitution, national laws, and infra-legal level in each of those countries to identify the presence of government-approved endangered species lists, specific jaguar protection laws, government-approved jaguar management plans and human–wildlife conflict regulations, and the administrative and criminal sanctions for hunting and wildlife trade. We also note which laws allowed for legal killings of jaguar for hunting, subsistence use or conflict. We recommend that countries adopt jaguar-specific protection laws, establish and update administrative and criminal penalties, modify existing legislative language to ensure improved adoption, enforcement and prosecution, recognize non-binding management practices through legal channels, and harmonize legal policies across countries. We propose additional reviews on illegal wildlife trafficking, human–wildlife conflict, and enforcement, among others, to continue identifying legal gaps. This first range-wide assessment of and perspective on jaguar legislation illustrates opportunities for strengthening legal protections by comparing the variety of structures and approaches employed to conserve this important species.
美洲虎(Panthera onca)是面临全球保护关注的五种美洲虎之一。国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)认为美洲虎濒临灭绝,其全球数量在25年内估计下降了25%。目前美洲虎的种群分布在墨西哥到阿根廷,在美国也发现了一些个体。在这篇文章中,我们对这些国家的宪法、国家法律和非法律层面的法律保护进行了整理和审查,以确定政府批准的濒危物种名单、具体的美洲虎保护法、政府批准的美洲虎管理计划和人类与野生动物冲突法规,以及对狩猎和野生动物贸易的行政和刑事制裁。我们还注意到哪些法律允许为了狩猎、生存或冲突而合法捕杀美洲虎。我们建议各国通过专门保护美洲豹的法律,建立和更新行政和刑事处罚,修改现有的立法语言,以确保改进采用、执行和起诉,通过法律渠道承认非约束性管理做法,并协调各国的法律政策。我们建议对非法野生动物贩运、人类与野生动物冲突和执法等问题进行进一步审查,以继续发现法律空白。这是对美洲虎立法的第一次全面评估和展望,通过比较保护这一重要物种所采用的各种结构和方法,说明了加强法律保护的机会。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
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