The Ecuadorian economy was in constant growth during the period under anal-ysis, making it essential to analyze the effect of this on poverty and inequality. The objective of this research is to study the interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Ecuador for the 2007-2017 period. Based on the notion of pro-poor growth, the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) will be used as an index to analyze the average income growth and how its benefits have been distributed among the poor and non-poor. For the Ecuadorian economy, growth has proven to be strictly pro-poor at national level for the total period; however, for the 2013-2017 period, the evidence shows that, for extreme poverty, growth turned out to be anti-poor.
{"title":"Pobreza en Ecuador: efecto del crecimiento y la desigualdad (2007-2017)","authors":"David Vásquez Corral","doi":"10.13043/dys.91.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.91.2","url":null,"abstract":"The Ecuadorian economy was in constant growth during the period under anal-ysis, making it essential to analyze the effect of this on poverty and inequality. The objective of this research is to study the interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Ecuador for the 2007-2017 period. Based on the notion of pro-poor growth, the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) will be used as an index to analyze the average income growth and how its benefits have been distributed among the poor and non-poor. For the Ecuadorian economy, growth has proven to be strictly pro-poor at national level for the total period; however, for the 2013-2017 period, the evidence shows that, for extreme poverty, growth turned out to be anti-poor.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47566478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Este artículo estudia empíricamente la incidencia de la diversificación productiva sobre el desempeño económico regional en Argentina entre los años 2008 y 2018. Asumiendo que los derrames (spillovers) de conocimiento tecnológico entre actividades requieren cercanía en la base de conocimientos, se distingue entre la diversificación productiva relacionada (DR) y la no relacionada (DnR), las cuales se estiman con indicadores de entropía. Se realizan estimaciones econométricas para explicar la dinámica del empleo y los salarios (como variable proxy de productividad) a partir de los niveles de diversificación regional. Los resultados sugieren que la DR incide positivamente en el empleo y los salarios a escala regional, mientras que la DnR contribuye a mantener el empleo frente a contracciones macroeconómicas. No se encuentra evidencia para sostener que las tecnologías transversales (metalmecánica y TIC) contribuyan a potenciar los efectos de la DR sobre el desempeño regional, aunque el software sí favorecería la presencia de externalidades entre actividades tecnológicamente distantes.
{"title":"Diversidad productiva, sectores difusores de progreso técnico y desempeño regional en Argentina entre 2008 y 2018","authors":"Matías Mancini, Federico Jelinski, P. Lavarello","doi":"10.13043/dys.90.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.90.6","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo estudia empíricamente la incidencia de la diversificación productiva sobre el desempeño económico regional en Argentina entre los años 2008 y 2018. Asumiendo que los derrames (spillovers) de conocimiento tecnológico entre actividades requieren cercanía en la base de conocimientos, se distingue entre la diversificación productiva relacionada (DR) y la no relacionada (DnR), las cuales se estiman con indicadores de entropía. Se realizan estimaciones econométricas para explicar la dinámica del empleo y los salarios (como variable proxy de productividad) a partir de los niveles de diversificación regional. Los resultados sugieren que la DR incide positivamente en el empleo y los salarios a escala regional, mientras que la DnR contribuye a mantener el empleo frente a contracciones macroeconómicas. No se encuentra evidencia para sostener que las tecnologías transversales (metalmecánica y TIC) contribuyan a potenciar los efectos de la DR sobre el desempeño regional, aunque el software sí favorecería la presencia de externalidades entre actividades tecnológicamente distantes.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42464676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iván Valdés de la Fuente, Gonzalo Escobar Elexpuru
A theoretical model was constructed to investigate the conditions that a large retailer must satisfy to increase the quality of the retailer-owned brands towards a greater number of groceries. The key result shows that the restraint given by a vertical integration scheme (producer-distributor) is relaxed for a higher quality-production cost ratio under the assumption of modelling with endogenous quality. Another finding is that the national brand´s production is not altered, which is explained by the fact that this brand is demanded by consumers with high willingness to pay for it. However, the wholesale price decreases and hence the manufacturer’s profit always falls as the quality of own brands rises. This is consistent with the argument that the retailer improves its negotiation capacity with the private manufacturer when it sells an own brand that is a close substitute for the manufacturer’s label, which always forces the wholesale price of the branded product down. encourage shoppers to choose between the retailer owned brand or national brand. The main results highlight that the pricing decision depends on the market share and profitability, which are affected by the strategies. He argues that when premium brand prices go up, retailer owned brands appear to offer better value.
{"title":"Is it rational for a large-retailer to sell an own-brand product similar to the branded product of a large manufacturer? A Vertical Product Differentiation Model","authors":"Iván Valdés de la Fuente, Gonzalo Escobar Elexpuru","doi":"10.13043/dys.90.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.90.3","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical model was constructed to investigate the conditions that a large retailer must satisfy to increase the quality of the retailer-owned brands towards a greater number of groceries. The key result shows that the restraint given by a vertical integration scheme (producer-distributor) is relaxed for a higher quality-production cost ratio under the assumption of modelling with endogenous quality. Another finding is that the national brand´s production is not altered, which is explained by the fact that this brand is demanded by consumers with high willingness to pay for it. However, the wholesale price decreases and hence the manufacturer’s profit always falls as the quality of own brands rises. This is consistent with the argument that the retailer improves its negotiation capacity with the private manufacturer when it sells an own brand that is a close substitute for the manufacturer’s label, which always forces the wholesale price of the branded product down. encourage shoppers to choose between the retailer owned brand or national brand. The main results highlight that the pricing decision depends on the market share and profitability, which are affected by the strategies. He argues that when premium brand prices go up, retailer owned brands appear to offer better value.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43391165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The economic value of increases in the length of life is estimated for a large set of countries using age-specific data on consumption, leisure earnings, and mortality. Estimates are sensitive to parameters on intertemporal substitution and minimum consumption, and to the interest rate. A scenario of improvement of 1/10000 survival probabilities across life results in Value of Statistical Life (VSL) gains at the beginning of life of around USD $500 for the wealthier countries, $200 for middle-income, and $30 for the poorest. Benchmark income elasticities are in general below 1, except for low-income countries at older ages. The income elasticity of VSL is calculated directly, and not, as in previous literature, calculated for less developed countries based on measurements for wealthier countries.
{"title":"The value of longevity: An international analysis","authors":"Gabriel X. Martinez","doi":"10.13043/dys.90.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.90.1","url":null,"abstract":"The economic value of increases in the length of life is estimated for a large set of countries using age-specific data on consumption, leisure earnings, and mortality. Estimates are sensitive to parameters on intertemporal substitution and minimum consumption, and to the interest rate. A scenario of improvement of 1/10000 survival probabilities across life results in Value of Statistical Life (VSL) gains at the beginning of life of around USD $500 for the wealthier countries, $200 for middle-income, and $30 for the poorest. Benchmark income elasticities are in general below 1, except for low-income countries at older ages. The income elasticity of VSL is calculated directly, and not, as in previous literature, calculated for less developed countries based on measurements for wealthier countries.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47615422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Victoria Urrego Ospina, Deici Alejandra Giraldo Hurtado
The purpose of this work is to explore the role of violent crime on adolescent fertility choices. It reviews the hypothesis that violent crime shortens life expectancy, which leads individuals to make earlier decisions about childbearing. We model the adolescent fertility rate (AFR) for the 10-14 and 15-19 years age groups separately. We use a panel data set for Colombia at department level from 2003 to 2014, using Arellano-Bond estimator with department fixed effects. The empirical findings suggest that crime has a positive effect on AFR among adolescent aged 15-19, and is statistically significant at 10%. The results of this paper contribute to explaining the connection between crime and fertility choices in Colombia. It provides further insight into the different factors affecting AFR, and stimulates public debate on the need to strengthen the country’s institutions and to ensure access to quality education and the promotion of early interventions programs. results of this show a positive and significant relationship at 10% between the rate and the AFR for the 15-19 age group, supporting the hypothesis of this work. It suggests that AFR for the 15-19 age group increases by 61 births per 1000 women when the total number of increases by 1000 deaths per 100.000 inhabitants.
{"title":"The effect of crime on adolescent fertility in Colombia","authors":"Laura Victoria Urrego Ospina, Deici Alejandra Giraldo Hurtado","doi":"10.13043/dys.90.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.90.2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this work is to explore the role of violent crime on adolescent fertility choices. It reviews the hypothesis that violent crime shortens life expectancy, which leads individuals to make earlier decisions about childbearing. We model the adolescent fertility rate (AFR) for the 10-14 and 15-19 years age groups separately. We use a panel data set for Colombia at department level from 2003 to 2014, using Arellano-Bond estimator with department fixed effects. The empirical findings suggest that crime has a positive effect on AFR among adolescent aged 15-19, and is statistically significant at 10%. The results of this paper contribute to explaining the connection between crime and fertility choices in Colombia. It provides further insight into the different factors affecting AFR, and stimulates public debate on the need to strengthen the country’s institutions and to ensure access to quality education and the promotion of early interventions programs. results of this show a positive and significant relationship at 10% between the rate and the AFR for the 15-19 age group, supporting the hypothesis of this work. It suggests that AFR for the 15-19 age group increases by 61 births per 1000 women when the total number of increases by 1000 deaths per 100.000 inhabitants.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46648234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a decade of low TFP —factorial total productivity— in Latin America, the paper shows evidence of the low level of TFP due to the degree of technical inefficiency of companies in the Peruvian productive sector case. For this, the technical efficiency indices of 116 875 companies (83 271 formal and 33 604 informal) distributed in 25 regions and ten productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, construction, commerce, hotels and restaurants, and the rest are non-governmental services). The esti-mates yielded a general average efficiency index for the regions and sectors of Peru of 37.94 —in other words, the total product of the companies would multiply by 2.6 without requiring additional productive factors—. This figure suggests that government or company interventions that induce technically efficient behaviors in production can contribute to increasing the TFP of the economy, probably at lower cost and time.
{"title":"Índice de eficiencia técnica de las empresas de Perú","authors":"Mario D. Tello","doi":"10.13043/dys.90.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.90.4","url":null,"abstract":"In a decade of low TFP —factorial total productivity— in Latin America, the paper shows evidence of the low level of TFP due to the degree of technical inefficiency of companies in the Peruvian productive sector case. For this, the technical efficiency indices of 116 875 companies (83 271 formal and 33 604 informal) distributed in 25 regions and ten productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, construction, commerce, hotels and restaurants, and the rest are non-governmental services). The esti-mates yielded a general average efficiency index for the regions and sectors of Peru of 37.94 —in other words, the total product of the companies would multiply by 2.6 without requiring additional productive factors—. This figure suggests that government or company interventions that induce technically efficient behaviors in production can contribute to increasing the TFP of the economy, probably at lower cost and time.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44374195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nota de la editora invitada","authors":"Ana María Ibáñez","doi":"10.13043/dys.89.0a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.89.0a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research shows that irregular immigration can worsen perceptions of security. However, the real effect of irregular immigration on crime rates remains unknown. In this paper, we analyze the effect of irregular immigration inflows on crime in the recipient country. For this, we build a dataset of Vene-zuelan irregular immigration in Colombia and crime rates at municipal level between 2016 and 2018. Our specification is based on an IV strategy using the exogenous variation in distance to the borderline as an instrument for immigration. We find that the immigration shock caused a slight increase in two types of theft in the short run and no significative changes in violent crime. These results are robust when using different instrumental variables, applying special autocorrelation corrections, and including controls for police capacity.
{"title":"¿Los sospechosos de siempre? Efectos de la migración irregular en la criminalidad","authors":"Juan Sebastián Franco Mora","doi":"10.13043/dys.89.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.89.2","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research shows that irregular immigration can worsen perceptions of security. However, the real effect of irregular immigration on crime rates remains unknown. In this paper, we analyze the effect of irregular immigration inflows on crime in the recipient country. For this, we build a dataset of Vene-zuelan irregular immigration in Colombia and crime rates at municipal level between 2016 and 2018. Our specification is based on an IV strategy using the exogenous variation in distance to the borderline as an instrument for immigration. We find that the immigration shock caused a slight increase in two types of theft in the short run and no significative changes in violent crime. These results are robust when using different instrumental variables, applying special autocorrelation corrections, and including controls for police capacity.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42916207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Camilo Taborda Burgos, Alida María Acosta Ortiz, Maria Camila Garcia
In the context of the Venezuelan migratory crisis, recent opinion polls show an increase in discriminatory or xenophobic attitudes towards the Venezuelan population in Colombia. This paper presents an adjusted conceptual frame-work to understand the Venezuelan migrant crisis without appealing to the traditional concepts of race or language. Using a qualitative approach, we also study migrants’ perceptions of discrimination, in their interaction with host communities and the Colombian state. Evidence suggests that while Venezuelan migrants interviewed do not express suffering direct discrimination generally, they or their fellow conational constantly encounter indirect discrimination. This type of discrimination is highly mediated by social status and economic resources and is observed when interacting with the state or by stereotypes pushed forward by the media. Simply put, this means that apparently neutral norms or processes, involve more difficulties for Venezuelans simply because they are Venezuelan.
{"title":"Discriminación en silencio: percepciones de migrantes venezolanos sobre la discriminación en Colombia","authors":"Juan Camilo Taborda Burgos, Alida María Acosta Ortiz, Maria Camila Garcia","doi":"10.13043/dys.89.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.89.5","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the Venezuelan migratory crisis, recent opinion polls show an increase in discriminatory or xenophobic attitudes towards the Venezuelan population in Colombia. This paper presents an adjusted conceptual frame-work to understand the Venezuelan migrant crisis without appealing to the traditional concepts of race or language. Using a qualitative approach, we also study migrants’ perceptions of discrimination, in their interaction with host communities and the Colombian state. Evidence suggests that while Venezuelan migrants interviewed do not express suffering direct discrimination generally, they or their fellow conational constantly encounter indirect discrimination. This type of discrimination is highly mediated by social status and economic resources and is observed when interacting with the state or by stereotypes pushed forward by the media. Simply put, this means that apparently neutral norms or processes, involve more difficulties for Venezuelans simply because they are Venezuelan.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48908591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olga María Mutis O., Camilo José Ríos I., Laura María Montaño G., Vanessa Monroy R.
Venezuelan migration to Colombia has mobilized nearly 1.8 million Vene-zuelans and Colombian returnees to Colombia. Using a data panel with fixed effects, we estimate the difference in the contribution to productivity of the migrant and non-migrant population for two periods, 2013-2019 and 2015-2019, considering educational level, geographic department, and economic sector. In 2015-2019, migrant with a higher level of education contributed more to productivity than the non-migrant population with a low level of education. There is a self-selection bias given that migrants sought to work in departments with the higher levels of productivity. This bias is corrected with an instrumental variable that exploits the regional variation of the migrant networks existing in 2005 and the timing and intensity of the Venezuelan economic crisis. This analysis shows that Venezuelan migration positively affects Colombian labor productivity in the short term and works as an input to develop migratory policies.
{"title":"Crisis u oportunidad: impacto de la migración venezolana en la productividad colombiana","authors":"Olga María Mutis O., Camilo José Ríos I., Laura María Montaño G., Vanessa Monroy R.","doi":"10.13043/dys.89.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.89.1","url":null,"abstract":"Venezuelan migration to Colombia has mobilized nearly 1.8 million Vene-zuelans and Colombian returnees to Colombia. Using a data panel with fixed effects, we estimate the difference in the contribution to productivity of the migrant and non-migrant population for two periods, 2013-2019 and 2015-2019, considering educational level, geographic department, and economic sector. In 2015-2019, migrant with a higher level of education contributed more to productivity than the non-migrant population with a low level of education. There is a self-selection bias given that migrants sought to work in departments with the higher levels of productivity. This bias is corrected with an instrumental variable that exploits the regional variation of the migrant networks existing in 2005 and the timing and intensity of the Venezuelan economic crisis. This analysis shows that Venezuelan migration positively affects Colombian labor productivity in the short term and works as an input to develop migratory policies.","PeriodicalId":52469,"journal":{"name":"Desarrollo y Sociedad","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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