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Pobreza en Ecuador: efecto del crecimiento y la desigualdad (2007-2017) 厄瓜多尔的贫困:增长和不平等的影响(2007-2017)
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.91.2
David Vásquez Corral
The Ecuadorian economy was in constant growth during the period under anal-ysis, making it essential to analyze the effect of this on poverty and inequality. The objective of this research is to study the interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Ecuador for the 2007-2017 period. Based on the notion of pro-poor growth, the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) will be used as an index to analyze the average income growth and how its benefits have been distributed among the poor and non-poor. For the Ecuadorian economy, growth has proven to be strictly pro-poor at national level for the total period; however, for the 2013-2017 period, the evidence shows that, for extreme poverty, growth turned out to be anti-poor.
在分析所涉期间,厄瓜多尔经济不断增长,因此必须分析这对贫穷和不平等的影响。本研究的目的是研究2007-2017年期间厄瓜多尔经济增长、不平等和贫困之间的相互关系。根据有利于贫困人口增长的概念,贫困当量增长率(PEGR)将被用作分析平均收入增长及其收益如何在贫困人口和非贫困人口之间分配的指标。就厄瓜多尔经济而言,事实证明,在整个时期内,国家一级的增长严格有利于穷人;然而,在2013-2017年期间,有证据表明,对于极端贫困而言,增长反而是反贫困的。
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引用次数: 0
Diversidad productiva, sectores difusores de progreso técnico y desempeño regional en Argentina entre 2008 y 2018 2008年至2018年阿根廷生产多样性、技术进步扩散部门和区域绩效
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.90.6
Matías Mancini, Federico Jelinski, P. Lavarello
Este artículo estudia empíricamente la incidencia de la diversificación productiva sobre el desempeño económico regional en Argentina entre los años 2008 y 2018. Asumiendo que los derrames (spillovers) de conocimiento tecnológico entre actividades requieren cercanía en la base de conocimientos, se distingue entre la diversificación productiva relacionada (DR) y la no relacionada (DnR), las cuales se estiman con indicadores de entropía. Se realizan estimaciones econométricas para explicar la dinámica del empleo y los salarios (como variable proxy de productividad) a partir de los niveles de diversificación regional. Los resultados sugieren que la DR incide positivamente en el empleo y los salarios a escala regional, mientras que la DnR contribuye a mantener el empleo frente a contracciones macroeconómicas. No se encuentra evidencia para sostener que las tecnologías transversales (metalmecánica y TIC) contribuyan a potenciar los efectos de la DR sobre el desempeño regional, aunque el software sí favorecería la presencia de externalidades entre actividades tecnológicamente distantes.
本文实证研究了2008年至2018年生产多样化对阿根廷区域经济绩效的影响。假设活动之间的技术知识溢出需要知识库的密切性,区分了相关生产多样化(DR)和非相关生产多样化(DNR),这是用熵指标估计的。根据区域多样化水平进行经济计量估计,以解释就业和工资(作为生产力的代理变量)的动态。结果表明,DR对区域一级的就业和工资产生了积极影响,而DNR有助于在宏观经济收缩的情况下维持就业。没有证据表明横向技术(金属力学和信息和通信技术)有助于增强灾难恢复对区域绩效的影响,尽管软件确实会促进技术上遥远的活动之间存在外部性。
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引用次数: 0
Is it rational for a large-retailer to sell an own-brand product similar to the branded product of a large manufacturer? A Vertical Product Differentiation Model 大型零售商销售与大型制造商的品牌产品类似的自有品牌产品是否合理?垂直产品差异化模型
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.90.3
Iván Valdés de la Fuente, Gonzalo Escobar Elexpuru
A theoretical model was constructed to investigate the conditions that a large retailer must satisfy to increase the quality of the retailer-owned brands towards a greater number of groceries. The key result shows that the restraint given by a vertical integration scheme (producer-distributor) is relaxed for a higher quality-production cost ratio under the assumption of modelling with endogenous quality. Another finding is that the national brand´s production is not altered, which is explained by the fact that this brand is demanded by consumers with high willingness to pay for it. However, the wholesale price decreases and hence the manufacturer’s profit always falls as the quality of own brands rises. This is consistent with the argument that the retailer improves its negotiation capacity with the private manufacturer when it sells an own brand that is a close substitute for the manufacturer’s label, which always forces the wholesale price of the branded product down. encourage shoppers to choose between the retailer owned brand or national brand. The main results highlight that the pricing decision depends on the market share and profitability, which are affected by the strategies. He argues that when premium brand prices go up, retailer owned brands appear to offer better value.
建立了一个理论模型来研究大型零售商必须满足的条件,以提高零售商拥有的品牌的质量,以获得更多的杂货。研究结果表明,在具有内生质量的模型假设下,纵向一体化方案(生产者-分销商)对更高质量-生产成本比的约束被放宽。另一个发现是,民族品牌的生产并没有改变,这可以解释为消费者对这个品牌的需求有很高的支付意愿。然而,批发价格下降,因此制造商的利润总是随着自有品牌质量的提高而下降。这与以下观点是一致的,即零售商在销售自己的品牌时提高了与私人制造商的谈判能力,这是制造商标签的密切替代品,这总是迫使品牌产品的批发价格下降。鼓励消费者在零售商自有品牌和国家品牌之间做出选择。主要结果表明,定价决策取决于市场份额和盈利能力,而市场份额和盈利能力又受到战略的影响。他认为,当高端品牌价格上涨时,零售商拥有的品牌似乎提供了更高的价值。
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引用次数: 0
The value of longevity: An international analysis 长寿的价值:国际分析
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.90.1
Gabriel X. Martinez
The economic value of increases in the length of life is estimated for a large set of countries using age-specific data on consumption, leisure earnings, and mortality. Estimates are sensitive to parameters on intertemporal substitution and minimum consumption, and to the interest rate. A scenario of improvement of 1/10000 survival probabilities across life results in Value of Statistical Life (VSL) gains at the beginning of life of around USD $500 for the wealthier countries, $200 for middle-income, and $30 for the poorest. Benchmark income elasticities are in general below 1, except for low-income countries at older ages. The income elasticity of VSL is calculated directly, and not, as in previous literature, calculated for less developed countries based on measurements for wealthier countries.
使用特定年龄的消费、休闲收入和死亡率数据,对许多国家寿命延长的经济价值进行了估计。估算对跨期替代和最小消费参数以及利率敏感。如果一生中生存概率提高1/10000,那么富裕国家在生命之初的统计生命价值(VSL)收益约为500美元,中等收入国家为200美元,最贫困国家为30美元。除了低收入国家的老年人,基准收入弹性一般都低于1。VSL的收入弹性是直接计算的,而不是像以前的文献那样,根据富裕国家的测量结果计算欠发达国家的收入弹性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of crime on adolescent fertility in Colombia 哥伦比亚犯罪对青少年生育能力的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.90.2
Laura Victoria Urrego Ospina, Deici Alejandra Giraldo Hurtado
The purpose of this work is to explore the role of violent crime on adolescent fertility choices. It reviews the hypothesis that violent crime shortens life expectancy, which leads individuals to make earlier decisions about childbearing. We model the adolescent fertility rate (AFR) for the 10-14 and 15-19 years age groups separately. We use a panel data set for Colombia at department level from 2003 to 2014, using Arellano-Bond estimator with department fixed effects. The empirical findings suggest that crime has a positive effect on AFR among adolescent aged 15-19, and is statistically significant at 10%. The results of this paper contribute to explaining the connection between crime and fertility choices in Colombia. It provides further insight into the different factors affecting AFR, and stimulates public debate on the need to strengthen the country’s institutions and to ensure access to quality education and the promotion of early interventions programs. results of this show a positive and significant relationship at 10% between the rate and the AFR for the 15-19 age group, supporting the hypothesis of this work. It suggests that AFR for the 15-19 age group increases by 61 births per 1000 women when the total number of increases by 1000 deaths per 100.000 inhabitants.
本研究的目的是探讨暴力犯罪对青少年生育选择的影响。它回顾了暴力犯罪缩短预期寿命的假设,这导致个人在生育方面做出更早的决定。我们分别对10-14岁和15-19岁年龄组的青少年生育率(AFR)进行了建模。我们使用哥伦比亚2003 - 2014年部门水平的面板数据集,使用具有部门固定效应的Arellano-Bond估计器。实证结果表明,犯罪对15-19岁青少年的AFR有正向影响,且有10%的统计学显著性。本文的结果有助于解释哥伦比亚犯罪和生育选择之间的联系。它提供了对影响AFR的不同因素的进一步了解,并激发了公众对加强国家机构、确保获得优质教育和促进早期干预方案的必要性的讨论。本研究结果显示,15-19岁年龄组的自杀率与AFR之间存在10%的显著正相关关系,支持本研究的假设。它表明,15-19岁年龄组的生育率每1000名妇女增加61名,而每100 000名居民的总死亡人数增加1000人。
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引用次数: 0
Índice de eficiencia técnica de las empresas de Perú 秘鲁公司技术效率指数
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.90.4
Mario D. Tello
In a decade of low TFP —factorial total productivity— in Latin America, the paper shows evidence of the low level of TFP due to the degree of technical inefficiency of companies in the Peruvian productive sector case. For this, the technical efficiency indices of 116 875 companies (83 271 formal and 33 604 informal) distributed in 25 regions and ten productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, construction, commerce, hotels and restaurants, and the rest are non-governmental services). The esti-mates yielded a general average efficiency index for the regions and sectors of Peru of 37.94 —in other words, the total product of the companies would multiply by 2.6 without requiring additional productive factors—. This figure suggests that government or company interventions that induce technically efficient behaviors in production can contribute to increasing the TFP of the economy, probably at lower cost and time.
在拉丁美洲低全要素生产率(阶乘总生产率)的十年中,该论文表明,在秘鲁生产部门的案例中,由于公司的技术效率低下,全要素生产率水平较低。为此,116 875家公司(83 271家正规公司和33 604家非正规公司)的技术效率指数分布在25个地区和10个生产部门(农业、畜牧业、农业、采矿业、渔业、制造业、建筑业、商业、酒店和餐馆,其余为非政府服务业)。据估计,秘鲁各地区和部门的总体平均效率指数为37.94,换句话说,在不需要额外生产因素的情况下,这些公司的总产品将乘以2.6。这一数字表明,政府或公司的干预措施可以诱导生产中的技术高效行为,从而可能以更低的成本和时间提高经济的全要素生产率。
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引用次数: 0
Nota de la editora invitada 特邀编辑的说明
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.89.0a
Ana María Ibáñez
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引用次数: 0
¿Los sospechosos de siempre? Efectos de la migración irregular en la criminalidad 通常的嫌疑人?非正常移民对犯罪的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.89.2
Juan Sebastián Franco Mora
Previous research shows that irregular immigration can worsen perceptions of security. However, the real effect of irregular immigration on crime rates remains unknown. In this paper, we analyze the effect of irregular immigration inflows on crime in the recipient country. For this, we build a dataset of Vene-zuelan irregular immigration in Colombia and crime rates at municipal level between 2016 and 2018. Our specification is based on an IV strategy using the exogenous variation in distance to the borderline as an instrument for immigration. We find that the immigration shock caused a slight increase in two types of theft in the short run and no significative changes in violent crime. These results are robust when using different instrumental variables, applying special autocorrelation corrections, and including controls for police capacity.
先前的研究表明,不规则的移民会恶化人们对安全的看法。然而,非正规移民对犯罪率的真正影响尚不清楚。在本文中,我们分析了非法移民流入对接受国犯罪的影响。为此,我们建立了一个数据集,其中包括2016年至2018年间哥伦比亚的委内瑞拉非法移民和市级犯罪率。我们的规范是基于IV策略,使用到边界距离的外生变化作为移民的工具。我们发现,移民冲击在短期内导致两种类型的盗窃略有增加,而暴力犯罪没有显著变化。当使用不同的工具变量、应用特殊的自相关校正并包括对警察能力的控制时,这些结果是稳健的。
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引用次数: 1
Discriminación en silencio: percepciones de migrantes venezolanos sobre la discriminación en Colombia 沉默中的歧视:委内瑞拉移民对哥伦比亚歧视的看法
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.89.5
Juan Camilo Taborda Burgos, Alida María Acosta Ortiz, Maria Camila Garcia
In the context of the Venezuelan migratory crisis, recent opinion polls show an increase in discriminatory or xenophobic attitudes towards the Venezuelan population in Colombia. This paper presents an adjusted conceptual frame-work to understand the Venezuelan migrant crisis without appealing to the traditional concepts of race or language. Using a qualitative approach, we also study migrants’ perceptions of discrimination, in their interaction with host communities and the Colombian state. Evidence suggests that while Venezuelan migrants interviewed do not express suffering direct discrimination generally, they or their fellow conational constantly encounter indirect discrimination. This type of discrimination is highly mediated by social status and economic resources and is observed when interacting with the state or by stereotypes pushed forward by the media. Simply put, this means that apparently neutral norms or processes, involve more difficulties for Venezuelans simply because they are Venezuelan.
在委内瑞拉移民危机的背景下,最近的民意调查显示,哥伦比亚对委内瑞拉人口的歧视或仇外态度有所增加。本文提出了一个调整后的概念框架,以理解委内瑞拉移民危机,而不诉诸传统的种族或语言概念。我们还采用定性方法研究了移民在与收容社区和哥伦比亚政府互动时对歧视的看法。有证据表明,虽然接受采访的委内瑞拉移民通常不会表示遭受直接歧视,但他们或他们的同胞经常遇到间接歧视。这种类型的歧视在很大程度上受到社会地位和经济资源的影响,在与国家互动或媒体宣扬的刻板印象中也会出现这种歧视。简单地说,这意味着,显然中立的规范或程序,对委内瑞拉人来说,仅仅因为他们是委内瑞拉人,就涉及到更多的困难。
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引用次数: 0
Crisis u oportunidad: impacto de la migración venezolana en la productividad colombiana 危机或机会:委内瑞拉移民对哥伦比亚生产力的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.13043/dys.89.1
Olga María Mutis O., Camilo José Ríos I., Laura María Montaño G., Vanessa Monroy R.
Venezuelan migration to Colombia has mobilized nearly 1.8 million Vene-zuelans and Colombian returnees to Colombia. Using a data panel with fixed effects, we estimate the difference in the contribution to productivity of the migrant and non-migrant population for two periods, 2013-2019 and 2015-2019, considering educational level, geographic department, and economic sector. In 2015-2019, migrant with a higher level of education contributed more to productivity than the non-migrant population with a low level of education. There is a self-selection bias given that migrants sought to work in departments with the higher levels of productivity. This bias is corrected with an instrumental variable that exploits the regional variation of the migrant networks existing in 2005 and the timing and intensity of the Venezuelan economic crisis. This analysis shows that Venezuelan migration positively affects Colombian labor productivity in the short term and works as an input to develop migratory policies.
委内瑞拉向哥伦比亚的移民动员了近180万委内瑞拉人和哥伦比亚回返者前往哥伦比亚。使用具有固定效应的数据面板,考虑到教育水平、地理部门和经济部门,我们估计了2013-2019年和2015-2019年两个时期移民和非移民人口对生产力的贡献差异。2015-2019年,教育水平较高的移民对生产力的贡献大于教育水平较低的非移民人口。考虑到移民寻求在生产力水平较高的部门工作,这是一种自我选择的偏见。利用2005年存在的移民网络的区域差异以及委内瑞拉经济危机的时间和强度,用一个工具变量纠正了这种偏见。这一分析表明,委内瑞拉移民在短期内对哥伦比亚的劳动生产率产生了积极影响,并为制定移民政策提供了投入。
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引用次数: 1
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