Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2020.255389
M. Rady, Eman E. Essa
were tested in the study against two aquatic vectors of disease Culex pipiens and the snail lymnaea natalensis , the five plant showed lethal effects against both vectors , Cx. pipiens larvae which showed high susceptibility to Sorghum bicolor extract LC50 184.37 ppm ± 24.02 ppm while the high susceptibility of L. natalensis snail was recorded toward Ambrosia extract LC50 =7.65 ± 1.89 ppm. The activities of the enzymes GST, GOT and ALT as well as the total proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids of Cx. pipiens larvae and the snail L. natalensis were significantly changed compared to the untreated samples. With the presence of some exceptions, most tested plant extracts generally increased GST and GOT activity in both vectors while a significant increase and decrease in the activity of ALT was reported in Cx. pipiens and L. natalensis respectively in most plant extracts. Also, the obtained results indicated that the total protein and carbohydrate contents in both Cx. pipiens larvae and the snail L. natalensis were significantly decreased with all tested plant extracts which are more obvious in L. natalensis . A slight increase in total lipid except for Rosmarinus officinalis which doesn’t induce any change in both of them. Based on these alterations, it could be concluded that the studied plant extracts have insecticidal and molluscicidal effects on both Cx. pipiens larvae and L. natalensis respectively.
{"title":"Toxicological and Biochemical Activity of Five Plant Extracts Assayed Against Aquatic Vectors of Diseases, Culex pipiens and The Snail, Lymnaea natalensis","authors":"M. Rady, Eman E. Essa","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2020.255389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2020.255389","url":null,"abstract":"were tested in the study against two aquatic vectors of disease Culex pipiens and the snail lymnaea natalensis , the five plant showed lethal effects against both vectors , Cx. pipiens larvae which showed high susceptibility to Sorghum bicolor extract LC50 184.37 ppm ± 24.02 ppm while the high susceptibility of L. natalensis snail was recorded toward Ambrosia extract LC50 =7.65 ± 1.89 ppm. The activities of the enzymes GST, GOT and ALT as well as the total proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids of Cx. pipiens larvae and the snail L. natalensis were significantly changed compared to the untreated samples. With the presence of some exceptions, most tested plant extracts generally increased GST and GOT activity in both vectors while a significant increase and decrease in the activity of ALT was reported in Cx. pipiens and L. natalensis respectively in most plant extracts. Also, the obtained results indicated that the total protein and carbohydrate contents in both Cx. pipiens larvae and the snail L. natalensis were significantly decreased with all tested plant extracts which are more obvious in L. natalensis . A slight increase in total lipid except for Rosmarinus officinalis which doesn’t induce any change in both of them. Based on these alterations, it could be concluded that the studied plant extracts have insecticidal and molluscicidal effects on both Cx. pipiens larvae and L. natalensis respectively.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88936073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2020.67940
Hanaa I. Mahmoud, A. El-Sisi, Yousreya M. Abdel-Hami, Walaa A. Moselhi, Riham H. Taha
Culex pipiens in Egypt is widely distributed and is the main vector of lymphatic filariasis, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever. The Present study was laboratory conducted to evaluate the larvicidal effects of some local materials: petroleum oils (odourless kerosene, kerosene, solar, lubrication cut of petroleum oil and motor oil), emulsifiable oils such as CAPL2 (Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory) and commercial petroleum oil, tar oil, and surfactant such as Sisi6 against the mosquito, Culex pipiens larvae under two different conditions; at winter (18 ± 2 °C) and summer (38 ± 2 °C). The obtained results indicated that odourless kerosene, kerosene, surfactant (Sisi6) and the commercial petroleum oil (Zed-oil) were considered successful larvicides under both temperatures since they gave mortality percentage of >90% after 24 hours exposure, while solar and CAPL2 succeeded only under summer temperature but lubrication cut of petroleum oil, motor oil, and tar oil didn't succeed under both temperatures. Also, the study indicated that there is an inverse correlation of viscosity of any petroleum oil and its larvicidal effect. Moreover, toxicity was indirectly related to material viscosity. As a conclusion, for controlling larvae under any condition, it is recommended that the petroleum oil should have a viscosity of =< 12 milli-poises.
{"title":"Larvicidal Effect of Petroleum Oils, Tar oil and Surfactants against the Mosquito, Culex pipiens (Dipetra: Culicidae) Larvae","authors":"Hanaa I. Mahmoud, A. El-Sisi, Yousreya M. Abdel-Hami, Walaa A. Moselhi, Riham H. Taha","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2020.67940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2020.67940","url":null,"abstract":"Culex pipiens in Egypt is widely distributed and is the main vector of lymphatic filariasis, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever. The Present study was laboratory conducted to evaluate the larvicidal effects of some local materials: petroleum oils (odourless kerosene, kerosene, solar, lubrication cut of petroleum oil and motor oil), emulsifiable oils such as CAPL2 (Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory) and commercial petroleum oil, tar oil, and surfactant such as Sisi6 against the mosquito, Culex pipiens larvae under two different conditions; at winter (18 ± 2 °C) and summer (38 ± 2 °C). The obtained results indicated that odourless kerosene, kerosene, surfactant (Sisi6) and the commercial petroleum oil (Zed-oil) were considered successful larvicides under both temperatures since they gave mortality percentage of >90% after 24 hours exposure, while solar and CAPL2 succeeded only under summer temperature but lubrication cut of petroleum oil, motor oil, and tar oil didn't succeed under both temperatures. Also, the study indicated that there is an inverse correlation of viscosity of any petroleum oil and its larvicidal effect. Moreover, toxicity was indirectly related to material viscosity. As a conclusion, for controlling larvae under any condition, it is recommended that the petroleum oil should have a viscosity of =< 12 milli-poises.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73938687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2019.216982
R. Salem
{"title":"Biochemical Changes in Both Adults and the 4th Instar Larvae of Sand Fly, Phlebotomus papatasi as Indicators for Tolerance to Insecticides at Sharkia Governorate","authors":"R. Salem","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2019.216982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2019.216982","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75792969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2019.79222
A. Adel, Sahar El-Ganainy, M. Ahmed, K. Morsy, N. Mostafa
In the present study, new host and locality records of Cucullanus aliyaii Akhtar and Mujib (2012), a cuculanid nematode isolated from the intestine of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus collected from the Red Sea, coasts of Hurghada city, Egypt during the period from January to September 2017. Fifteen out of 55 (27.3%) of the examined fish were infected. Worms were recorded by naked eyes on the flesh, stomach, intestines, as well as body cavities of the infected fish. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the isolated worms possessed the important criteria characteristic for members of family Cuculanidae: dimensions of oesophagus, spicules, mucron, size of pseudobuccal capsule, eggs, the position of deirids, excretory pore and vulva, numbers and arrangement of caudal papillae, host groups and zoogeographical regions. The recorded parasite was whitish and small-sized, female worms were 9.40±2 (7.4-10.3) x 2.5±0.2 (2.00-2.60) mm while male worms were 6.30±0.02 (6.00-8.30) mm x 1.60±0.02 (1.59-1.73) mm. Oral aperture was dorsoventrally elongate, slit-like, surrounded by distinct collarette, beared one row of small denticles on its inner surface; four submedian cephalic papillae and a pair of prominent lateral amphids present. Oesophagus was of two distinct portions: anterior pseudobuccal capsule measured 0.50±0.02 (0.47-0.053) mm in length, narrowing immediately below nerve ring; and posterior with a club-shaped muscular structure measured 0.45±0.02 (0.41-0.49) mm in length
{"title":"Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy on Cucullanus aliyaii Akhtar and Mujib (2012) (Nematoda: Cuculanidae) From the Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus of The Red Sea, Egypt","authors":"A. Adel, Sahar El-Ganainy, M. Ahmed, K. Morsy, N. Mostafa","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2019.79222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2019.79222","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, new host and locality records of Cucullanus aliyaii Akhtar and Mujib (2012), a cuculanid nematode isolated from the intestine of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus collected from the Red Sea, coasts of Hurghada city, Egypt during the period from January to September 2017. Fifteen out of 55 (27.3%) of the examined fish were infected. Worms were recorded by naked eyes on the flesh, stomach, intestines, as well as body cavities of the infected fish. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the isolated worms possessed the important criteria characteristic for members of family Cuculanidae: dimensions of oesophagus, spicules, mucron, size of pseudobuccal capsule, eggs, the position of deirids, excretory pore and vulva, numbers and arrangement of caudal papillae, host groups and zoogeographical regions. The recorded parasite was whitish and small-sized, female worms were 9.40±2 (7.4-10.3) x 2.5±0.2 (2.00-2.60) mm while male worms were 6.30±0.02 (6.00-8.30) mm x 1.60±0.02 (1.59-1.73) mm. Oral aperture was dorsoventrally elongate, slit-like, surrounded by distinct collarette, beared one row of small denticles on its inner surface; four submedian cephalic papillae and a pair of prominent lateral amphids present. Oesophagus was of two distinct portions: anterior pseudobuccal capsule measured 0.50±0.02 (0.47-0.053) mm in length, narrowing immediately below nerve ring; and posterior with a club-shaped muscular structure measured 0.45±0.02 (0.41-0.49) mm in length","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72737523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2019.64017
A. El-Sisi, Hanaa I. Mahmoud, Y. M. Abdel-Hamid, Walaa A. Moselh, Riham H. Taha
Culex pipiens is a cosmopolitan mosquito species and is an important vector for periodic lymphatic filariasis, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever. Using newer technologies like the application of semiochemical-baited traps for mass trapping or killing of adult females of mosquito under integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been encouraged instead of intensive using of chemical insecticides to avoid hazardous effects to human, animals, and livestock in addition to environmental problems. The present study focused on the evaluation of the efficacy of attractive traps in trapping the mosquito, Culex pipiens females under laboratory conditions. The traps were supplied with some of safe components such as (1) sucrose, molasses and CAPL* (Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory) alone and mixed with Baker’s yeast granules that cause releasing of CO2 as an attractive material and (2) ammonium hydroxide (33%) and lactic acid alone and mixed with molasses or sucrose. The obtained results showed that the sugary solutions (sucrose, molasses, and CAPL* solutions) alone had lower attractive effect (46.7- 72.0% attraction after two days exposure) as compared with those that were mixed with Baker’s yeast granules (92-100% attraction). In addition CO2 emanation showed attraction and killing effects on tested mosquitoes. Ammonium hydroxide (33%) exhibited high attraction effect at low dilution (1 µl/100 ml water attracted 100% of mosquitoes after two days exposure) while lactic acid was weak attractant (1 µl/100 ml water attracted only 44% of mosquitoes). So lactic acid (5 µl/100 ml water) attraction (60% after two days) was augmented by adding of 50 gm molasses and 50 gm sucrose (96% and 92% attraction, respectively at day 2 post-exposure). It can be concluded that solutions showed ≥ 90% attraction after two days exposure (sucrose + yeast, molasses + yeast, CAPL* + yeast, ammonium hydroxide (33%) at 1 µl and lactic acid at 5 µl mixed with sucrose or molasses) are considered attractive materials, but for control purposes, solutions which cause complete death for the attracted mosquitoes are preferred such as sucrose + yeast, molasses + yeast, and CAPL* + yeast. However, further intensive studies are needed to test the efficacy of such materials as control agents under field conditions.
{"title":"Laboratory Evaluation of Some Local Components as Attractants to the Mosquito, Culex pipiens Females","authors":"A. El-Sisi, Hanaa I. Mahmoud, Y. M. Abdel-Hamid, Walaa A. Moselh, Riham H. Taha","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2019.64017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2019.64017","url":null,"abstract":"Culex pipiens is a cosmopolitan mosquito species and is an important vector for periodic lymphatic filariasis, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever. Using newer technologies like the application of semiochemical-baited traps for mass trapping or killing of adult females of mosquito under integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been encouraged instead of intensive using of chemical insecticides to avoid hazardous effects to human, animals, and livestock in addition to environmental problems. The present study focused on the evaluation of the efficacy of attractive traps in trapping the mosquito, Culex pipiens females under laboratory conditions. The traps were supplied with some of safe components such as (1) sucrose, molasses and CAPL* (Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory) alone and mixed with Baker’s yeast granules that cause releasing of CO2 as an attractive material and (2) ammonium hydroxide (33%) and lactic acid alone and mixed with molasses or sucrose. The obtained results showed that the sugary solutions (sucrose, molasses, and CAPL* solutions) alone had lower attractive effect (46.7- 72.0% attraction after two days exposure) as compared with those that were mixed with Baker’s yeast granules (92-100% attraction). In addition CO2 emanation showed attraction and killing effects on tested mosquitoes. Ammonium hydroxide (33%) exhibited high attraction effect at low dilution (1 µl/100 ml water attracted 100% of mosquitoes after two days exposure) while lactic acid was weak attractant (1 µl/100 ml water attracted only 44% of mosquitoes). So lactic acid (5 µl/100 ml water) attraction (60% after two days) was augmented by adding of 50 gm molasses and 50 gm sucrose (96% and 92% attraction, respectively at day 2 post-exposure). It can be concluded that solutions showed ≥ 90% attraction after two days exposure (sucrose + yeast, molasses + yeast, CAPL* + yeast, ammonium hydroxide (33%) at 1 µl and lactic acid at 5 µl mixed with sucrose or molasses) are considered attractive materials, but for control purposes, solutions which cause complete death for the attracted mosquitoes are preferred such as sucrose + yeast, molasses + yeast, and CAPL* + yeast. However, further intensive studies are needed to test the efficacy of such materials as control agents under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79035536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.28799
A. Zayed, Randa I. Eltaly, Emtithal M. Abdel Samie
The degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate host is an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for the arthropod-borne disease. This study conducted in Monufia Governorate, Egypt, to describe the mosquito community composition and species-specific host-feeding patterns. Mosquitoes were surveyed over a 2-years period and their host-feeding patterns were determined in relation to species relative abundance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).This diagnostic technique was used to identify mammalian blood meals from female mosquitoes by sized DNA fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. One universal reverse primer and five animal-specific forward primers included Human, Pig, Cow, Dog and Goat were used. Multiple blood meals from distinctive mammalian hosts were identified from single mosquito abdomens. Ninety-nine mosquito blood meals from four mosquito species were identified, 67.7% (67) were mixed blood. Both Cx. pipiens and Cx. antennatus fed on human and animals but feeding strategies differed from outdoors to indoors. Inside houses engorged female Cx. pipiens accounted for (94) 74% of collections and out of this, 53.8% fed on humans as single blood and 40% as mixed blood. However, outdoor, collected Ochlerotatus caspius constituted 7.1% of the collected females. Results suggested that, Cx. pipiens an important bridge of disease vector to humans in Egypt.
{"title":"Molecular Identification of Mammalian Blood Meals in Mosquito Vectors in Nile Delta, Egypt","authors":"A. Zayed, Randa I. Eltaly, Emtithal M. Abdel Samie","doi":"10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.28799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.28799","url":null,"abstract":"The degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate host is an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for the arthropod-borne disease. This study conducted in Monufia Governorate, Egypt, to describe the mosquito community composition and species-specific host-feeding patterns. Mosquitoes were surveyed over a 2-years period and their host-feeding patterns were determined in relation to species relative abundance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).This diagnostic technique was used to identify mammalian blood meals from female mosquitoes by sized DNA fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. One universal reverse primer and five animal-specific forward primers included Human, Pig, Cow, Dog and Goat were used. Multiple blood meals from distinctive mammalian hosts were identified from single mosquito abdomens. Ninety-nine mosquito blood meals from four mosquito species were identified, 67.7% (67) were mixed blood. Both Cx. pipiens and Cx. antennatus fed on human and animals but feeding strategies differed from outdoors to indoors. Inside houses engorged female Cx. pipiens accounted for (94) 74% of collections and out of this, 53.8% fed on humans as single blood and 40% as mixed blood. However, outdoor, collected Ochlerotatus caspius constituted 7.1% of the collected females. Results suggested that, Cx. pipiens an important bridge of disease vector to humans in Egypt.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87742497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2019.48217
H. Behrooz, K. Parivar, I. Amiri, N. Roodbari
One of the endocrine glands that play a significant role in the development of the prenatal brain is Thyroid. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the levels of BDNF and NGF gene expressions in the brains of male and female babies born on the first day methimazole-induced hypothyroidism Mice with NMRI race. In this study, 30 mature mice of Albino NMRI race were selected. Mice (Albino NMRI) were identified using after mating. In the next stage, we divided mice into three groups (high-dose intervention, low-dose intervention and control groups). Pure water was given during pregnancy to the control group. In the low dose group until the end of pregnancy given 20 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. Also, in the high-dose group during period pregnancy until the end, they were given 100 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. After the end of pregnancy, blood samples were taken from the mother's mice to determine the amount of T3 and T4 present in the bloodstream. In the end stage, the brain of one-day mice was removed and to determine the expression of BDNF, NGF we used to RT-PCR. According to the result this study, amount of T4 and T3 in the control group and low dose (27 and 1.59 ng/dl, and 8 and 0.87 ng/dl), respectively indicating a significant reduction in the expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF gene (P<0.05). Based on result of this study, between the high dose and control group there was significant relationship reduction in the expression (P<0.05).
{"title":"Comparative Investigation of the Levels of BDNF and NGF Genes Expressions in the Brains of Male and Female Newborn Methimazole-Induced hypothyroidism in NMRI mice","authors":"H. Behrooz, K. Parivar, I. Amiri, N. Roodbari","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2019.48217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2019.48217","url":null,"abstract":"One of the endocrine glands that play a significant role in the development of the prenatal brain is Thyroid. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the levels of BDNF and NGF gene expressions in the brains of male and female babies born on the first day methimazole-induced hypothyroidism Mice with NMRI race. In this study, 30 mature mice of Albino NMRI race were selected. Mice (Albino NMRI) were identified using after mating. In the next stage, we divided mice into three groups (high-dose intervention, low-dose intervention and control groups). Pure water was given during pregnancy to the control group. In the low dose group until the end of pregnancy given 20 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. Also, in the high-dose group during period pregnancy until the end, they were given 100 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. After the end of pregnancy, blood samples were taken from the mother's mice to determine the amount of T3 and T4 present in the bloodstream. In the end stage, the brain of one-day mice was removed and to determine the expression of BDNF, NGF we used to RT-PCR. According to the result this study, amount of T4 and T3 in the control group and low dose (27 and 1.59 ng/dl, and 8 and 0.87 ng/dl), respectively indicating a significant reduction in the expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF gene (P<0.05). Based on result of this study, between the high dose and control group there was significant relationship reduction in the expression (P<0.05).","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86145188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.39818
Fawzia Shahnazi, Razia Shahnazi
The polyphenolic compounds, in particular, the anti-oxidants with herbal sources, constitute an essential part of a human’s nutritional diet. The anti-oxidants are among the agents neutralizing the free radicals and prevent from the prevalence of chronic diseases and destruction of many nutritional substances. These compounds are also extractable from the Galium aparine L. plant. The objective of the present study is to investigate the anti-oxidant, anti-radical capacities and the reduction properties, and the measurement of the phenolic and flavonoid compound levels of alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the Galium aparine L. plant. After extraction, the total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts were measured. Then, the total anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated on the basis pf comparison to synthetic anti-oxidants (BHA, BHT, and TBHQ) and cupric reduction method (CUPRAC). In final, the anti-radical properties of the extracts and the ferric reducing power of the extracts were measured comparatively. The obtained results of the investigation represented that the highest amount of the total phenol for the aqueous extract equaled to 91.5641 ± 0.035 micrograms of Gallic acid per ml of extract, and the highest amount of flavonoid for an alcoholic extract equaled to 363.733±2.186 micrograms of Quercetin per ml of extract. The results of the comparative assay of the common anti-oxidants represented that the highest anti-oxidant capacity pertained to TBHQ with a level of 1.0211 micrograms per ml, and among the extracts, the highest amount pertained to the aqueous extract (0.1742 micrograms per ml). Comparison between the averages of the main treatments of anti-oxidants in terms of the total anti-oxidant capacity based on CUPRAC method represented that the highest amount pertained to the alcoholic extract (0.3814 micrograms per ml). The highest inhibitory power in the DPPH test pertained to TBHQ and alcoholic extract with amounts of 96.0696 and 96 micrograms per ml respectively. The highest amount for TBHQ in the total reduction test was obtained 2.0590 micrograms per ml. In the results of HPLC spectrum, the highest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to hydro-alcoholic extract with an amount of 6.681±0.03 mg/L of extract, and the lowest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to aqueous extract with an amount of 2.2401±0.04 mg/L of extract. According to the examined results, the Galium aparine L. plant having high anti-oxidant properties may be used as a natural anti-oxidant based on different methods. In this regard, the ethanolic extract has the highest efficiency.
{"title":"Investigation on the Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Radical Capacities and the Reduction Properties, and the Measurement of the Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound Levels of Alcoholic, Hydro-Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of the Galium Aparine L. Plant","authors":"Fawzia Shahnazi, Razia Shahnazi","doi":"10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.39818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.39818","url":null,"abstract":"The polyphenolic compounds, in particular, the anti-oxidants with herbal sources, constitute an essential part of a human’s nutritional diet. The anti-oxidants are among the agents neutralizing the free radicals and prevent from the prevalence of chronic diseases and destruction of many nutritional substances. These compounds are also extractable from the Galium aparine L. plant. The objective of the present study is to investigate the anti-oxidant, anti-radical capacities and the reduction properties, and the measurement of the phenolic and flavonoid compound levels of alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the Galium aparine L. plant. After extraction, the total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts were measured. Then, the total anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated on the basis pf comparison to synthetic anti-oxidants (BHA, BHT, and TBHQ) and cupric reduction method (CUPRAC). In final, the anti-radical properties of the extracts and the ferric reducing power of the extracts were measured comparatively. The obtained results of the investigation represented that the highest amount of the total phenol for the aqueous extract equaled to 91.5641 ± 0.035 micrograms of Gallic acid per ml of extract, and the highest amount of flavonoid for an alcoholic extract equaled to 363.733±2.186 micrograms of Quercetin per ml of extract. The results of the comparative assay of the common anti-oxidants represented that the highest anti-oxidant capacity pertained to TBHQ with a level of 1.0211 micrograms per ml, and among the extracts, the highest amount pertained to the aqueous extract (0.1742 micrograms per ml). Comparison between the averages of the main treatments of anti-oxidants in terms of the total anti-oxidant capacity based on CUPRAC method represented that the highest amount pertained to the alcoholic extract (0.3814 micrograms per ml). The highest inhibitory power in the DPPH test pertained to TBHQ and alcoholic extract with amounts of 96.0696 and 96 micrograms per ml respectively. The highest amount for TBHQ in the total reduction test was obtained 2.0590 micrograms per ml. In the results of HPLC spectrum, the highest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to hydro-alcoholic extract with an amount of 6.681±0.03 mg/L of extract, and the lowest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to aqueous extract with an amount of 2.2401±0.04 mg/L of extract. According to the examined results, the Galium aparine L. plant having high anti-oxidant properties may be used as a natural anti-oxidant based on different methods. In this regard, the ethanolic extract has the highest efficiency.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82889101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/eajbse.2019.52823
E. Hosni, M. Kenawy, M. Nasser, Sara A. Al-Ashaal, M. Rady
One of the most interesting and sophisticated relations that seen in nature is myiasis which represents the relation between these tiny small larvae of Diptera and another living creature where these larvae feed on its tissues. Several previous works discussed the issue of myiasis from different aspects. In this work, a brief and comprehensive review of myiasis including classification of its types, classification of dipterous larvae that cause it and special notes on family Calliphoridae and its role in causing myiasis.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Myiasis with Special Notes on the Blow Flies’ Producing Myiasis (F.: Calliphoridae)","authors":"E. Hosni, M. Kenawy, M. Nasser, Sara A. Al-Ashaal, M. Rady","doi":"10.21608/eajbse.2019.52823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2019.52823","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most interesting and sophisticated relations that seen in nature is myiasis which represents the relation between these tiny small larvae of Diptera and another living creature where these larvae feed on its tissues. Several previous works discussed the issue of myiasis from different aspects. In this work, a brief and comprehensive review of myiasis including classification of its types, classification of dipterous larvae that cause it and special notes on family Calliphoridae and its role in causing myiasis.","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"483 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81905893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.36659
M. Zeariya, M. Kabadaia
{"title":"Seasonality of Insect Succession and Dog Carcass Decomposition in Different Habitats","authors":"M. Zeariya, M. Kabadaia","doi":"10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.36659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSE.2019.36659","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52578,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E Medical Entomology and Parasitology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88869709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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