V. Jasuja, Nisha Yadav, Nityanand Srivastava, Monika Srivastava, Anuj Jain
Background: Nasal morphometry is a technique which includes the study of a part, size, and shape of the human nose. The nasal index (NI), nostril shape, and philtrum shape are the parameters commonly studied. These may show variations according to regional, ethnic, and climatic differences. Hence, a study was done to calculate the NI among a subgroup and classify the nose type based on it. Also to assess the gender variations and to observe the nostril and philtrum shapes. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study consisted of 210 undergraduate students at a medical university. The nasal height and nasal breadth were measured in centimeters with a Digital Vernier Caliper. Subsequently, the NI was calculated. Based on these nasal indices, the nose was classified into the following: leptorrhine: <70, mesorrhine: 70–84.9, and platyrrhine: >84.9. The nostril shapes (rectangular/triangular/teardrop/round) and philtrum shapes (triangular/parallel/flat/concave) were also observed. Results: The mean NI was 76.06 ± 8.614 with a range from 54.7 to 110. Mesorrhine variety was the most common type. The predominant shape of the nostrils found was rectangular, whereas the most common shape of the philtrum found was triangular. Conclusions: Nasal anthropometric measurements are a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method to study the facial characteristics among a population. These measurements provide guidelines that may play a crucial role in forensics and facial reconstructive procedures.
{"title":"Morphometric study of nasal parameters in undergraduates at a medical university in central Uttar Pradesh","authors":"V. Jasuja, Nisha Yadav, Nityanand Srivastava, Monika Srivastava, Anuj Jain","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_89_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_89_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nasal morphometry is a technique which includes the study of a part, size, and shape of the human nose. The nasal index (NI), nostril shape, and philtrum shape are the parameters commonly studied. These may show variations according to regional, ethnic, and climatic differences. Hence, a study was done to calculate the NI among a subgroup and classify the nose type based on it. Also to assess the gender variations and to observe the nostril and philtrum shapes. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study consisted of 210 undergraduate students at a medical university. The nasal height and nasal breadth were measured in centimeters with a Digital Vernier Caliper. Subsequently, the NI was calculated. Based on these nasal indices, the nose was classified into the following: leptorrhine: <70, mesorrhine: 70–84.9, and platyrrhine: >84.9. The nostril shapes (rectangular/triangular/teardrop/round) and philtrum shapes (triangular/parallel/flat/concave) were also observed. Results: The mean NI was 76.06 ± 8.614 with a range from 54.7 to 110. Mesorrhine variety was the most common type. The predominant shape of the nostrils found was rectangular, whereas the most common shape of the philtrum found was triangular. Conclusions: Nasal anthropometric measurements are a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method to study the facial characteristics among a population. These measurements provide guidelines that may play a crucial role in forensics and facial reconstructive procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jenny Jacob, Femina Sam, A. Rajeswari, John Stephen, Vithya Thandayuthapani
Congenital anomalies of the urogenital system are a wide spectrum of variations. The multiplex embryogenesis of the kidney can lead to variations in the excretory system and vascularity to it. It poses a risk to conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, stenosis of one or both orifices, ureterocoele, and in surgical and radiological procedures. Vascular variations such as aberrant or accessory renal vessels can cause possible compression on the ureters and is important clinically. Hence, this case series was aimed to bring out various urovascular anomalies noticed for 2 years during dissection for 1st-year medical students. Of the four cases, accessory renal arteries were noted in two, whereas aberrant renal arteries were seen in the other two. The accessory and aberrant renal arteries had a smaller caliber when compared with the main renal arteries. Variations with a preponderance to arterial origin were seen with notable differences in the size of the kidney. When these arteries are present, the size of the kidney on that side is greater than the other side. In addition, they were also associated with other anomalies such as complete bifid ureter, incomplete rotation, retroaortic left renal vein, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Developmental anomalies may not confine to a single anomaly but a heterogeneous deviation in a single case per se, which must be identified and explored. This might help the surgeons in transplantation procedures and endovascular interventions.
{"title":"A cadaveric series on urovascular anomalies","authors":"Jenny Jacob, Femina Sam, A. Rajeswari, John Stephen, Vithya Thandayuthapani","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_78_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_78_23","url":null,"abstract":"Congenital anomalies of the urogenital system are a wide spectrum of variations. The multiplex embryogenesis of the kidney can lead to variations in the excretory system and vascularity to it. It poses a risk to conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, stenosis of one or both orifices, ureterocoele, and in surgical and radiological procedures. Vascular variations such as aberrant or accessory renal vessels can cause possible compression on the ureters and is important clinically. Hence, this case series was aimed to bring out various urovascular anomalies noticed for 2 years during dissection for 1st-year medical students. Of the four cases, accessory renal arteries were noted in two, whereas aberrant renal arteries were seen in the other two. The accessory and aberrant renal arteries had a smaller caliber when compared with the main renal arteries. Variations with a preponderance to arterial origin were seen with notable differences in the size of the kidney. When these arteries are present, the size of the kidney on that side is greater than the other side. In addition, they were also associated with other anomalies such as complete bifid ureter, incomplete rotation, retroaortic left renal vein, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Developmental anomalies may not confine to a single anomaly but a heterogeneous deviation in a single case per se, which must be identified and explored. This might help the surgeons in transplantation procedures and endovascular interventions.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Occhialini, Manasa Muppirala, Sidharth Nayak, Christopher Nguyen, Hoang Nguyen, H. Nation
The maxillary artery (MA) and mandibular nerve are important structures in the infratemporal fossa (ITF) supplying large portions of the face. During a medical dissection course, two rare anatomical variations pertaining to the MA's relationship to the mandibular nerve branches were found in three ITF. In these cases, the MA was seen to travel medial to the mandibular nerve branches. Case 1 had bilateral, asymmetric variations. On the left, the MA traveled medial to a trunk formed by the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves and lateral to the chorda tympani nerve (CTN). On the right, the MA passed lateral to the lingual and CTNs and medial to the inferior alveolar nerve. Case 2 had a unilateral variation on the left such as the variation seen on the right in Case 1. A clear understanding of MA variations has several clinical implications. This study provides a resource that may prevent complications such as bleeding, hematoma, and injury to the mandibular nerve or its branches during clinical procedures.
上颌动脉（MA）和下颌神经是颞下窝（ITF）的重要结构，供应面部大部分区域。在一次医学解剖课程中，在三个 ITF 中发现了两种罕见的解剖变异，涉及上颌动脉与下颌神经分支的关系。在这些病例中，可以看到 MA 位于下颌神经分支的内侧。病例 1 存在双侧不对称变化。在左侧，MA 穿过下牙槽神经和舌神经形成的主干的内侧和鼓室神经（CTN）的外侧。在右侧，MA 穿过舌神经和 CTN 的外侧和下牙槽神经的内侧。病例 2 左侧的单侧变异与病例 1 右侧的变异相同。清楚地了解 MA 变异具有多种临床意义。这项研究提供了一种资源，可以预防临床手术中的出血、血肿和下颌神经或其分支损伤等并发症。
{"title":"An anomalous relationship of the maxillary artery with the mandibular nerve branches: A rare case report of two anatomical variations","authors":"A. Occhialini, Manasa Muppirala, Sidharth Nayak, Christopher Nguyen, Hoang Nguyen, H. Nation","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_54_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_54_23","url":null,"abstract":"The maxillary artery (MA) and mandibular nerve are important structures in the infratemporal fossa (ITF) supplying large portions of the face. During a medical dissection course, two rare anatomical variations pertaining to the MA's relationship to the mandibular nerve branches were found in three ITF. In these cases, the MA was seen to travel medial to the mandibular nerve branches. Case 1 had bilateral, asymmetric variations. On the left, the MA traveled medial to a trunk formed by the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves and lateral to the chorda tympani nerve (CTN). On the right, the MA passed lateral to the lingual and CTNs and medial to the inferior alveolar nerve. Case 2 had a unilateral variation on the left such as the variation seen on the right in Case 1. A clear understanding of MA variations has several clinical implications. This study provides a resource that may prevent complications such as bleeding, hematoma, and injury to the mandibular nerve or its branches during clinical procedures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_229_22
Sameena Bashir, G. Bhat, S. Khanday, L. Wani
Background: Sildenafil citrate (SC) is a vasoerectile drug used to treat impotence caused by erectile dysfunction by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme. The drug is widely used and may have adverse effects on the liver as it is metabolized mainly in the liver. Therefore, the present research aimed to study the effect of graded doses of SC on the histological structure of the liver in albino rats. Methodology: The present prospective interventional experimental study was conducted on 30 albino rats. The rats were given SC in different doses and for different periods. Rats were sacrificed, and the liver was extracted and processed for histopathological examination. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and observed under a compound light microscope. Results: SC administrated in graded doses in male albino rats caused central venous congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, and fatty infiltration in the liver. These changes were more pronounced in rats that received the drug in higher doses and for a longer duration. The effects of SC on the rat liver microanatomy were dose and time dependent. Conclusion: SC is relatively safe in low doses, but at higher doses and longer duration, there can be adverse effects on the liver.
{"title":"Effects of graded doses of sildenafil citrate on liver microanatomy in male albino rats","authors":"Sameena Bashir, G. Bhat, S. Khanday, L. Wani","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_229_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_229_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sildenafil citrate (SC) is a vasoerectile drug used to treat impotence caused by erectile dysfunction by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme. The drug is widely used and may have adverse effects on the liver as it is metabolized mainly in the liver. Therefore, the present research aimed to study the effect of graded doses of SC on the histological structure of the liver in albino rats. Methodology: The present prospective interventional experimental study was conducted on 30 albino rats. The rats were given SC in different doses and for different periods. Rats were sacrificed, and the liver was extracted and processed for histopathological examination. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and observed under a compound light microscope. Results: SC administrated in graded doses in male albino rats caused central venous congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, and fatty infiltration in the liver. These changes were more pronounced in rats that received the drug in higher doses and for a longer duration. The effects of SC on the rat liver microanatomy were dose and time dependent. Conclusion: SC is relatively safe in low doses, but at higher doses and longer duration, there can be adverse effects on the liver.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45633190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The present study attempted to find out the histological changes of parotid gland in the developing human fetuses. Materials and Methods: Parotid glands from 60 fresh fetuses of gestational weeks ranging from 12weeks to term were studied after staining with Hematoxylene & Eosin, Masson's Trichome stain, Van Gieson's stain and Verhoeff's stains. Results: The gland of the fetus at 12 weeks composed of solid epithelial cords with occasional canalization, surrounded by loose mesenchyme. Canalization of cords was completed at 25 weeks and adult picture attained at 36 weeks. Division of the glandular parenchyma into lobes and lobules by connective tissue septa started at 17 weeks. A well formed capsule was seen around the gland at 20 weeks. A gradual decrease in intra-glandular connective tissue occurred in late gestational age. Variety of cells such as fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, fibrocytes and lymphocytes were seen. Numerous adipocytes were found within the glandular parenchyma and around the gland. Ductal tree showed gradual differentiation, presence of cilia-like surface projections from epithelia of larger ducts were seen in 14-32 week fetuses. Conclusion: When compared with various authors, some findings of the present study followed the foot-steps of previous workers whereas some were in contrary, the most important difference being the age of full maturation of the glandular architecture. One of the unique finding being the presence of cilia-like surface projections seen in the larger ducts in 14-32 week aged fetuses.
{"title":"Histogenesis of parotid gland in human fetuses","authors":"D. Chakraborty, A. Devi","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_31_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_31_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present study attempted to find out the histological changes of parotid gland in the developing human fetuses. Materials and Methods: Parotid glands from 60 fresh fetuses of gestational weeks ranging from 12weeks to term were studied after staining with Hematoxylene & Eosin, Masson's Trichome stain, Van Gieson's stain and Verhoeff's stains. Results: The gland of the fetus at 12 weeks composed of solid epithelial cords with occasional canalization, surrounded by loose mesenchyme. Canalization of cords was completed at 25 weeks and adult picture attained at 36 weeks. Division of the glandular parenchyma into lobes and lobules by connective tissue septa started at 17 weeks. A well formed capsule was seen around the gland at 20 weeks. A gradual decrease in intra-glandular connective tissue occurred in late gestational age. Variety of cells such as fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, fibrocytes and lymphocytes were seen. Numerous adipocytes were found within the glandular parenchyma and around the gland. Ductal tree showed gradual differentiation, presence of cilia-like surface projections from epithelia of larger ducts were seen in 14-32 week fetuses. Conclusion: When compared with various authors, some findings of the present study followed the foot-steps of previous workers whereas some were in contrary, the most important difference being the age of full maturation of the glandular architecture. One of the unique finding being the presence of cilia-like surface projections seen in the larger ducts in 14-32 week aged fetuses.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48375015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mirror neuron: The unit of imitative mind and its clinical applicability","authors":"N. Pushpa, K. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_55_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_55_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45632076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used tools to test knowledge. Pre- and postvalidation of the MCQs are prerequisites to maintaining the standard of the questions. Prevalidation is done by subject experts before the test. Postvalidation (item analysis) uses three indices – item difficulty index (P), item discrimination index (D), and distractor efficiency (DE). This study was done with the aim to assess the quality of MCQs used during the formative assessments using item analysis indices and to compare the indices in prevalidated and nonvalidated MCQs. Methodology: The study used two sets of MCQ tests, conducted as a part of formative assessments for phase I MBBS students in the department of anatomy. Set 1 comprised nonvalidated MCQs and set 2 comprised prevalidated MCQs. The three indices were calculated for all the questions in both sets. Results: The average P value for set 1 was 57.62 ± 21.90 and that for set 2 was 59.27 ± 20.32. Average D value for set 1 was found to be 0.23 ± 0.36 and that for set 2 was 0.29 ± 0.15. In set 1, 37.5% of the MCQs had 100% DE, whereas, in set 2, 60% of the MCQs had 100% DE. Thirty percent of the distractors were nonfunctional in set 1, but in set 2, only 16.7% of the distractors were nonfunctional. Conclusions: Study results favor prevalidation and postvalidation of MCQs to develop a good-quality MCQ bank. It is imperative to use the MCQs having moderate difficulty, good discrimination power, and with all functional distractors in any given assessment.
{"title":"A cross-sectional study on item analysis of prevalidated and nonvalidated anatomy multiple-choice questions","authors":"V. Shenoy, Pallavi Ravi, Dane Chandy","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_9_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_9_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used tools to test knowledge. Pre- and postvalidation of the MCQs are prerequisites to maintaining the standard of the questions. Prevalidation is done by subject experts before the test. Postvalidation (item analysis) uses three indices – item difficulty index (P), item discrimination index (D), and distractor efficiency (DE). This study was done with the aim to assess the quality of MCQs used during the formative assessments using item analysis indices and to compare the indices in prevalidated and nonvalidated MCQs. Methodology: The study used two sets of MCQ tests, conducted as a part of formative assessments for phase I MBBS students in the department of anatomy. Set 1 comprised nonvalidated MCQs and set 2 comprised prevalidated MCQs. The three indices were calculated for all the questions in both sets. Results: The average P value for set 1 was 57.62 ± 21.90 and that for set 2 was 59.27 ± 20.32. Average D value for set 1 was found to be 0.23 ± 0.36 and that for set 2 was 0.29 ± 0.15. In set 1, 37.5% of the MCQs had 100% DE, whereas, in set 2, 60% of the MCQs had 100% DE. Thirty percent of the distractors were nonfunctional in set 1, but in set 2, only 16.7% of the distractors were nonfunctional. Conclusions: Study results favor prevalidation and postvalidation of MCQs to develop a good-quality MCQ bank. It is imperative to use the MCQs having moderate difficulty, good discrimination power, and with all functional distractors in any given assessment.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) vascularizes most of the dorsum of the foot where it provides several branches. During a scheduled examination of the lower extremities of a male cadaver, a significant deviation was observed in the course and pattern of distribution of the left DPA. The artery trifurcated from its point of origin and was found to deviate from its normal course on the superior surface of the intermediate cuneiform, talus, and navicular bones. A lack of the arcuate artery was observed, and a varied branching pattern was established among the branches of the DPA on the dorsum of the foot. Knowing the detailed anatomy of the DPA and understanding its variability is of great clinical importance to surgeons, radiologists, and orthopedists due to the usefulness of this artery in different surgical interventions relating to the foot.
{"title":"Vascular anomalies in the course and branching pattern of the dorsalis pedis artery: A case report","authors":"A. Olonade, Mehtap Tiryakioğlu","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_33_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_33_23","url":null,"abstract":"The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) vascularizes most of the dorsum of the foot where it provides several branches. During a scheduled examination of the lower extremities of a male cadaver, a significant deviation was observed in the course and pattern of distribution of the left DPA. The artery trifurcated from its point of origin and was found to deviate from its normal course on the superior surface of the intermediate cuneiform, talus, and navicular bones. A lack of the arcuate artery was observed, and a varied branching pattern was established among the branches of the DPA on the dorsum of the foot. Knowing the detailed anatomy of the DPA and understanding its variability is of great clinical importance to surgeons, radiologists, and orthopedists due to the usefulness of this artery in different surgical interventions relating to the foot.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47582323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_245_22
Ridhdhi Patel, R. Patel, Rashvaita Patel
Introduction: Gingiva is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. One of the most common types of carcinoma in the world is oral cancer. Gingival cancers are a common type of oral neoplasm. In order to compare normal tissue with pathological smears using exfoliative oral cytology with morphometry, a baseline must be established. A study was conducted to obtain nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and N:C ratio-nuclear: Cytoplasmic ratio of exfoliated normal gingival cells and to correlate it with healthy individuals by their age and gender. Methodology: Exfoliated gingival squamous cell smears were obtained from 200 subjects (100 males, 100 females) belonging to age groups <20 years, 21–40 years, 41–60 years, and >60 years. Smears were fixed and stained by routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining procedure. With the use of both ocular micrometer and stage micrometer different cellular parameters were measured. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant differences in NA, CA, and N:C ratio with age regardless of gender. Different age groups of males showed significant variations (P < 0.0001) in all the above parameters. The same was true for different age groups of females. In terms of NA, CA, and N:C ratio, the difference between both genders was significant regardless of age. Conclusion: Gingival smears showed age and sex-linked changes in NA, CA, and nuclear: Cytoplasmic ratio. It might serve as a standard for these variables when comparing similar measurements based on pathologic smears of malignant or premalignant nature.
{"title":"Cytomorphometry of normal exfoliated gingival cells: An analytical study","authors":"Ridhdhi Patel, R. Patel, Rashvaita Patel","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_245_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_245_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Gingiva is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. One of the most common types of carcinoma in the world is oral cancer. Gingival cancers are a common type of oral neoplasm. In order to compare normal tissue with pathological smears using exfoliative oral cytology with morphometry, a baseline must be established. A study was conducted to obtain nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and N:C ratio-nuclear: Cytoplasmic ratio of exfoliated normal gingival cells and to correlate it with healthy individuals by their age and gender. Methodology: Exfoliated gingival squamous cell smears were obtained from 200 subjects (100 males, 100 females) belonging to age groups <20 years, 21–40 years, 41–60 years, and >60 years. Smears were fixed and stained by routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining procedure. With the use of both ocular micrometer and stage micrometer different cellular parameters were measured. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant differences in NA, CA, and N:C ratio with age regardless of gender. Different age groups of males showed significant variations (P < 0.0001) in all the above parameters. The same was true for different age groups of females. In terms of NA, CA, and N:C ratio, the difference between both genders was significant regardless of age. Conclusion: Gingival smears showed age and sex-linked changes in NA, CA, and nuclear: Cytoplasmic ratio. It might serve as a standard for these variables when comparing similar measurements based on pathologic smears of malignant or premalignant nature.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43507670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Natarajan, S. Subramanian, Kalaivani Amitkumar, Anissa Joseph, Nithya Venugopal
Background: In the past, teaching and learning methods mainly focused on content in knowledge rather than a learning experience. Nowadays, there has been an increased use of playful approaches to teaching and learning. Game-based learning (GBL) playfully engages with educational materials. We employed two game-based applications (Kahoot and Quizizz) and the traditional method of learning using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and compared their efficacy in providing fun-based productive learning to medical students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study. Two hundred and fifty-two Phase 1 undergraduate medical students were included in the study. They were given three different assessment methods: paper-based MCQs, Quizizz, and Kahoot! Each method contained 10 questions. All students were encouraged to complete all three quiz methods. We conducted this study for 6 months. After 6 months, the students were given a questionnaire prepared on a Likert scale to evaluate students' perception of concentration, engagement, enjoyment, and satisfaction of students. Results: P <0.05 indicated that there was a difference in average scores between the three methods (traditional quiz method, Quizizz, and Kahoot method). 96% of the students agreed that repeated attempts of doing the Quizizz in the app led to improvement in their long-term memory. The mean score of the student is highest in Kahoot! 53% of the students stated that image-based quiz was an interesting area. 92% of students felt that the live Quizizz was fun and interesting. Conclusion: A significant number of medical students enjoyed GBL since they can interact with one another and got motivated during the live Quizizz and Kahoot sessions. At the same time, students using the traditional method of learning were neither motivated nor enjoyed and hence we can utilize these game-based tools for teaching medicine and they can be used as a formative assessment tool too.
{"title":"Effectiveness of game-based learning: A cross-sectional study on phase 1 medical students","authors":"P. Natarajan, S. Subramanian, Kalaivani Amitkumar, Anissa Joseph, Nithya Venugopal","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_4_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_4_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the past, teaching and learning methods mainly focused on content in knowledge rather than a learning experience. Nowadays, there has been an increased use of playful approaches to teaching and learning. Game-based learning (GBL) playfully engages with educational materials. We employed two game-based applications (Kahoot and Quizizz) and the traditional method of learning using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and compared their efficacy in providing fun-based productive learning to medical students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study. Two hundred and fifty-two Phase 1 undergraduate medical students were included in the study. They were given three different assessment methods: paper-based MCQs, Quizizz, and Kahoot! Each method contained 10 questions. All students were encouraged to complete all three quiz methods. We conducted this study for 6 months. After 6 months, the students were given a questionnaire prepared on a Likert scale to evaluate students' perception of concentration, engagement, enjoyment, and satisfaction of students. Results: P <0.05 indicated that there was a difference in average scores between the three methods (traditional quiz method, Quizizz, and Kahoot method). 96% of the students agreed that repeated attempts of doing the Quizizz in the app led to improvement in their long-term memory. The mean score of the student is highest in Kahoot! 53% of the students stated that image-based quiz was an interesting area. 92% of students felt that the live Quizizz was fun and interesting. Conclusion: A significant number of medical students enjoyed GBL since they can interact with one another and got motivated during the live Quizizz and Kahoot sessions. At the same time, students using the traditional method of learning were neither motivated nor enjoyed and hence we can utilize these game-based tools for teaching medicine and they can be used as a formative assessment tool too.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44513159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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